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## git-tips
> git小贴士git常用命令集合git的'奇技淫巧'?😱)
## 所有人看过来
1. Fork于[tips](https://github.com/git-tips/tips)项目
2. **一定要先测试命令的效果后,再用于工作环境中,以防造成不能弥补的后果!**
3. 所有的命令都在`git version 2.7.4 (Apple Git-66)`下测试通过(安全可食用😊)
---
* [Everyday Git in twenty commands or so](#everyday-git-in-twenty-commands-or-so)
## 统一概念
1. 工作区:改动(增删文件和文本)
2. 暂存区:输入命令:`git add 改动的文件名`,此次改动就放到了‘暂存区’
3. 本地仓库:输入命令:`git commit 此次修改的描述`此次改动就放到了本地仓库每个commit我叫它为一个版本
4. 远程仓库:输入命令:`git push 远程仓库`此次改动就放到了远程仓库github等)
5. commit-id
## 展示帮助信息
```sh
git help -g
```
## 回到远程仓库的状态
抛弃本地仓库的所有版本(commit),回到远程仓库的状态。
```sh
git fetch --all && git reset --hard origin/master
```
## 重设第一个commit
也就是把所有的改动都重新放回工作区,并**清空所有的commit**这样就可以重新提交第一个commit了
```sh
git update-ref -d HEAD
```
## 展示工作区和最近版本的不同
输出**工作区**和本地中最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。
```sh
git diff
```
## 展示暂存区和最近版本的不同
输出**暂存区**和本地最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。
```sh
git diff --cached
```
## 展示暂存区、工作区和最近版本的不同
输出**工作区**、**暂存区** 和本地最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。
```sh
git diff HEAD
```
## 快速切换分支
```sh
git checkout -
```
## 删除已经合并到master的分支
```sh
git branch --merged master | grep -v '^\*\| master' | xargs -n 1 git branch -d
```
## 展示所有的分支关联的远程仓库
```sh
git branch -vv
```
## 关联远程分支
关联之后,`git branch -vv`就可以展示关联的远程分支名了,同时推送到远程仓库直接:`git push`,不需要指定远程仓库了。
```sh
git branch -u origin/mybranch
```
## 删除本地分支
```sh
git branch -d <local_branchname>
```
## 删除远程分支
```sh
git push origin --delete <remote_branchname>
```
或者
```sh
git push origin :<remote_branchname>
```
## 删除本地标签(tag)
```sh
git tag -d <tag-name>
```
## 删除远程标签(tag)
```sh
git push origin :refs/tags/<tag-name>
```
## 放弃工作区的修改
```sh
git checkout <file_name>
```
放弃所有修改:
```sh
git checkout .
```
## 回到某一个commit的状态并重新增添一个commit
```sh
git revert <commit-id>
```
## 回到某个commit的状态并删除后面的commit
和revert的区别reset命令会抹去某个commit id之后的所有commit
```sh
git reset <commit-id>
```
## 修改上一个commit的描述
```sh
git commit --amend
```
## 查看commit历史
```sh
git log
```
## 修改作者名
```sh
git commit --amend --author='Author Name <email@address.com>'
```
## 修改远程仓库的url
```sh
git remote set-url origin <URL>
```
## 列出所有远程仓库
```sh
git remote
```
## 列出本地和远程分支
-a参数相当于all
```sh
git branch -a
```
## 列出远程分支
-r参数相当于remote
```sh
git branch -r
```
## 查看两个星期内的改动
```sh
git whatchanged --since='2 weeks ago'
```
## 把A分支的某一个commit放到B分支上
这个过程需要`cherry-pick`命令,[参考](http://sg552.iteye.com/blog/1300713#bc2367928)
```sh
git checkout <branch-name> && git cherry-pick <commit-id>
```
## 给git命令起别名
简化命令
```sh
git config --global alias.<handle> <command>
比如git status 改成 git st这样可以简化命令
git config --global alias.st status
```
## 存储当前的修改但不用提交commit
详解可以参考[廖雪峰老师的git教程](http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0013739516305929606dd18361248578c67b8067c8c017b000/00137602359178794d966923e5c4134bc8bf98dfb03aea3000)
