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# 哈希优化策略
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在算法题中,**我们常通过将线性查找替换为哈希查找来降低算法的时间复杂度**。我们借助一个算法题来加深理解。
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!!! question
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给定一个整数数组 `nums` 和一个目标元素 `target` ,请在数组中搜索“和”为 `target` 的两个元素,并返回它们的数组索引。返回任意一个解即可。
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## 线性查找:以时间换空间
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考虑直接遍历所有可能的组合。开启一个两层循环,在每轮中判断两个整数的和是否为 `target` ,若是,则返回它们的索引。
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![线性查找求解两数之和](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_brute_force.png)
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=== "Java"
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```java title="two_sum.java"
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[class]{two_sum}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="two_sum.cpp"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="two_sum.py"
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[class]{}-[func]{two_sum_brute_force}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="two_sum.go"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="two_sum.js"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="two_sum.ts"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="two_sum.c"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="two_sum.cs"
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[class]{two_sum}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="two_sum.swift"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="two_sum.zig"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="two_sum.dart"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumBruteForce}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="two_sum.rs"
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[class]{}-[func]{two_sum_brute_force}
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```
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此方法的时间复杂度为 $O(n^2)$ ,空间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ,在大数据量下非常耗时。
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## 哈希查找:以空间换时间
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考虑借助一个哈希表,键值对分别为数组元素和元素索引。循环遍历数组,每轮执行:
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1. 判断数字 `target - nums[i]` 是否在哈希表中,若是则直接返回这两个元素的索引。
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2. 将键值对 `nums[i]` 和索引 `i` 添加进哈希表。
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=== "<1>"
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![辅助哈希表求解两数之和](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_hashtable_step1.png)
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=== "<2>"
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![two_sum_hashtable_step2](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_hashtable_step2.png)
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=== "<3>"
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![two_sum_hashtable_step3](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_hashtable_step3.png)
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实现代码如下所示,仅需单层循环即可。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="two_sum.java"
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[class]{two_sum}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="two_sum.cpp"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="two_sum.py"
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[class]{}-[func]{two_sum_hash_table}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="two_sum.go"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="two_sum.js"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="two_sum.ts"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="two_sum.c"
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[class]{hashTable}-[func]{}
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="two_sum.cs"
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[class]{two_sum}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="two_sum.swift"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="two_sum.zig"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="two_sum.dart"
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[class]{}-[func]{twoSumHashTable}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="two_sum.rs"
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[class]{}-[func]{two_sum_hash_table}
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```
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此方法通过哈希查找将时间复杂度从 $O(n^2)$ 降低至 $O(n)$ ,大幅提升运行效率。
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由于需要维护一个额外的哈希表,因此空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。**尽管如此,该方法的整体时空效率更为均衡,因此它是本题的最优解法**。
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