You can not select more than 25 topics Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
hello-algo/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.md

1281 lines
34 KiB

2 years ago
---
comments: true
---
2 years ago
# 4.2.   链表
2 years ago
2 years ago
内存空间是所有程序的公共资源,排除已被占用的内存空间,空闲内存空间通常散落在内存各处。在上一节中,我们提到存储数组的内存空间必须是连续的,而当我们需要申请一个非常大的数组时,空闲内存中可能没有这么大的连续空间。与数组相比,链表更具灵活性,它可以被存储在非连续的内存空间中。
2 years ago
2 years ago
「链表 Linked List」是一种线性数据结构其每个元素都是一个节点对象各个节点之间通过指针连接从当前节点通过指针可以访问到下一个节点。**由于指针记录了下个节点的内存地址,因此无需保证内存地址的连续性**,从而可以将各个节点分散存储在内存各处。
2 years ago
2 years ago
链表「节点 Node」包含两项数据一是节点「值 Value」二是指向下一节点的「指针 Pointer」或称「引用 Reference」。
2 years ago
2 years ago
![链表定义与存储方式](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_definition.png)
2 years ago
2 years ago
<p align="center"> Fig. 链表定义与存储方式 </p>
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title=""
2 years ago
/* 链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
2 years ago
int val; // 节点值
ListNode next; // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
ListNode(int x) { val = x; } // 构造函数
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title=""
2 years ago
/* 链表节点结构体 */
2 years ago
struct ListNode {
2 years ago
int val; // 节点值
ListNode *next; // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr) {} // 构造函数
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title=""
class ListNode:
2 years ago
"""链表节点类"""
2 years ago
def __init__(self, val: int):
2 years ago
self.val: int = val # 节点值
self.next: Optional[ListNode] = None # 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
```
=== "Go"
```go title=""
2 years ago
/* 链表节点结构体 */
2 years ago
type ListNode struct {
2 years ago
Val int // 节点值
Next *ListNode // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
}
// NewListNode 构造函数,创建一个新的链表
func NewListNode(val int) *ListNode {
return &ListNode{
Val: val,
Next: nil,
}
}
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title=""
2 years ago
/* 链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
val;
next;
constructor(val, next) {
2 years ago
this.val = (val === undefined ? 0 : val); // 节点值
this.next = (next === undefined ? null : next); // 指向下一节点的引用
2 years ago
}
}
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title=""
2 years ago
/* 链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
val: number;
next: ListNode | null;
constructor(val?: number, next?: ListNode | null) {
2 years ago
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向下一节点的引用
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title=""
2 years ago
/* 链表节点结构体 */
2 years ago
struct ListNode {
2 years ago
int val; // 节点值
struct ListNode *next; // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
};
2 years ago
typedef struct ListNode ListNode;
2 years ago
/* 构造函数 */
2 years ago
ListNode *newListNode(int val) {
ListNode *node, *next;
node = (ListNode *) malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
node->val = val;
node->next = NULL;
return node;
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title=""
2 years ago
/* 链表节点类 */
1 year ago
class ListNode {
2 years ago
int val; // 节点值
ListNode next; // 指向下一节点的引用
2 years ago
ListNode(int x) => val = x; //构造函数
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title=""
2 years ago
/* 链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
2 years ago
var val: Int // 节点值
var next: ListNode? // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
init(x: Int) { // 构造函数
val = x
}
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title=""
2 years ago
// 链表节点类
2 years ago
pub fn ListNode(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
2 years ago
val: T = 0, // 节点值
next: ?*Self = null, // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
// 构造函数
pub fn init(self: *Self, x: i32) void {
self.val = x;
self.next = null;
}
};
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title=""
1 year ago
/* 链表节点类 */
class ListNode {
int val; // 节点值
ListNode? next; // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
ListNode(this.val, [this.next]); // 构造函数
}
1 year ago
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title=""
```
2 years ago
!!! question "尾节点指向什么?"
