git-tips

git小贴士：git常用命令集合（git的'奇技淫巧'？😱）

所有人看过来

1. Fork于tips项目

2. 一定要先测试命令的效果后，再用于工作环境中，以防造成不能弥补的后果！

3. 所有的命令都在git version 2.7.4 (Apple Git-66)下测试通过（安全可食用😊）

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• Everyday Git in twenty commands or so
• Show helpful guides that come with Git
• Overwrite pull
• List of all files till a commit
• Git reset first commit
• List all the conflicted files
• List of all files changed in a commit
• Unstaged changes since last commit
• Changes staged for commit
• Show both staged and unstaged changes
• List all branches that are already merged into master
• Quickly switch to the previous branch
• Remove branches that have already been merged with master
• List all branches and their upstreams, as well as last commit on branch
• Track upstream branch
• Delete local branch
• Delete remote branch
• Delete local tag
• Delete remote tag
• Undo local changes with the last content in head
• Revert: Undo a commit by creating a new commit
• Reset: Discard commits, advised for private branch
• Reword the previous commit message
• See commit history for just the current branch
• Amend author.
• Reset author, after author has been changed in the global config.
• Changing a remote's URL
• Get list of all remote references
• Get list of all local and remote branches
• Get only remote branches
• Stage parts of a changed file, instead of the entire file
• Get git bash completion
• What changed since two weeks?
• See all commits made since forking from master
• Pick commits across branches using cherry-pick
• Find out branches containing commit-hash
• Git Aliases
• Saving current state of tracked files without commiting
• Saving current state including untracked files
• Show list of all saved stashes
• Apply any stash without deleting from the stashed list
• Apply last stashed state and delete it from stashed list
• Delete all stored stashes
• Grab a single file from a stash
• Show all tracked files
• Show all untracked files
• Show all ignored files
• Create new working tree from a repository (git 2.5)
• Create new working tree from HEAD state
• Untrack files without deleting
• Before deleting untracked files/directory, do a dry run to get the list of these files/directories
• Forcefully remove untracked files
• Forcefully remove untracked directory
• Update all the submodules
• Show all commits in the current branch yet to be merged to master
• Rename a branch
• rebases 'feature' to 'master' and merges it in to master
• Archive the master branch
• Modify previous commit without modifying the commit message
• Prunes references to remote branches that have been deleted in the remote.
• Retrieve the commit hash of the initial revision.
• Visualize the version tree.
• Deploying git tracked subfolder to gh-pages
• Adding a project to repo using subtree
• Get latest changes in your repo for a linked project using subtree
• Export a branch with history to a file.
• Import from a bundle
• Get the name of current branch.
• Ignore one file on commit (e.g. Changelog).
• Stash changes before rebasing
• Fetch pull request by ID to a local branch
• Show the most recent tag on the current branch.
• Show inline word diff.
• Don’t consider changes for tracked file.
• Undo assume-unchanged.
• Clean the files from .gitignore.
• Restore deleted file.
• Restore file to a specific commit-hash
• Always rebase instead of merge on pull.
• List all the alias and configs.
• Make git case sensitive.
• Add custom editors.
• Auto correct typos.
• Check if the change was a part of a release.
• Dry run. (any command that supports dry-run flag should do.)
• Marks your commit as a fix of a previous commit.
• squash fixup commits normal commits.
• skip staging area during commit.
• Interactive staging.
• List ignored files.
• Status of ignored files.
• Commits in Branch1 that are not in Branch2
• reuse recorded resolution, record and reuse previous conflicts resolutions.
• Open all conflicted files in an editor.
• Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
• Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
• Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
• View the GPG signatures in the commit log
• Remove entry in the global config.
• Checkout a new branch without any history
• Extract file from another branch.
• List only the root and merge commits.
• Change previous two commits with an interactive rebase.
• List all branch is WIP
• Find guilty with binary search
• Bypass pre-commit and commit-msg githooks
• List commits and changes to a specific file (even through renaming)
• Clone a single branch
• Create and switch new branch
• Ignore file mode changes on commits
• Turn off git colored terminal output
• specific color settings
• Show all local branches ordered by recent commits
• Find lines matching the pattern (regex or string) in tracked files
• Clone a shallow copy of a repository
• Search Commit log across all branches for given text
• Get first commit in a branch (from master)
• Unstaging Staged file
• Force push to Remote Repository
• Adding Remote name

统一概念

1. 工作区：改动（增删文件和文本）
2. 暂存区：输入命令：git add 改动的文件名，此次改动就放到了‘暂存区’
3. 本地仓库：输入命令：git commit 此次修改的描述，此次改动就放到了’本地仓库’，每个commit，我叫它为一个‘版本’
4. 远程仓库：输入命令：git push 远程仓库，此次改动就放到了‘远程仓库’（github等)

