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\documentclass[]{article}
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\usepackage{lmodern}
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\usepackage{ifxetex,ifluatex}
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\usepackage{fixltx2e} % provides \textsubscript
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\ifnum 0\ifxetex 1\fi\ifluatex 1\fi=0 % if pdftex
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\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
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\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
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\else % if luatex or xelatex
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\ifxetex
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\usepackage{mathspec}
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\usepackage{fontspec}
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\defaultfontfeatures{Ligatures=TeX,Scale=MatchLowercase}
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\fi
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% use upquote if available, for straight quotes in verbatim environments
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\IfFileExists{upquote.sty}{\usepackage{upquote}}{}
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% use microtype if available
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\IfFileExists{microtype.sty}{%
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\usepackage[]{microtype}
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\UseMicrotypeSet[protrusion]{basicmath} % disable protrusion for tt fonts
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}{}
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\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url} % url is loaded by hyperref
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\usepackage[unicode=true]{hyperref}
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\hypersetup{
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pdfborder={0 0 0},
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breaklinks=true}
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\urlstyle{same} % don't use monospace font for urls
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\usepackage{color}
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\newcommand{\VerbBar}{|}
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\newcommand{\VERB}{\Verb[commandchars=\\\{\}]}
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\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Highlighting}{Verbatim}{commandchars=\\\{\}}
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% Add ',fontsize=\small' for more characters per line
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\newenvironment{Shaded}{}{}
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\newcommand{\KeywordTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.44,0.13}{\textbf{#1}}}
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\newcommand{\DataTypeTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.13,0.00}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\DecValTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.25,0.63,0.44}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\BaseNTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.25,0.63,0.44}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\FloatTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.25,0.63,0.44}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\ConstantTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.53,0.00,0.00}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\CharTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.25,0.44,0.63}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\SpecialCharTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.25,0.44,0.63}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\StringTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.25,0.44,0.63}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\VerbatimStringTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.25,0.44,0.63}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\SpecialStringTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.73,0.40,0.53}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\ImportTok}[1]{#1}
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\newcommand{\CommentTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.38,0.63,0.69}{\textit{#1}}}
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\newcommand{\DocumentationTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.73,0.13,0.13}{\textit{#1}}}
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\newcommand{\AnnotationTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.38,0.63,0.69}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}}
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\newcommand{\CommentVarTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.38,0.63,0.69}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}}
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\newcommand{\OtherTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.44,0.13}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\FunctionTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.02,0.16,0.49}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\VariableTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.10,0.09,0.49}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\ControlFlowTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.44,0.13}{\textbf{#1}}}
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\newcommand{\OperatorTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.40,0.40,0.40}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\BuiltInTok}[1]{#1}
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\newcommand{\PreprocessorTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.74,0.48,0.00}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\AttributeTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.49,0.56,0.16}{#1}}
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\newcommand{\RegionMarkerTok}[1]{#1}
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\newcommand{\InformationTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.38,0.63,0.69}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}}
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\newcommand{\WarningTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.38,0.63,0.69}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}}
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\newcommand{\AlertTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{1.00,0.00,0.00}{\textbf{#1}}}
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\newcommand{\ErrorTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{1.00,0.00,0.00}{\textbf{#1}}}
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\newcommand{\NormalTok}[1]{#1}