2 years ago
1 year ago
我们将链表的最后一个节点称为「尾节点」,其指向的是“空”,在 Java, C++, Python 中分别记为 $\text{null}$ , $\text{nullptr}$ , $\text{None}$ 。在不引起歧义的前提下,本书都使用 $\text{None}$ 来表示空。
2 years ago
2 years ago
!!! question "如何称呼链表?"
2 years ago
2 years ago
在编程语言中,数组整体就是一个变量,例如数组 `nums` ,包含各个元素 `nums[0]` , `nums[1]` 等等。而链表是由多个节点对象组成,我们通常将头节点当作链表的代称,例如头节点 `head` 和链表 `head` 实际上是同义的。
2 years ago
2 years ago
**链表初始化方法**。建立链表分为两步,第一步是初始化各个节点对象,第二步是构建引用指向关系。完成后,即可以从链表的头节点(即首个节点)出发,通过指针 `next` 依次访问所有节点。
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title="linked_list.java"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
2 years ago
// 初始化各个节点
2 years ago
ListNode n0 = new ListNode(1);
ListNode n1 = new ListNode(3);
ListNode n2 = new ListNode(2);
ListNode n3 = new ListNode(5);
ListNode n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
2 years ago
// 初始化各个节点
2 years ago
ListNode* n0 = new ListNode(1);
ListNode* n1 = new ListNode(3);
ListNode* n2 = new ListNode(2);
ListNode* n3 = new ListNode(5);
ListNode* n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0->next = n1;
n1->next = n2;
n2->next = n3;
n3->next = n4;
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linked_list.py"
2 years ago
# 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4
2 years ago
# 初始化各个节点
2 years ago
n0 = ListNode(1)
n1 = ListNode(3)
n2 = ListNode(2)
n3 = ListNode(5)
n4 = ListNode(4)
# 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1
n1.next = n2
n2.next = n3
n3.next = n4
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linked_list.go"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
2 years ago
// 初始化各个节点
2 years ago
n0 := NewListNode(1)
n1 := NewListNode(3)
n2 := NewListNode(2)
n3 := NewListNode(5)
n4 := NewListNode(4)
// 构建引用指向
n0.Next = n1
n1.Next = n2
n2.Next = n3
n3.Next = n4
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
2 years ago
// 初始化各个节点
2 years ago
const n0 = new ListNode(1);
const n1 = new ListNode(3);
const n2 = new ListNode(2);
const n3 = new ListNode(5);
const n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
2 years ago
// 初始化各个节点
2 years ago
const n0 = new ListNode(1);
const n1 = new ListNode(3);
const n2 = new ListNode(2);
const n3 = new ListNode(5);
const n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
```
=== "C"
```c title="linked_list.c"
2 years ago
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
2 years ago
// 初始化各个节点
2 years ago
ListNode* n0 = newListNode(1);
ListNode* n1 = newListNode(3);
ListNode* n2 = newListNode(2);
ListNode* n3 = newListNode(5);
ListNode* n4 = newListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0->next = n1;
n1->next = n2;
n2->next = n3;
n3->next = n4;
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
2 years ago
// 初始化各个节点
2 years ago
ListNode n0 = new ListNode(1);
ListNode n1 = new ListNode(3);
ListNode n2 = new ListNode(2);
ListNode n3 = new ListNode(5);
ListNode n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
2 years ago
// 初始化各个节点
2 years ago
let n0 = ListNode(x: 1)
let n1 = ListNode(x: 3)
let n2 = ListNode(x: 2)
let n3 = ListNode(x: 5)
let n4 = ListNode(x: 4)
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1
n1.next = n2
n2.next = n3
n3.next = n4
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
// 初始化链表
2 years ago
// 初始化各个节点
2 years ago
var n0 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 1};
var n1 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 3};
var n2 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 2};
var n3 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 5};
var n4 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 4};
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = &n1;
n1.next = &n2;
n2.next = &n3;
n3.next = &n4;
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
1 year ago
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */\
// 初始化各个节点
ListNode n0 = ListNode(1);
ListNode n1 = ListNode(3);
ListNode n2 = ListNode(2);
ListNode n3 = ListNode(5);
ListNode n4 = ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
1 year ago
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
```
2 years ago
## 4.2.1. &nbsp; 链表优点
2 years ago
2 years ago
**链表中插入与删除节点的操作效率高**。例如,如果我们想在链表中间的两个节点 `A` , `B` 之间插入一个新节点 `P` ,我们只需要改变两个节点指针即可,时间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ;相比之下,数组的插入操作效率要低得多。
2 years ago
2 years ago
![链表插入节点](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_insert_node.png)
2 years ago
2 years ago
<p align="center"> Fig. 链表插入节点 </p>
2 years ago