Everyday Git in twenty commands or so

git help everyday

Show helpful guides that come with Git

git help -g

回到远程仓库的状态

抛弃本地仓库的所有版本(commit)，回到远程仓库的状态。

git fetch --all && git reset --hard origin/master

重设第一个commit

也就是把所有的改动都重新放回工作区，并清空所有的commit，这样就可以重新提交第一个commit了

git update-ref -d HEAD

展示工作区和最近版本的不同

输出工作区和本地中最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。

git diff

展示暂存区和最近版本的不同

输出暂存区和本地最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。

git diff --cached

展示暂存区、工作区和最近版本的不同

输出工作区、暂存区 和本地最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。

git diff HEAD

List all branches that are already merged into master

git branch --merged master

快速切换分支

git checkout -

删除已经合并到master的分支

git branch --merged master | grep -v '^\*\|  master' | xargs -n 1 git branch -d

展示所有的分支关联的远程仓库

git branch -vv

关联远程分支

关联之后，git branch -vv就可以展示关联的远程分支名了，同时推送到远程仓库直接：git push，不需要指定远程仓库了。

git branch -u origin/mybranch

删除本地分支

git branch -d <local_branchname>

删除远程分支

git push origin --delete <remote_branchname>

或者

git push origin :<remote_branchname>

删除本地标签(tag)

git tag -d <tag-name>

删除远程标签(tag)

git push origin :refs/tags/<tag-name>

Undo local changes with the last content in head

git checkout -- <file_name>

Revert: Undo a commit by creating a new commit

git revert <commit-ish>

Reset: Discard commits, advised for private branch

git reset <commit-ish>

Reword the previous commit message

git commit -v --amend

See commit history for just the current branch

git cherry -v master

Amend author.

git commit --amend --author='Author Name <email@address.com>'

Reset author, after author has been changed in the global config.

git commit --amend --reset-author --no-edit

修改远程仓库的url

git remote set-url origin <URL>

列出所有远程仓库

git remote

列出本地和远程分支

-a参数相当于：all

git branch -a

列出远程分支

-r参数相当于：remote

git branch -r

Stage parts of a changed file, instead of the entire file

git add -p

Get git bash completion

curl http://git.io/vfhol > ~/.git-completion.bash && echo '[ -f ~/.git-completion.bash ] && . ~/.git-completion.bash' >> ~/.bashrc

查看两个星期内的改动

git whatchanged --since='2 weeks ago'

See all commits made since forking from master

git log --no-merges --stat --reverse master..

Pick commits across branches using cherry-pick

git checkout <branch-name> && git cherry-pick <commit-ish>

Find out branches containing commit-hash

git branch -a --contains <commit-ish>

Alternatives:

git branch --contains <commit-ish>

Git Aliases

git config --global alias.<handle> <command>
git config --global alias.st status

Saving current state of tracked files without commiting

git stash

Alternatives:

git stash save

Saving current state including untracked files

git stash save -u

Alternatives:

git stash save --include-untracked

Show list of all saved stashes

git stash list

Apply any stash without deleting from the stashed list

git stash apply <stash@{n}>

Apply last stashed state and delete it from stashed list

git stash pop

Alternatives:

git stash apply stash@{0} && git stash drop stash@{0}

Delete all stored stashes

git stash clear

Alternatives:

git stash drop <stash@{n}>

Grab a single file from a stash

git checkout <stash@{n}> -- <file_path>

Alternatives:

git checkout stash@{0} -- <file_path>

Show all tracked files

git ls-files -t

Show all untracked files

git ls-files --others

Show all ignored files

git ls-files --others -i --exclude-standard

Create new working tree from a repository (git 2.5)

git worktree add -b <branch-name> <path> <start-point>

Create new working tree from HEAD state

git worktree add --detach <path> HEAD

Untrack files without deleting

git rm --cached <file_path>

Alternatives:

git rm --cached -r <directory_path>

Before deleting untracked files/directory, do a dry run to get the list of these files/directories

git clean -n

Forcefully remove untracked files

git clean -f

Forcefully remove untracked directory

git clean -f -d

Alternatives:

git clean -df

Update all the submodules

git submodule foreach git pull

Alternatives:

git submodule update --init --recursive

git submodule update --remote

Show all commits in the current branch yet to be merged to master

git cherry -v master

Alternatives:

git cherry -v master <branch-to-be-merged>

Rename a branch

git branch -m <new-branch-name>

Alternatives:

git branch -m [<old-branch-name>] <new-branch-name>

rebases 'feature' to 'master' and merges it in to master

git checkout feature && git rebase @{-1} && git checkout @{-2} && git merge @{-1}

Archive the master branch

git archive master --format=zip --output=master.zip

Modify previous commit without modifying the commit message

git add --all && git commit --amend --no-edit

Prunes references to remote branches that have been deleted in the remote.