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\IfFileExists{parskip.sty}{%
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\usepackage{parskip}
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}{% else
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\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
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\setlength{\parskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt}
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}
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\setlength{\emergencystretch}{3em} % prevent overfull lines
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\providecommand{\tightlist}{%
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\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}
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\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}
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% Redefines (sub)paragraphs to behave more like sections
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\ifx\paragraph\undefined\else
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\let\oldparagraph\paragraph
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\renewcommand{\paragraph}[1]{\oldparagraph{#1}\mbox{}}
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\fi
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\ifx\subparagraph\undefined\else
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\let\oldsubparagraph\subparagraph
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\renewcommand{\subparagraph}[1]{\oldsubparagraph{#1}\mbox{}}
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\fi
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% set default figure placement to htbp
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\makeatletter
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\def\fps@figure{htbp}
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\makeatother
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\date{}
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\begin{document}
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\section{Python 速查表中文版}\label{header-n0}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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本手册是 \href{http://datasciencefree.com/python.pdf}{Python cheat
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sheet} 的中文翻译版。原作者:Arianne Colton and Sean
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Chen(\href{mailto:data.scientist.info@gmail.com}{\nolinkurl{data.scientist.info@gmail.com}})
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\item
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编译:\href{https://github.com/ucasFL}{ucasFL}
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\end{itemize}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n32}{惯例}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n43}{获取帮助}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n54}{模块}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n69}{数值类类型}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n128}{数据结构}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n217}{函数}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n307}{控制流}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n332}{面向对象编程}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n354}{常见字符串操作}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n357}{异常处理}
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\protect\hyperlink{header-n369}{对列表、字典和元组的深入理解}
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\hypertarget{header-n32}{\subsection{惯例}\label{header-n32}}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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Python 对大小写敏感;
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\item
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Python 的索引从 0 开始(所有编程语言均如此);
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\item
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Python 使用空白符(制表符或空格)来缩进代码,而不是使用花括号。
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\end{itemize}
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\hypertarget{header-n43}{\subsection{获取帮助}\label{header-n43}}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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获取主页帮助: \texttt{help()}
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\item
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获取函数帮助: \texttt{help(str.replace)}
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\item
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获取模块帮助: \texttt{help(re)}
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\end{itemize}
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\hypertarget{header-n54}{\subsection{模块}\label{header-n54}}
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模块亦称库,它只是一个简单地以 \texttt{.py} 为后缀的文件。
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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列出模块内容:\texttt{dir(module1)}
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\item
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导入模块:\texttt{import\ module}
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\item
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调用模块中的函数:\texttt{module1.func1()}
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\end{itemize}
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\textbf{注:\texttt{import}
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语句会创建一个新的名字空间,并且在该名字空间内执行 \texttt{.py}
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文件中的所有语句。如果你想把模块内容导入到当前名字空间,请使用
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\texttt{from\ module1\ import\ *} 语句。}
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\hypertarget{header-n69}{\subsection{数值类类型}\label{header-n69}}
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查看变量的数据类型:\texttt{type(variable)}
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\subsubsection{六种经常使用的数据类型}\label{header-n72}
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\begin{enumerate}
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\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.}
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\item
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\textbf{int/long}:过大的 \texttt{int} 类型会被自动转化为
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\texttt{long} 类型。
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\item
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\textbf{float}:64 位,Python 中没有 \texttt{double} 类型。
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\item
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\textbf{bool}:真或假。
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\item
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\textbf{str}:在 Python 2 中默认以 ASCII 编码,而在 Python 3 中默认以