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title="linked_list.java"
2 years ago
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
2 years ago
void insert(ListNode n0, ListNode P) {
ListNode n1 = n0.next;
P.next = n1;
2 years ago
n0.next = P;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
2 years ago
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
2 years ago
void insert(ListNode *n0, ListNode *P) {
ListNode *n1 = n0->next;
2 years ago
P->next = n1;
2 years ago
n0->next = P;
2 years ago
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linked_list.py"
1 year ago
def insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode):
2 years ago
"""在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P"""
2 years ago
n1 = n0.next
P.next = n1
2 years ago
n0.next = P
2 years ago
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linked_list.go"
2 years ago
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
2 years ago
func insertNode(n0 *ListNode, P *ListNode) {
n1 := n0.Next
P.Next = n1
2 years ago
n0.Next = P
2 years ago
}
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
2 years ago
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
2 years ago
function insert(n0, P) {
const n1 = n0.next;
P.next = n1;
2 years ago
n0.next = P;
2 years ago
}
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
2 years ago
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
2 years ago
function insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode): void {
const n1 = n0.next;
P.next = n1;
2 years ago
n0.next = P;
2 years ago
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linked_list.c"
2 years ago
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
void insert(ListNode *n0, ListNode *P) {
ListNode *n1 = n0->next;
P->next = n1;
n0->next = P;
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
2 years ago
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
2 years ago
void insert(ListNode n0, ListNode P) {
2 years ago
ListNode? n1 = n0.next;
P.next = n1;
2 years ago
n0.next = P;
2 years ago
}
```
=== "Swift"
2 years ago
2 years ago
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
2 years ago
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
2 years ago
func insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode) {
let n1 = n0.next
P.next = n1
2 years ago
n0.next = P
2 years ago
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
2 years ago
// 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P
2 years ago
fn insert(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), P: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
var n1 = n0.?.next;
P.?.next = n1;
2 years ago
n0.?.next = P;
2 years ago
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
void insert(ListNode n0, ListNode P) {
ListNode? n1 = n0.next;
P.next = n1;
n0.next = P;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn insert<T>(n0: &Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>, P: Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>) {
let n1 = n0.borrow_mut().next.take();
P.borrow_mut().next = n1;
n0.borrow_mut().next = Some(P);
}
```
2 years ago
在链表中删除节点也非常方便,只需改变一个节点的指针即可。如下图所示,尽管在删除操作完成后,节点 `P` 仍然指向 `n1` ,但实际上 `P` 已经不再属于此链表,因为遍历此链表时无法访问到 `P`
2 years ago
2 years ago
![链表删除节点](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_remove_node.png)
2 years ago
2 years ago
<p align="center"> Fig. 链表删除节点 </p>
2 years ago
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title="linked_list.java"
2 years ago
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
2 years ago
void remove(ListNode n0) {
if (n0.next == null)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
ListNode P = n0.next;
ListNode n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
2 years ago
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
2 years ago
void remove(ListNode *n0) {
2 years ago
if (n0->next == nullptr)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
2 years ago
ListNode *P = n0->next;
ListNode *n1 = P->next;
2 years ago
n0->next = n1;
// 释放内存
delete P;
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linked_list.py"
1 year ago
def remove(n0: ListNode):
2 years ago
"""删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点"""
2 years ago
if not n0.next:
return
# n0 -> P -> n1
P = n0.next
n1 = P.next
n0.next = n1
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linked_list.go"
2 years ago
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
2 years ago
func removeNode(n0 *ListNode) {
if n0.Next == nil {
