git-tips/README.md

## git-tips
> git小贴士：git常用命令集合（git的'奇技淫巧'？😱）

## 所有人看过来
1. Fork于[tips](https://github.com/git-tips/tips)项目

2. **一定要先测试命令的效果后，再用于工作环境中，以防造成不能弥补的后果！**

3. 所有的命令都在`git version 2.7.4 (Apple Git-66)`下测试通过（安全可食用😊）

---

* [Everyday Git in twenty commands or so](#everyday-git-in-twenty-commands-or-so)
* [Show helpful guides that come with Git](#show-helpful-guides-that-come-with-git)
* [Overwrite pull](#overwrite-pull)
* [List of all files till a commit](#list-of-all-files-till-a-commit)
* [Git reset first commit](#git-reset-first-commit)
* [List all the conflicted files](#list-all-the-conflicted-files)
* [List of all files changed in a commit](#list-of-all-files-changed-in-a-commit)
* [Unstaged changes since last commit](#unstaged-changes-since-last-commit)
* [Changes staged for commit](#changes-staged-for-commit)
* [Show both staged and unstaged changes](#show-both-staged-and-unstaged-changes)
* [List all branches that are already merged into master](#list-all-branches-that-are-already-merged-into-master)
* [Quickly switch to the previous branch](#quickly-switch-to-the-previous-branch)
* [Remove branches that have already been merged with master](#remove-branches-that-have-already-been-merged-with-master)
* [List all branches and their upstreams, as well as last commit on branch](#list-all-branches-and-their-upstreams-as-well-as-last-commit-on-branch)
* [Track upstream branch](#track-upstream-branch)
* [Delete local branch](#delete-local-branch)
* [Delete remote branch](#delete-remote-branch)
* [Delete local tag](#delete-local-tag)
* [Delete remote tag](#delete-remote-tag)
* [Undo local changes with the last content in head](#undo-local-changes-with-the-last-content-in-head)
* [Revert: Undo a commit by creating a new commit](#revert-undo-a-commit-by-creating-a-new-commit)
* [Reset: Discard commits, advised for private branch](#reset-discard-commits-advised-for-private-branch)
* [Reword the previous commit message](#reword-the-previous-commit-message)
* [See commit history for just the current branch](#see-commit-history-for-just-the-current-branch)
* [Amend author.](#amend-author)
* [Reset author, after author has been changed in the global config.](#reset-author-after-author-has-been-changed-in-the-global-config)
* [Changing a remote's URL](#changing-a-remotes-url)
* [Get list of all remote references](#get-list-of-all-remote-references)
* [Get list of all local and remote branches](#get-list-of-all-local-and-remote-branches)
* [Get only remote branches](#get-only-remote-branches)
* [Stage parts of a changed file, instead of the entire file](#stage-parts-of-a-changed-file-instead-of-the-entire-file)
* [Get git bash completion](#get-git-bash-completion)
* [What changed since two weeks?](#what-changed-since-two-weeks)
* [See all commits made since forking from master](#see-all-commits-made-since-forking-from-master)
* [Pick commits across branches using cherry-pick](#pick-commits-across-branches-using-cherry-pick)
* [Find out branches containing commit-hash](#find-out-branches-containing-commit-hash)
* [Git Aliases](#git-aliases)
* [Saving current state of tracked files without commiting](#saving-current-state-of-tracked-files-without-commiting)
* [Saving current state including untracked files](#saving-current-state-including-untracked-files)
* [Show list of all saved stashes](#show-list-of-all-saved-stashes)
* [Apply any stash without deleting from the stashed list](#apply-any-stash-without-deleting-from-the-stashed-list)
* [Apply last stashed state and delete it from stashed list](#apply-last-stashed-state-and-delete-it-from-stashed-list)
* [Delete all stored stashes](#delete-all-stored-stashes)
* [Grab a single file from a stash](#grab-a-single-file-from-a-stash)
* [Show all tracked files](#show-all-tracked-files)
* [Show all untracked files](#show-all-untracked-files)
* [Show all ignored files](#show-all-ignored-files)
* [Create new working tree from a repository (git 2.5)](#create-new-working-tree-from-a-repository-git-25)
* [Create new working tree from HEAD state](#create-new-working-tree-from-head-state)
* [Untrack files without deleting](#untrack-files-without-deleting)
* [Before deleting untracked files/directory, do a dry run to get the list of these files/directories](#before-deleting-untracked-filesdirectory-do-a-dry-run-to-get-the-list-of-these-filesdirectories)
* [Forcefully remove untracked files](#forcefully-remove-untracked-files)
* [Forcefully remove untracked directory](#forcefully-remove-untracked-directory)
* [Update all the submodules](#update-all-the-submodules)
* [Show all commits in the current branch yet to be merged to master](#show-all-commits-in-the-current-branch-yet-to-be-merged-to-master)
* [Rename a branch](#rename-a-branch)
* [rebases 'feature' to 'master' and merges it in to master ](#rebases-feature-to-master-and-merges-it-in-to-master)
* [Archive the `master` branch](#archive-the-master-branch)
* [Modify previous commit without modifying the commit message](#modify-previous-commit-without-modifying-the-commit-message)