```sh
git stash
```
## 保存当前状态包括untracked的文件
untracked文件新建的文件
```sh
git stash -u
```
## 展示所有stashes
```sh
git stash list
```
## 回到某个stash的状态
```sh
git stash apply <stash@{n}>
```
## 回到最后一个stash的状态并删除这个stash
```sh
git stash pop
```
## 删除所有的stash
```sh
git stash clear
```
## 从stash中拿出某个文件的修改
```sh
git checkout <stash@{n}> -- <file_path>
```
8 years ago
## 展示所有tracked的文件
```sh
git ls-files -t
```
8 years ago
## 展示所有untracked的文件
```sh
git ls-files --others
```
8 years ago
## 展示所有忽略的文件
```sh
git ls-files --others -i --exclude-standard
```
8 years ago
## 强制删除untracked的文件
清空工作区untracked的文件
```sh
git clean -f
```
8 years ago
## 强制删除untracked的目录
清空工作区untracked的目录
```sh
git clean -df
```
8 years ago
## 重命名分支
```sh
git branch -m <new-branch-name>
```
8 years ago
## 展示简化的commit历史
```sh
git log --pretty=oneline --graph --decorate --all
```
8 years ago
## 把某一个分支到导出成一个文件
```sh
git bundle create <file> <branch-name>
```
8 years ago
## 从包中导入分支
新建一个分支,分支内容就是上面`git bundle create`命令导出的内容
```sh
git clone repo.bundle <repo-dir> -b <branch-name>
```
## Ignore one file on commit (e.g. Changelog).
```sh
git update-index --assume-unchanged Changelog; git commit -a; git update-index --no-assume-unchanged Changelog
```
## Stash changes before rebasing
```sh
git rebase --autostash
```
## Fetch pull request by ID to a local branch
```sh
git fetch origin pull/<id>/head:<branch-name>
```
__Alternatives:__
```sh
git pull origin pull/<id>/head:<branch-name>
```
## Show the most recent tag on the current branch.
```sh
git describe --tags --abbrev=0
```
## Show inline word diff.
```sh
git diff --word-diff
```
## Dont consider changes for tracked file.
```sh
git update-index --assume-unchanged <file_name>
```
## Undo assume-unchanged.
```sh
git update-index --no-assume-unchanged <file_name>
```
## Clean the files from `.gitignore`.
```sh
git clean -X -f
```
## Restore deleted file.
```sh
git checkout <deleting_commit>^ -- <file_path>
```
## Restore file to a specific commit-hash
```sh
git checkout <commit-ish> -- <file_path>
```
8 years ago
## 展示所有alias和configs.
```sh
git config --list
```
## 展示忽略的文件
```sh
git status --ignored
```
## commit历史中显示Branch1有的但是Branch2没有commit
```sh
git log Branch1 ^Branch2
```
## reuse recorded resolution, record and reuse previous conflicts resolutions.
```sh
git config --global rerere.enabled 1
```
## Open all conflicted files in an editor.
```sh
git diff --name-only | uniq | xargs $EDITOR
```
## Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
```sh
git count-objects --human-readable
```
## Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
```sh
git gc --prune=now --aggressive
```
## Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
```sh
git instaweb [--local] [--httpd=<httpd>] [--port=<port>] [--browser=<browser>]
```
## 在commit log中显示GPG签名
```sh
git log --show-signature
```
## 删除全局设置
```sh
git config --global --unset <entry-name>
```
## 新建并切换到新分支上同时这个分支没有任何commit
相当于保存修改但是重写commit历史
```sh
git checkout --orphan <branch_name>
```
## Extract file from another branch.
```sh
git show <branch_name>:<file_name>
```
## List only the root and merge commits.
```sh
git log --first-parent
```
## Change previous two commits with an interactive rebase.
```sh
git rebase --interactive HEAD~2
```
## List all branch is WIP
```sh
git checkout master && git branch --no-merged
```
## Find guilty with binary search
```sh
git bisect start # Search start
git bisect bad # Set point to bad commit
git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2 # Set point to good commit|tag
git bisect bad # Say current state is bad
git bisect good # Say current state is good
git bisect reset # Finish search
```
## Bypass pre-commit and commit-msg githooks
```sh
git commit --no-verify
```
## List commits and changes to a specific file (even through renaming)
```sh
git log --follow -p -- <file_path>
```
## Clone a single branch
```sh
git clone -b <branch-name> --single-branch https://github.com/user/repo.git
```
## Create and switch new branch
```sh
git checkout -b <branch-name>
```
__Alternatives:__
```sh
git branch <branch-name> && git checkout <branch-name>
```
## Ignore file mode changes on commits
```sh
git config core.fileMode false
```
## Turn off git colored terminal output
```sh
git config --global color.ui false
```
## specific color settings
```sh
git config --global <specific command e.g branch, diff> <true, false or always>
```
## Show all local branches ordered by recent commits
```sh
git for-each-ref --sort=-committerdate --format='%(refname:short)' refs/heads/
```
## Find lines matching the pattern (regex or string) in tracked files
```sh
git grep --heading --line-number 'foo bar'
```
## Clone a shallow copy of a repository
```sh
git clone https://github.com/user/repo.git --depth 1
```
## Search Commit log across all branches for given text
```sh
git log --all --grep='<given-text>'
```
## Get first commit in a branch (from master)
```sh
git log master..<branch-name> --oneline | tail -1
```
## 把暂存区的内容放到工作区中
```sh
git reset <file-name>
```
## 强制推送
```sh
git push -f <remote-name> <branch-name>
```
## 增加远程仓库
```sh
git remote add origin <remote-url>
```
## 联系我
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- 或者直接提PrIssues