git fetch -p

Alternatives:

git remote prune origin

Retrieve the commit hash of the initial revision.

 git rev-list --reverse HEAD | head -1

Visualize the version tree.

git log --pretty=oneline --graph --decorate --all

Alternatives:

gitk --all

Deploying git tracked subfolder to gh-pages

git subtree push --prefix subfolder_name origin gh-pages

Adding a project to repo using subtree

git subtree add --prefix=<directory_name>/<project_name> --squash git@github.com:<username>/<project_name>.git master

Get latest changes in your repo for a linked project using subtree

git subtree pull --prefix=<directory_name>/<project_name> --squash git@github.com:<username>/<project_name>.git master

Export a branch with history to a file.

git bundle create <file> <branch-name>

Import from a bundle

git clone repo.bundle <repo-dir> -b <branch-name>

Get the name of current branch.

git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD

Ignore one file on commit (e.g. Changelog).

git update-index --assume-unchanged Changelog; git commit -a; git update-index --no-assume-unchanged Changelog

Stash changes before rebasing

git rebase --autostash

Fetch pull request by ID to a local branch

git fetch origin pull/<id>/head:<branch-name>

Alternatives:

git pull origin pull/<id>/head:<branch-name>

Show the most recent tag on the current branch.

git describe --tags --abbrev=0

Show inline word diff.

git diff --word-diff

Don’t consider changes for tracked file.

git update-index --assume-unchanged <file_name>

Undo assume-unchanged.

git update-index --no-assume-unchanged <file_name>

Clean the files from .gitignore.

git clean -X -f

Restore deleted file.

git checkout <deleting_commit>^ -- <file_path>

Restore file to a specific commit-hash

git checkout <commit-ish> -- <file_path>

Always rebase instead of merge on pull.

git config --global branch.autosetuprebase always

List all the alias and configs.

git config --list

Make git case sensitive.

git config --global core.ignorecase false

Add custom editors.

git config --global core.editor '$EDITOR'

Auto correct typos.

git config --global help.autocorrect 1

Check if the change was a part of a release.

git name-rev --name-only <SHA-1>

Dry run. (any command that supports dry-run flag should do.)

git clean -fd --dry-run

Marks your commit as a fix of a previous commit.

git commit --fixup <SHA-1>

squash fixup commits normal commits.

git rebase -i --autosquash

skip staging area during commit.

git commit --only <file_path>

Interactive staging.

git add -i

展示忽略的文件

git status --ignored

commit历史中显示Branch1有的，但是Branch2没有commit

git log Branch1 ^Branch2

reuse recorded resolution, record and reuse previous conflicts resolutions.

git config --global rerere.enabled 1

Open all conflicted files in an editor.

git diff --name-only | uniq | xargs $EDITOR

Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.

git count-objects --human-readable

Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.

git gc --prune=now --aggressive

Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.

git instaweb [--local] [--httpd=<httpd>] [--port=<port>] [--browser=<browser>]

在commit log中显示GPG签名

git log --show-signature

删除全局设置

git config --global --unset <entry-name>

新建并切换到新分支上，同时这个分支没有任何commit

相当于保存修改，但是重写commit历史

git checkout --orphan <branch_name>

Extract file from another branch.

git show <branch_name>:<file_name>

List only the root and merge commits.

git log --first-parent

Change previous two commits with an interactive rebase.

git rebase --interactive HEAD~2

List all branch is WIP

git checkout master && git branch --no-merged

Find guilty with binary search

git bisect start                    # Search start
git bisect bad                      # Set point to bad commit
git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2         # Set point to good commit|tag
git bisect bad                      # Say current state is bad
git bisect good                     # Say current state is good
git bisect reset                    # Finish search

Bypass pre-commit and commit-msg githooks

git commit --no-verify

List commits and changes to a specific file (even through renaming)

git log --follow -p -- <file_path>

Clone a single branch

git clone -b <branch-name> --single-branch https://github.com/user/repo.git

Create and switch new branch

git checkout -b <branch-name>

Alternatives:

git branch <branch-name> && git checkout <branch-name>

Ignore file mode changes on commits

git config core.fileMode false

Turn off git colored terminal output

git config --global color.ui false

specific color settings

git config --global <specific command e.g branch, diff> <true, false or always>

Show all local branches ordered by recent commits

git for-each-ref --sort=-committerdate --format='%(refname:short)' refs/heads/

Find lines matching the pattern (regex or string) in tracked files

git grep --heading --line-number 'foo bar'

Clone a shallow copy of a repository

git clone https://github.com/user/repo.git --depth 1

Search Commit log across all branches for given text

git log --all --grep='<given-text>'

Get first commit in a branch (from master)

git log master..<branch-name> --oneline | tail -1

把暂存区的内容放到工作区中

git reset <file-name>

强制推送

git push -f <remote-name> <branch-name>

增加远程仓库

git remote add origin <remote-url>

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