* [Prunes references to remote branches that have been deleted in the remote.](#prunes-references-to-remote-branches-that-have-been-deleted-in-the-remote)
* [Retrieve the commit hash of the initial revision.](#retrieve-the-commit-hash-of-the-initial-revision)
* [Visualize the version tree.](#visualize-the-version-tree)
* [Deploying git tracked subfolder to gh-pages](#deploying-git-tracked-subfolder-to-gh-pages)
* [Adding a project to repo using subtree](#adding-a-project-to-repo-using-subtree)
* [Get latest changes in your repo for a linked project using subtree](#get-latest-changes-in-your-repo-for-a-linked-project-using-subtree)
* [Export a branch with history to a file.](#export-a-branch-with-history-to-a-file)
* [Import from a bundle](#import-from-a-bundle)
* [Get the name of current branch.](#get-the-name-of-current-branch)
* [Ignore one file on commit (e.g. Changelog).](#ignore-one-file-on-commit-eg-changelog)
* [Stash changes before rebasing](#stash-changes-before-rebasing)
* [Fetch pull request by ID to a local branch](#fetch-pull-request-by-id-to-a-local-branch)
* [Show the most recent tag on the current branch.](#show-the-most-recent-tag-on-the-current-branch)
* [Show inline word diff.](#show-inline-word-diff)
* [Don’t consider changes for tracked file.](#dont-consider-changes-for-tracked-file)
* [Undo assume-unchanged.](#undo-assume-unchanged)
* [Clean the files from `.gitignore`.](#clean-the-files-from-gitignore)
* [Restore deleted file.](#restore-deleted-file)
* [Restore file to a specific commit-hash](#restore-file-to-a-specific-commit-hash)
* [Always rebase instead of merge on pull.](#always-rebase-instead-of-merge-on-pull)
* [List all the alias and configs.](#list-all-the-alias-and-configs)
* [Make git case sensitive.](#make-git-case-sensitive)
* [Add custom editors.](#add-custom-editors)
* [Auto correct typos.](#auto-correct-typos)
* [Check if the change was a part of a release.](#check-if-the-change-was-a-part-of-a-release)
* [Dry run. (any command that supports dry-run flag should do.)](#dry-run-any-command-that-supports-dry-run-flag-should-do)
* [Marks your commit as a fix of a previous commit.](#marks-your-commit-as-a-fix-of-a-previous-commit)
* [squash fixup commits normal commits.](#squash-fixup-commits-normal-commits)
* [skip staging area during commit.](#skip-staging-area-during-commit)
* [Interactive staging.](#interactive-staging)
* [List ignored files.](#list-ignored-files)
* [Status of ignored files.](#status-of-ignored-files)
* [Commits in Branch1 that are not in Branch2](#commits-in-branch1-that-are-not-in-branch2)
* [reuse recorded resolution, record and reuse previous conflicts resolutions.](#reuse-recorded-resolution-record-and-reuse-previous-conflicts-resolutions)
* [Open all conflicted files in an editor.](#open-all-conflicted-files-in-an-editor)
* [Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.](#count-unpacked-number-of-objects-and-their-disk-consumption)
* [Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.](#prune-all-unreachable-objects-from-the-object-database)
* [Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.](#instantly-browse-your-working-repository-in-gitweb)
* [View the GPG signatures in the commit log](#view-the-gpg-signatures-in-the-commit-log)
* [Remove entry in the global config.](#remove-entry-in-the-global-config)
* [Checkout a new branch without any history](#checkout-a-new-branch-without-any-history)
* [Extract file from another branch.](#extract-file-from-another-branch)
* [List only the root and merge commits.](#list-only-the-root-and-merge-commits)
* [Change previous two commits with an interactive rebase.](#change-previous-two-commits-with-an-interactive-rebase)
* [List all branch is WIP](#list-all-branch-is-wip)
* [Find guilty with binary search](#find-guilty-with-binary-search)
* [Bypass pre-commit and commit-msg githooks](#bypass-pre-commit-and-commit-msg-githooks)
* [List commits and changes to a specific file (even through renaming)](#list-commits-and-changes-to-a-specific-file-even-through-renaming)
* [Clone a single branch](#clone-a-single-branch)
* [Create and switch new branch](#create-and-switch-new-branch)
* [Ignore file mode changes on commits](#ignore-file-mode-changes-on-commits)
* [Turn off git colored terminal output](#turn-off-git-colored-terminal-output)
* [specific color settings](#specific-color-settings)
* [Show all local branches ordered by recent commits](#show-all-local-branches-ordered-by-recent-commits)
* [Find lines matching the pattern (regex or string) in tracked files](#find-lines-matching-the-pattern-regex-or-string-in-tracked-files)
* [Clone a shallow copy of a repository](#clone-a-shallow-copy-of-a-repository)
* [Search Commit log across all branches for given text](#search-commit-log-across-all-branches-for-given-text)
* [Get first commit in a branch (from master)](#get-first-commit-in-a-branch-from-master)
* [Unstaging Staged file](#unstaging-staged-file)
* [Force push to Remote Repository](#force-push-to-remote-repository)
* [Adding Remote name](#adding-remote-name)