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Unicode 编码;
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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字符串可置于单/双/三引号中;
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\item
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字符串是字符的序列,因此可以像处理其他序列一样处理字符串;
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\item
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特殊字符可通过 \texttt{\textbackslash{}} 或者前缀 \texttt{r} 实现:
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\NormalTok{str1 }\OperatorTok{=} \VerbatimStringTok{r'this\textbackslash{}f?ff'}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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字符串可通过多种方式格式化:
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\NormalTok{template }\OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{'}\SpecialCharTok{%.2f}\StringTok{ }\SpecialCharTok{%s}\StringTok{ haha $}\SpecialCharTok{%d}\StringTok{'}\OperatorTok{;}
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\NormalTok{str1 }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ template }\OperatorTok{%}\NormalTok{ (}\FloatTok{4.88}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'hola'}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{)}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\item
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\textbf{NoneType(None)}:Python \texttt{null} 值(只有 None
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对象的一个实例中存在)。
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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\texttt{None} 不是一个保留关键字,而是 \textbf{NoneType}
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的一个唯一实例。
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\item
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\texttt{None} 通常是可选函数参数的默认值:
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\KeywordTok{def}\NormalTok{ func1(a, b, c }\OperatorTok{=} \VariableTok{None}\NormalTok{)}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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\texttt{None} 的常见用法:
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\ControlFlowTok{if}\NormalTok{ variable }\KeywordTok{is} \VariableTok{None}\NormalTok{ :}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\item
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\textbf{datatime}:Python 内建的 datetime 模块提供了
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\texttt{datetime}、\texttt{data} 以及 \texttt{time} 类型。
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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\texttt{datetime} 组合了存储于 \texttt{date} 和 \texttt{time}
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中的信息。
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\end{itemize}
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\end{enumerate}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\CommentTok{#从字符串中创建 datetime}
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\NormalTok{dt1 }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ datetime.strptime(}\StringTok{'20091031'}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'%Y%m}\SpecialCharTok{%d}\StringTok{'}\NormalTok{)}
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\CommentTok{#获取 date 对象}
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\NormalTok{dt1.date()}
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\CommentTok{#获取 time 对象}
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\NormalTok{dt1.time()}
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\CommentTok{#将 datetime 格式化为字符串}
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\NormalTok{dt1.strftime(}\StringTok{'%m/}\SpecialCharTok{%d}\StringTok{/%Y%H:%M'}\NormalTok{)}
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\CommentTok{#更改字段值}
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\NormalTok{dt2 }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ dt1.replace(minute }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, second }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{30}\NormalTok{)}
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\CommentTok{#做差, diff 是一个 datetime.timedelta 对象}
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\NormalTok{diff }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ dt1 }\OperatorTok{-}\NormalTok{ dt2}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\textbf{注:Python 中的绝大多数对象都是可变的,只有字符串和元组例外。}
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\hypertarget{header-n128}{\subsection{数据结构}\label{header-n128}}
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\textbf{注:所有的 non-Get 函数调用,比如下面例子中的
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\texttt{list1.sort()} 都是原地操作,即不会创建新的对象,除非特别声明。}
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\subsubsection{元组}\label{header-n131}
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元组是 Python 中任何类型的对象的一个一维、固定长度、不可变的序列。
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\CommentTok{#创建元组}
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\NormalTok{tup1 }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{4}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{6}
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\CommentTok{# or}
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\NormalTok{tup1 }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ (}\DecValTok{6}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{7}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{)}
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\CommentTok{#创建嵌套元组}
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\NormalTok{tup1 }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ (}\DecValTok{4}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{6}\NormalTok{), (}\DecValTok{7}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{)}
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\CommentTok{#将序列或迭代器转化为元组}
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\BuiltInTok{tuple}\NormalTok{([}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{])}
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\CommentTok{#连接元组}
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\NormalTok{tup1 }\OperatorTok{+}\NormalTok{ tup2}
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\CommentTok{#解包元组}
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\NormalTok{a, b, c }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ tup1}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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元组应用:
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\CommentTok{#交换两个变量的值}
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\NormalTok{a, b }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ b, a}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\subsubsection{列表}\label{header-n138}
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列表是 Python
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中任何类型的对象的一个一维、非固定长度、可变(比如内容可以被修改)的序列。