return
}
// n0 -> P -> n1
P := n0.Next
n1 := P.Next
n0.Next = n1
}
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
2 years ago
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
2 years ago
function remove(n0) {
2 years ago
if (!n0.next) return;
2 years ago
// n0 -> P -> n1
2 years ago
const P = n0.next;
const n1 = P.next;
2 years ago
n0.next = n1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
2 years ago
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
2 years ago
function remove(n0: ListNode): void {
if (!n0.next) {
return;
}
// n0 -> P -> n1
const P = n0.next;
const n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linked_list.c"
2 years ago
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
// 注意stdio.h 占用了 remove 关键词
void removeNode(ListNode *n0) {
if (!n0->next)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
ListNode *P = n0->next;
ListNode *n1 = P->next;
n0->next = n1;
// 释放内存
free(P);
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
2 years ago
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
2 years ago
void remove(ListNode n0) {
2 years ago
if (n0.next == null)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
ListNode P = n0.next;
2 years ago
ListNode? n1 = P.next;
2 years ago
n0.next = n1;
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
2 years ago
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
2 years ago
func remove(n0: ListNode) {
if n0.next == nil {
return
}
// n0 -> P -> n1
let P = n0.next
let n1 = P?.next
n0.next = n1
P?.next = nil
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
2 years ago
// 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点
2 years ago
fn remove(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
2 years ago
if (n0.?.next == null) return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
var P = n0.?.next;
var n1 = P.?.next;
n0.?.next = n1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
void remove(ListNode n0) {
if (n0.next == null) return;
1 year ago
// n0 -> P -> n1
1 year ago
ListNode P = n0.next!;
ListNode? n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn remove<T>(n0: &Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>) {
if n0.borrow().next.is_none() {return};
// n0 -> P -> n1
let P = n0.borrow_mut().next.take();
if let Some(node) = P {
let n1 = node.borrow_mut().next.take();
n0.borrow_mut().next = n1;
}
}
```
2 years ago
## 4.2.2. &nbsp; 链表缺点
2 years ago
2 years ago
**链表访问节点效率较低**。如上节所述,数组可以在 $O(1)$ 时间下访问任意元素。然而,链表无法直接访问任意节点,这是因为系统需要从头节点出发,逐个向后遍历直至找到目标节点。例如,若要访问链表索引为 `index`(即第 `index + 1` 个)的节点,则需要向后遍历 `index` 轮。
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title="linked_list.java"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
ListNode access(ListNode head, int index) {
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (head == null)
return null;
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
ListNode *access(ListNode *head, int index) {
2 years ago
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (head == nullptr)
return nullptr;
head = head->next;
}
return head;
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linked_list.py"
2 years ago
def access(head: ListNode, index: int) -> ListNode | None:
2 years ago
"""访问链表中索引为 index 的节点"""
2 years ago
for _ in range(index):
if not head:
return None
head = head.next
return head
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linked_list.go"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
func access(head *ListNode, index int) *ListNode {
for i := 0; i < index; i++ {
if head == nil {
return nil
}
head = head.Next
}
return head
}
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
function access(head, index) {
for (let i = 0; i < index; i++) {
2 years ago
if (!head) {
2 years ago
return null;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
function access(head: ListNode | null, index: number): ListNode | null {
for (let i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (!head) {
return null;
}
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linked_list.c"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
ListNode *access(ListNode *head, int index) {
while (head && head->next && index) {
head = head->next;
index--;
}
return head;
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
ListNode? access(ListNode head, int index) {
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
2 years ago
if (head == null)
return null;
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