## 统一概念
1. 工作区：改动（增删文件和文本）
2. 暂存区：输入命令：`git add 改动的文件名`，此次改动就放到了‘暂存区’
3. 本地仓库：输入命令：`git commit 此次修改的描述`，此次改动就放到了’本地仓库’，每个commit，我叫它为一个‘版本’
4. 远程仓库：输入命令：`git push 远程仓库`，此次改动就放到了‘远程仓库’（github等)
5. commit-id：

## 展示帮助信息
```sh
git help -g
```

## 回到远程仓库的状态
抛弃本地仓库的所有版本(commit)，回到远程仓库的状态。  
```sh
git fetch --all && git reset --hard origin/master
```

## 重设第一个commit
也就是把所有的改动都重新放回工作区，并**清空所有的commit**，这样就可以重新提交第一个commit了
```sh
git update-ref -d HEAD
```

## 展示工作区和最近版本的不同
输出**工作区**和本地中最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。
```sh
git diff
```

## 展示暂存区和最近版本的不同
输出**暂存区**和本地最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。
```sh
git diff --cached
```

## 展示暂存区、工作区和最近版本的不同
输出**工作区**、**暂存区** 和本地最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。
```sh
git diff HEAD
```

## 快速切换分支
```sh
git checkout -
```

## 删除已经合并到master的分支
```sh
git branch --merged master | grep -v '^\*\|  master' | xargs -n 1 git branch -d
```

## 展示所有的分支关联的远程仓库
```sh
git branch -vv
```

## 关联远程分支
关联之后，`git branch -vv`就可以展示关联的远程分支名了，同时推送到远程仓库直接：`git push`，不需要指定远程仓库了。
```sh
git branch -u origin/mybranch
```

## 删除本地分支
```sh
git branch -d <local_branchname>
```

## 删除远程分支
```sh
git push origin --delete <remote_branchname>
```

或者  
```sh
git push origin :<remote_branchname>
```

## 删除本地标签(tag)
```sh
git tag -d <tag-name>
```

## 删除远程标签(tag)
```sh
git push origin :refs/tags/<tag-name>
```

## 放弃工作区的修改
```sh
git checkout <file_name>
```

放弃所有修改：  
```sh
git checkout .
```

## 回到某一个commit的状态，并重新增添一个commit
```sh
git revert <commit-id>
```

## 回到某个commit的状态，并删除后面的commit
和revert的区别：reset命令会抹去某个commit id之后的所有commit
```sh
git reset <commit-id>
```

## 修改上一个commit的描述
```sh
git commit --amend
```

## 查看commit历史
```sh
git log
```

## 修改作者名
```sh
git commit --amend --author='Author Name <email@address.com>'
```

## 修改远程仓库的url
```sh
git remote set-url origin <URL>
```

## 列出所有远程仓库
```sh
git remote
```

## 列出本地和远程分支
-a参数相当于：all
```sh
git branch -a
```

## 列出远程分支
-r参数相当于：remote
```sh
git branch -r
```

## 查看两个星期内的改动
```sh
git whatchanged --since='2 weeks ago'
```

## 把A分支的某一个commit，放到B分支上
这个过程需要`cherry-pick`命令，[参考](http://sg552.iteye.com/blog/1300713#bc2367928)
```sh
git checkout <branch-name> && git cherry-pick <commit-id>
```