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\CommentTok{#创建列表}
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\NormalTok{list1 }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ [}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'a'}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{]}
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\CommentTok{#or}
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\NormalTok{list1 }\OperatorTok{=} \BuiltInTok{list}\NormalTok{(tup1)}
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\CommentTok{#连接列表}
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\NormalTok{list1 }\OperatorTok{+}\NormalTok{ list2 }
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\CommentTok{#or}
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\NormalTok{list1.extend(list2)}
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\CommentTok{#追加到列表的末尾}
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\NormalTok{list1.append(}\StringTok{'b'}\NormalTok{)}
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\CommentTok{#插入指定位置}
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\NormalTok{list1.insert(PosIndex, }\StringTok{'a'}\NormalTok{)}
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\CommentTok{#反向插入,即弹出给定位置的值/删除}
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\NormalTok{ValueAtIdx }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ list1.pop(PosIndex)}
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\CommentTok{#移除列表中的第一个值, a 必须是列表中第一个值}
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\NormalTok{list1.remove(}\StringTok{'a'}\NormalTok{)}
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\CommentTok{#检查成员资格}
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\DecValTok{3} \KeywordTok{in}\NormalTok{ list1 }\OperatorTok{=>} \VariableTok{True} \KeywordTok{or} \VariableTok{False}
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\CommentTok{#对列表进行排序}
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\NormalTok{list1.sort()}
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\CommentTok{#按特定方式排序}
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\NormalTok{list1.sort(key }\OperatorTok{=} \BuiltInTok{len}\NormalTok{) }\CommentTok{# 按长度排序}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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使用 +
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连接列表会有比较大的开支,因为这个过程中会创建一个新的列表,然后复制对象。因此,使用
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\texttt{extend()} 是更明智的选择;
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\item
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\texttt{insert} 和 \texttt{append} 相比会有更大的开支(时间/空间);
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\item
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在列表中检查是否包含一个值会比在字典和集合中慢很多,因为前者需要进行线性扫描,而后者是基于哈希表的,所以只需要花费常数时间。
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\end{itemize}
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\paragraph{\texorpdfstring{内建的 \texttt{bisect}
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模块}{内建的 bisect 模块}}\label{header-n152}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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对一个排序好的列表进行二分查找或插入;
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\item
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\texttt{bisect.bisect}找到元素在列表中的位置,\texttt{bisect.insort}将元素插入到相应位置。用法:
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|
\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\ImportTok{import}\NormalTok{ bisect}
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\NormalTok{list1 }\OperatorTok{=} \BuiltInTok{list}\NormalTok{(}\BuiltInTok{range}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{))}
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\CommentTok{#找到 5 在 list1 中的位置,从 1 开始,因此 position = index + 1}
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\NormalTok{bisect.bisect(list1, }\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{)}
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|
\CommentTok{#将 3.5 插入 list1 中合适位置}
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\NormalTok{bisect.insort(list1, }\FloatTok{3.5}\NormalTok{)}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\textbf{注:\texttt{bisect}
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|
|
模块中的函数并不会去检查列表是否排序好,因为这会花费很多时间。所以,对未排序好的列表使用这些函数也不会报错,但可能会返回不正确的结果。}
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|
\subsubsection{针对序列类型的切片}\label{header-n163}
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|
|
序列类型包括 \texttt{str}、\texttt{array}、\texttt{tuple}、\texttt{list}
|
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|
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等。
|
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|
|
用法:
|
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|
|
\begin{Shaded}
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|
\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{list1[start:stop]}
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|
|
\CommentTok{#如果使用 step}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{list1(start:stop:step)}
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|
\end{Highlighting}
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|
\end{Shaded}
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|
\textbf{注:切片结果包含 \texttt{start} 索引,但不包含 \texttt{stop}
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|
|
索引;\texttt{start/stop}
|
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|
|
索引可以省略,如果省略,则默认为序列从开始到结束,如
|
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|
|
\texttt{list1\ ==\ list1{[}:{]}} 。}
|
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|
|
\texttt{step} 的应用:
|
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|
\begin{Shaded}
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|
\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
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|
\CommentTok{#取出奇数位置的元素}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{list1[::}\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{]}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#反转字符串}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{str1[::}\OperatorTok{-}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]}
|
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|
|
\end{Highlighting}
|
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|
|
|
\end{Shaded}
|
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|
|
\subsubsection{字典(哈希映射)}\label{header-n174}
|
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|
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|
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|
|
\begin{Shaded}
|
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|
|
\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
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|
|
\CommentTok{#创建字典}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{dict1 }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ \{}\StringTok{'key1'}\NormalTok{: }\StringTok{'value1'}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{: [}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{,}\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{]\}}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#从序列创建字典}
|
|
|
|
|
\BuiltInTok{dict}\NormalTok{(}\BuiltInTok{zip}\NormalTok{(KeyList, ValueList))}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#获取/设置/插入元素}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{dict1[}\StringTok{'key1'}\NormalTok{]}
|
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{dict1[}\StringTok{'key1'}\NormalTok{] }\OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{'NewValue'}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#get 提供默认值}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{dict1.get(}\StringTok{'key1'}\NormalTok{, DefaultValue)}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#检查键是否存在}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{'key1'} \KeywordTok{in}\NormalTok{ dict1}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#获取键列表}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{dict1.keys()}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#获取值列表}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{dict1.values()}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#更新值}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{dict1.update(dict2)}\CommentTok{#dict1 的值被 dict2 替换}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{Highlighting}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{Shaded}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
如果键不存在,则会出现 \texttt{KeyError\ Exception} 。
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
当键不存在时,如果 \texttt{get()}不提供默认值则会返回 \texttt{None} 。
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
以相同的顺序返回键列表和值列表,但顺序不是特定的,又称极大可能非排序。
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\paragraph{有效字典键类型}\label{header-n186}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
键必须是不可变的,比如标量类型(\texttt{int}、\texttt{float}、\texttt{string})或者元组(元组中的所有对象也必须是不可变的)。
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
这儿涉及的技术术语是 \texttt{hashability}。可以用函数
|
|
|
|
|
\texttt{hash()}来检查一个对象是否是可哈希的,比如
|
|
|
|
|
\texttt{hash(\textquotesingle{}This\ is\ a\ string\textquotesingle{})}
|
|
|
|
|
会返回一个哈希值,而 \texttt{hash({[}1,2{]})} 则会报错(不可哈希)。
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsubsection{集合}\label{header-n194}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
一个集合是一些无序且唯一的元素的聚集;
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
你可以把它看成只有键的字典;
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{Shaded}
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#创建集合}
|
|
|
|
|
\BuiltInTok{set}\NormalTok{([}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{6}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{])}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#or}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{\{}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{6}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{\}}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#子集测试}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{set1.issubset(set2)}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#超集测试}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{set1.issuperset(set2)}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{#测试两个集合中的元素是否完全相同}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{set1 }\OperatorTok{==}\NormalTok{ set2}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{Highlighting}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{Shaded}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\paragraph{集合操作}\label{header-n203}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
并(又称或):\texttt{set1\ \textbar{}\ set2}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
交(又称与):\texttt{set1\ \&\ set2}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
差:\texttt{set1\ -\ set2}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
对称差(又称异或):\texttt{set1\ \^{}\ set2}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\hypertarget{header-n217}{\subsection{函数}\label{header-n217}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Python 的函数参数传递是通过\textbf{引用传递}。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
基本形式
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{Shaded}
|
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|
|
|
\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
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|
|
|
\KeywordTok{def}\NormalTok{ func1(posArg1, keywordArg1 }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, ..)}
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|
|
\end{Highlighting}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{Shaded}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\textbf{注}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
关键字参数必须跟在位置参数的后面;
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
默认情况下,Python 不会``延迟求值'',表达式的值会立刻求出来。
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsubsection{函数调用机制}\label{header-n234}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
所有函数均位于模块内部作用域。见``模块''部分。
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
在调用函数时,参数被打包成一个元组和一个字典,函数接收一个元组
|
|
|
|
|
\texttt{args} 和一个字典 \texttt{kwargs},然后在函数内部解包。
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
``函数是对象''的常见用法:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{Shaded}
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
|
|
|
|
\KeywordTok{def}\NormalTok{ func1(ops }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ [}\BuiltInTok{str}\NormalTok{.strip, user_define_func, ..], ..):}
|
|
|
|
|
\ControlFlowTok{for}\NormalTok{ function }\KeywordTok{in}\NormalTok{ ops:}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{ value }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ function(value)}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{Highlighting}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{Shaded}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsubsection{返回值}\label{header-n245}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
如果函数末尾没有 \texttt{return} 语句,则不会返回任何东西。
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
如果有多个返回值则通过一个元组来实现。
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{Shaded}
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
|
|
|
|
\ControlFlowTok{return}\NormalTok{ (value1, value2)}
|
|
|
|
|
\NormalTok{value1, value2 }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ func1(..)}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{Highlighting}
|
|
|
|
|
\end{Shaded}
|
|
|
|
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\subsubsection{匿名函数(又称 LAMBDA 函数)}\label{header-n254}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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什么是匿名函数?