## 给git命令起别名
简化命令

```sh
git config --global alias.<handle> <command>

比如：git status 改成 git st，这样可以简化命令

git config --global alias.st status
```

## 存储当前的修改，但不用提交commit
详解可以参考[廖雪峰老师的git教程](http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0013739516305929606dd18361248578c67b8067c8c017b000/00137602359178794d966923e5c4134bc8bf98dfb03aea3000)
```sh
git stash
```

## 保存当前状态，包括untracked的文件
untracked文件：新建的文件
```sh
git stash -u
```

## 展示所有stashes
```sh
git stash list
```

## 回到某个stash的状态
```sh
git stash apply <stash@{n}>
```

## 回到最后一个stash的状态，并删除这个stash
```sh
git stash pop
```

## 删除所有的stash
```sh
git stash clear
```

## 从stash中拿出某个文件的修改
```sh
git checkout <stash@{n}> -- <file_path>
```

## Show all tracked files
```sh
git ls-files -t
```

## Show all untracked files
```sh
git ls-files --others
```

## Show all ignored files
```sh
git ls-files --others -i --exclude-standard
```

## Create new working tree from a repository (git 2.5)
```sh
git worktree add -b <branch-name> <path> <start-point>
```

## Create new working tree from HEAD state
```sh
git worktree add --detach <path> HEAD
```

## Untrack files without deleting
```sh
git rm --cached <file_path>
```


__Alternatives:__
```sh
git rm --cached -r <directory_path>
```

## Before deleting untracked files/directory, do a dry run to get the list of these files/directories
```sh
git clean -n
```

## Forcefully remove untracked files
```sh
git clean -f
```

## Forcefully remove untracked directory
```sh
git clean -f -d
```


__Alternatives:__
```sh
git clean -df
```

## Update all the submodules
```sh
git submodule foreach git pull
```


__Alternatives:__
```sh
git submodule update --init --recursive
```


```sh
git submodule update --remote
```

## Show all commits in the current branch yet to be merged to master
```sh
git cherry -v master
```


__Alternatives:__
```sh
git cherry -v master <branch-to-be-merged>
```

## Rename a branch
```sh
git branch -m <new-branch-name>
```


__Alternatives:__
```sh
git branch -m [<old-branch-name>] <new-branch-name>
```

## rebases 'feature' to 'master' and merges it in to master
```sh
git checkout feature && git rebase @{-1} && git checkout @{-2} && git merge @{-1}
```

## Archive the `master` branch
```sh
git archive master --format=zip --output=master.zip
```

## Modify previous commit without modifying the commit message
```sh
git add --all && git commit --amend --no-edit
```

## Prunes references to remote branches that have been deleted in the remote.
```sh
git fetch -p
```


__Alternatives:__
```sh
git remote prune origin
```

## Retrieve the commit hash of the initial revision.
```sh
 git rev-list --reverse HEAD | head -1
```

## Visualize the version tree.
```sh
git log --pretty=oneline --graph --decorate --all
```


__Alternatives:__
```sh
gitk --all
```

## Deploying git tracked subfolder to gh-pages
```sh
git subtree push --prefix subfolder_name origin gh-pages
```

## Adding a project to repo using subtree
```sh
git subtree add --prefix=<directory_name>/<project_name> --squash git@github.com:<username>/<project_name>.git master
```

## Get latest changes in your repo for a linked project using subtree
```sh
git subtree pull --prefix=<directory_name>/<project_name> --squash git@github.com:<username>/<project_name>.git master
```

## Export a branch with history to a file.
```sh
git bundle create <file> <branch-name>
```

## Import from a bundle
```sh
git clone repo.bundle <repo-dir> -b <branch-name>
```

## Get the name of current branch.
```sh
git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD
```

## Ignore one file on commit (e.g. Changelog).
```sh
git update-index --assume-unchanged Changelog; git commit -a; git update-index --no-assume-unchanged Changelog
```