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\end{itemize}
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匿名函数是一个只包含一条语句的简单函数。
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\KeywordTok{lambda}\NormalTok{ x : x }\OperatorTok{*} \DecValTok{2}
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\CommentTok{#def func1(x) : return x * 2}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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匿名函数的应用:'curring',又称利用已存在函数的部分参数来派生新的函数。
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\NormalTok{ma60 }\OperatorTok{=} \KeywordTok{lambda}\NormalTok{ x : pd.rolling_mean(x, }\DecValTok{60}\NormalTok{)}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\subsubsection{一些有用的函数(针对数据结构)}\label{header-n267}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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\texttt{enumerate()} 返回一个序列\texttt{(i,\ value)}元组,\texttt{i}
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是当前 \texttt{item} 的索引。
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\ControlFlowTok{for}\NormalTok{ i, value }\KeywordTok{in} \BuiltInTok{enumerate}\NormalTok{(collection):}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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应用:创建一个序列中值与其在序列中的位置的字典映射(假设每一个值都是唯一的)。
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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\texttt{sort()}可以从任意序列中返回一个排序好的序列。
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\BuiltInTok{sorted}\NormalTok{([}\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{]) }\OperatorTok{=>}\NormalTok{ [}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{]}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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应用:
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\BuiltInTok{sorted}\NormalTok{(}\BuiltInTok{set}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{'abc bcd'}\NormalTok{)) }\OperatorTok{=>}\NormalTok{ [}\StringTok{' '}\NormalTok{,}
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\StringTok{'a'}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'b'}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'c'}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'d'}\NormalTok{]}
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\CommentTok{# 返回一个字符串排序后无重复的字母序列}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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\texttt{zip()}函数可以把许多列表、元组或其他序列的元素配对起来创建一系列的元组。
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\BuiltInTok{zip}\NormalTok{(seq1, seq2) }\OperatorTok{=>}\NormalTok{ [(}\StringTok{'seq1_1'}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'seq2_1'}\NormalTok{), (..), ..]}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\begin{enumerate}
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\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.}
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\item
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\texttt{zip()}可以接收任意数量的序列作为参数,但是产生的元素的数目取决于最短的序列。
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\end{enumerate}
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应用:多个序列同时迭代:
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\begin{verbatim}
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for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(seq1, seq2)):
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\end{verbatim}
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\begin{enumerate}
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\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.}
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\item
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\texttt{unzip}:另一种思考方式是把一些行转化为一些列:
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\end{enumerate}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\NormalTok{seq1, seq2 }\OperatorTok{=} \BuiltInTok{zip}\NormalTok{(zipOutput)}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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\texttt{reversed()} 将一个序列的元素以逆序迭代。
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{verbatim}
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list(reversed(range(10)))
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\end{verbatim}
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\textbf{\texttt{reversed()} 会返回一个迭代器,\texttt{list()}
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使之成为一个列表。}
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\hypertarget{header-n307}{\subsection{控制流}\label{header-n307}}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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用于 \texttt{if-else} 条件中的操作符:
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\CommentTok{#检查两个变量是否是相同的对象}
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\NormalTok{var1 }\KeywordTok{is}\NormalTok{ var2}
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\CommentTok{#检查两个变量是否是不同的对象}
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\NormalTok{var1 }\KeywordTok{is} \KeywordTok{not}\NormalTok{ var2}
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\CommentTok{#检查两个变量的值是否相等}
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\NormalTok{var1 }\OperatorTok{==}\NormalTok{ var2}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\textbf{注:Python 中使用 \texttt{and}、\texttt{or}、\texttt{not}
|
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|
|
来组合条件,而不是使用
|
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|
|
\texttt{\&\&}、\texttt{\textbar{}\textbar{}}、\texttt{!} 。}
|
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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\texttt{for}循环的常见用法:
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\end{itemize}
|
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|
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\begin{verbatim}
|
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|
|
#可迭代对象(list、tuple)或迭代器
|
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|
|
for element in iterator:
|
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|
|
#如果元素是可以解包的序列
|
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|
|
for a, b, c in iterator:
|
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|
|
\end{verbatim}
|
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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|
|
\texttt{pass}:无操作语句,在不需要进行任何操作的块中使用。
|
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|
|
\item
|
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|
|
三元表达式,又称简洁的 \texttt{if-else},基本形式:
|
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|
\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\NormalTok{value }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ true}\OperatorTok{-}\NormalTok{expr }\ControlFlowTok{if}\NormalTok{ condition }\ControlFlowTok{else}\NormalTok{ false}\OperatorTok{-}\NormalTok{expr}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item
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|
|
Python 中没有 \texttt{switch/case} 语句,请使用 \texttt{if/elif}。
|
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|
|
\end{itemize}
|
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|
|
\hypertarget{header-n332}{\subsection{面向对象编程}\label{header-n332}}
|
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|
|
\begin{itemize}
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\item
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|
|
\textbf{对象}是 Python 中所有类型的根。
|
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|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
万物(数字、字符串、函数、类、模块等)皆为对象,每个对象均有一个类型(type)。对象变量是一个指向变量在内存中位置的指针。
|
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|
|
\item
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|
|
所有对象均为\textbf{引用计数}。
|
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|
|
\end{itemize}
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\NormalTok{sys.getrefcount(}\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{) }\OperatorTok{=>}\NormalTok{ x}
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\NormalTok{a }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{, b }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ a}
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|
|
\CommentTok{#上式会在等号的右边创建一个对象的引用,因此 a 和 b 均指向 5}
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\NormalTok{sys.getrefcount(}\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{)}
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|
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\OperatorTok{=>}\NormalTok{ x }\OperatorTok{+} \DecValTok{2}
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|
|
\KeywordTok{del}\NormalTok{(a)}\OperatorTok{;}\NormalTok{ sys.getrefcount(}\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{) }\OperatorTok{=>}\NormalTok{ x }\OperatorTok{+} \DecValTok{1}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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|
\begin{itemize}
|
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|
|
\item
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|
|
|
类的基本形式:
|
|
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|
|
\end{itemize}
|
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|
|
|
\begin{verbatim}
|
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|
|
|
class MyObject(object):
|
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|
|
# 'self' 等价于 Java/C++ 中的 'this'
|
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|
|
|
def __init__(self, name):
|
|
|
|
|
self.name = name
|
|
|
|
|
def memberFunc1(self, arg1):
|
|
|
|
|
..
|
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|
|
|
@staticmethod
|
|
|
|
|
def classFunc2(arg1):
|
|
|
|
|
..
|
|
|
|
|
obj1 = MyObject('name1')
|
|
|
|
|
obj1.memberFunc1('a')
|
|
|
|
|
MyObject.classFunc2('b')
|
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|
|
|
\end{verbatim}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
有用的交互式工具:
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
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|
|
\begin{Shaded}
|
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
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|
\BuiltInTok{dir}\NormalTok{(variable1) }\CommentTok{#列出对象的所有可用方法}
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\end{Highlighting}
|
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|
|
\end{Shaded}
|
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|
|
\hypertarget{header-n354}{\subsection{常见字符串操作}\label{header-n354}}
|
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|
|
\begin{Shaded}
|
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
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|
\CommentTok{#通过分隔符连接列表/元组}
|
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|
|
\CommentTok{', '}\NormalTok{.join([ }\StringTok{'v1'}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'v2'}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'v3'}\NormalTok{]) }\OperatorTok{=>} \StringTok{'v1, v2, v3'}
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\CommentTok{#格式化字符串}
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\NormalTok{string1 }\OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{'My name is }\SpecialCharTok{\{0\}}\StringTok{ }\SpecialCharTok{\{name\}}\StringTok{'}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{newString1 }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ string1.}\BuiltInTok{format}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{'Sean'}\NormalTok{, name }\OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{'Chen'}\NormalTok{)}
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\CommentTok{#分裂字符串}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{sep }\OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{'-'}\OperatorTok{;}
|
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|
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\NormalTok{stringList1 }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ string1.split(sep)}
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\CommentTok{#获取子串}
|
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\NormalTok{start }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{;}
|