## Stash changes before rebasing
```sh
git rebase --autostash
```

## Fetch pull request by ID to a local branch
```sh
git fetch origin pull/<id>/head:<branch-name>
```


__Alternatives:__
```sh
git pull origin pull/<id>/head:<branch-name>
```

## Show the most recent tag on the current branch.
```sh
git describe --tags --abbrev=0
```

## Show inline word diff.
```sh
git diff --word-diff
```

## Don’t consider changes for tracked file.
```sh
git update-index --assume-unchanged <file_name>
```

## Undo assume-unchanged.
```sh
git update-index --no-assume-unchanged <file_name>
```

## Clean the files from `.gitignore`.
```sh
git clean -X -f
```

## Restore deleted file.
```sh
git checkout <deleting_commit>^ -- <file_path>
```

## Restore file to a specific commit-hash
```sh
git checkout <commit-ish> -- <file_path>
```

## Always rebase instead of merge on pull.
```sh
git config --global branch.autosetuprebase always
```

## List all the alias and configs.
```sh
git config --list
```

## Make git case sensitive.
```sh
git config --global core.ignorecase false
```

## Add custom editors.
```sh
git config --global core.editor '$EDITOR'
```

## Auto correct typos.
```sh
git config --global help.autocorrect 1
```

## Check if the change was a part of a release.
```sh
git name-rev --name-only <SHA-1>
```

## Dry run. (any command that supports dry-run flag should do.)
```sh
git clean -fd --dry-run
```

## Marks your commit as a fix of a previous commit.
```sh
git commit --fixup <SHA-1>
```

## squash fixup commits normal commits.
```sh
git rebase -i --autosquash
```

## skip staging area during commit.
```sh
git commit --only <file_path>
```

## 展示忽略的文件
```sh
git status --ignored
```

## commit历史中显示Branch1有的，但是Branch2没有commit
```sh
git log Branch1 ^Branch2
```

## reuse recorded resolution, record and reuse previous conflicts resolutions.
```sh
git config --global rerere.enabled 1
```

## Open all conflicted files in an editor.
```sh
git diff --name-only | uniq | xargs $EDITOR
```

## Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
```sh
git count-objects --human-readable
```

## Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
```sh
git gc --prune=now --aggressive
```

## Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
```sh
git instaweb [--local] [--httpd=<httpd>] [--port=<port>] [--browser=<browser>]
```

## 在commit log中显示GPG签名
```sh
git log --show-signature
```

## 删除全局设置
```sh
git config --global --unset <entry-name>
```

## 新建并切换到新分支上，同时这个分支没有任何commit
相当于保存修改，但是重写commit历史  
```sh
git checkout --orphan <branch_name>
```

## Extract file from another branch.
```sh
git show <branch_name>:<file_name>
```

## List only the root and merge commits.
```sh
git log --first-parent
```

## Change previous two commits with an interactive rebase.
```sh
git rebase --interactive HEAD~2
```

## List all branch is WIP
```sh
git checkout master && git branch --no-merged
```

## Find guilty with binary search
```sh
git bisect start                    # Search start
git bisect bad                      # Set point to bad commit
git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2         # Set point to good commit|tag
git bisect bad                      # Say current state is bad
git bisect good                     # Say current state is good
git bisect reset                    # Finish search

```

## Bypass pre-commit and commit-msg githooks
```sh
git commit --no-verify
```

## List commits and changes to a specific file (even through renaming)
```sh
git log --follow -p -- <file_path>
```

## Clone a single branch
```sh
git clone -b <branch-name> --single-branch https://github.com/user/repo.git
```

## Create and switch new branch
```sh
git checkout -b <branch-name>
```


__Alternatives:__
```sh
git branch <branch-name> && git checkout <branch-name>
```

## Ignore file mode changes on commits
```sh
git config core.fileMode false
```

## Turn off git colored terminal output
```sh
git config --global color.ui false
```

## specific color settings
```sh
git config --global <specific command e.g branch, diff> <true, false or always>
```

## Show all local branches ordered by recent commits
```sh
git for-each-ref --sort=-committerdate --format='%(refname:short)' refs/heads/
```

## Find lines matching the pattern (regex or string) in tracked files
```sh
git grep --heading --line-number 'foo bar'
```

## Clone a shallow copy of a repository
```sh
git clone https://github.com/user/repo.git --depth 1
```

## Search Commit log across all branches for given text
```sh
git log --all --grep='<given-text>'
```

## Get first commit in a branch (from master)
```sh
git log master..<branch-name> --oneline | tail -1
```

## 把暂存区的内容放到工作区中
```sh
git reset <file-name>
```

## 强制推送
```sh
git push -f <remote-name> <branch-name>
```

## 增加远程仓库
```sh
git remote add origin <remote-url>
```


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