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\NormalTok{string1[start:}\DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{]}
|
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\CommentTok{#补 '0' 向右对齐字符串}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{month }\OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{'5'}\OperatorTok{;}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{month.zfill(}\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{) }\OperatorTok{=>} \StringTok{'05'}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{month }\OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{'12'}\OperatorTok{;}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{month.zfill(}\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{) }\OperatorTok{=>} \StringTok{'12'}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{month.zfill(}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{) }\OperatorTok{=>} \StringTok{'012'}
|
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|
|
\end{Highlighting}
|
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|
|
|
\end{Shaded}
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
对列表和字典以及元组的深入理解
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\hypertarget{header-n357}{\subsection{异常处理}\label{header-n357}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
基本形式:
|
|
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
\begin{Shaded}
|
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|
|
|
\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
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|
|
|
\ControlFlowTok{try}\NormalTok{:}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{ ..}
|
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|
|
\ControlFlowTok{except} \PreprocessorTok{ValueError} \ImportTok{as}\NormalTok{ e:}
|
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|
|
\BuiltInTok{print}\NormalTok{ e}
|
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|
|
\ControlFlowTok{except}\NormalTok{ (}\PreprocessorTok{TypeError}\NormalTok{, AnotherError):}
|
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{ ..}
|
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|
|
\ControlFlowTok{except}\NormalTok{:}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{ ..}
|
|
|
|
|
\ControlFlowTok{finally}\NormalTok{:}
|
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|
|
\NormalTok{ .. }\CommentTok{# 清理,比如 close db;}
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|
|
\end{Highlighting}
|
|
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|
|
\end{Shaded}
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{itemize}
|
|
|
|
|
\item
|
|
|
|
|
手动引发异常:
|
|
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|
|
\end{itemize}
|
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|
|
\begin{Shaded}
|
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|
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|
\begin{Highlighting}[]
|
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|
\ControlFlowTok{raise} \PreprocessorTok{AssertionError} \CommentTok{# 断言失败}
|
|
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|
|
\ControlFlowTok{raise} \PreprocessorTok{SystemExit}
|
|
|
|
|
\CommentTok{# 请求程序退出}
|
|
|
|
|
\ControlFlowTok{raise} \PreprocessorTok{RuntimeError}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{'错误信息 :..'}\NormalTok{)}
|
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|
|
\end{Highlighting}
|
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|
\end{Shaded}
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\hypertarget{header-n369}{\subsection{对列表和字典以及元组的深入理解}\label{header-n369}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
语法糖(syntactic sugar)会使代码变得更加易读易写。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsubsection{对列表的理解}\label{header-n372}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
将一些元素通过一个简短的语句传入一个过滤器进行过滤和转化,然后可以组成一个新的列表。
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\CommentTok{#基本形式}
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\NormalTok{[expr }\ControlFlowTok{for}\NormalTok{ val }\KeywordTok{in}\NormalTok{ collection }\ControlFlowTok{if}\NormalTok{ condition]}
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\CommentTok{#ShortCut}
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\NormalTok{result }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ []}
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\ControlFlowTok{for}\NormalTok{ val }\KeywordTok{in}\NormalTok{ collection:}
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\ControlFlowTok{if}\NormalTok{ condition:}
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\NormalTok{ result.append(expr)}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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可以省略过滤条件,只留下表达式。
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\subsubsection{对字典的理解}\label{header-n378}
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基本形式:
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\NormalTok{\{key}\OperatorTok{-}\NormalTok{expr : value}\OperatorTok{-}\NormalTok{expr }\ControlFlowTok{for}\NormalTok{ value }\KeywordTok{in}\NormalTok{ collection }\ControlFlowTok{if}\NormalTok{ condition\}}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\subsubsection{对集合的理解}\label{header-n382}
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基本形式:和列表一样,只是应该使用 \texttt{()} 而不是 \texttt{{[}{]}} 。
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\subsubsection{嵌套列表}\label{header-n385}
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基本形式:
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\begin{Shaded}
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\begin{Highlighting}[]
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\NormalTok{[expr }\ControlFlowTok{for}\NormalTok{ val }\KeywordTok{in}\NormalTok{ collection }\ControlFlowTok{for}\NormalTok{ innerVal }\KeywordTok{in}\NormalTok{ val }\ControlFlowTok{if}\NormalTok{ condition]}
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\end{Highlighting}
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\end{Shaded}
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\end{document}
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