func access(head: ListNode, index: Int) -> ListNode? {
var head: ListNode? = head
for _ in 0 ..< index {
if head == nil {
return nil
}
head = head?.next
}
return head
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
2 years ago
// 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点
2 years ago
fn access(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), index: i32) ?*inc.ListNode(i32) {
2 years ago
var head = node;
var i: i32 = 0;
while (i < index) : (i += 1) {
head = head.?.next;
if (head == null) return null;
}
return head;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
ListNode? access(ListNode? head, int index) {
for (var i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (head == null) return null;
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
pub fn access<T>(head: Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>, index: i32) -> Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>> {
if index <= 0 {return head};
if let Some(node) = &head.borrow_mut().next {
return access(node.clone(), index - 1);
}
return head;
}
```
2 years ago
**链表的内存占用较大**。链表以节点为单位,每个节点除了保存值之外,还需额外保存指针(引用)。这意味着在相同数据量的情况下,链表比数组需要占用更多的内存空间。
2 years ago
2 years ago
## 4.2.3. &nbsp; 链表常用操作
2 years ago
2 years ago
**遍历链表查找**。遍历链表,查找链表内值为 `target` 的节点,输出节点在链表中的索引。
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title="linked_list.java"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
int find(ListNode head, int target) {
int index = 0;
while (head != null) {
if (head.val == target)
return index;
head = head.next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
int find(ListNode *head, int target) {
2 years ago
int index = 0;
while (head != nullptr) {
if (head->val == target)
return index;
head = head->next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linked_list.py"
2 years ago
def find(head: ListNode, target: int) -> int:
2 years ago
"""在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点"""
2 years ago
index = 0
while head:
if head.val == target:
return index
head = head.next
index += 1
return -1
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linked_list.go"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
func findNode(head *ListNode, target int) int {
2 years ago
index := 0
for head != nil {
if head.Val == target {
return index
}
head = head.Next
index++
}
return -1
}
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
function find(head, target) {
let index = 0;
while (head !== null) {
if (head.val === target) {
return index;
}
head = head.next;
index += 1;
}
return -1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
function find(head: ListNode | null, target: number): number {
let index = 0;
while (head !== null) {
if (head.val === target) {
return index;
}
head = head.next;
index += 1;
}
return -1;
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linked_list.c"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
int find(ListNode *head, int target) {
int index = 0;
while (head) {
if (head->val == target)
return index;
head = head->next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
int find(ListNode head, int target) {
2 years ago
int index = 0;
2 years ago
while (head != null) {
2 years ago
if (head.val == target)
return index;
head = head.next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
func find(head: ListNode, target: Int) -> Int {
var head: ListNode? = head
var index = 0
while head != nil {
if head?.val == target {
return index
}
head = head?.next
index += 1
}
return -1
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
2 years ago
// 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点
2 years ago
fn find(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), target: i32) i32 {
2 years ago
var head = node;
var index: i32 = 0;
while (head != null) {
if (head.?.val == target) return index;
head = head.?.next;
index += 1;
}
return -1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
int find(ListNode? head, int target) {
int index = 0;
while (head != null) {
if (head.val == target) {
return index;
}
head = head.next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
pub fn find<T: PartialEq>(head: Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>, target: T, index: i32) -> i32 {
if head.borrow().val == target {return index};
if let Some(node) = &head.borrow_mut().next {
return find(node.clone(), target, index + 1);
}
return -1;
}
```
2 years ago
## 4.2.4. &nbsp; 常见链表类型
2 years ago
1 year ago
**单向链表**。即上述介绍的普通链表。单向链表的节点包含值和指向下一节点的指针(引用)两项数据。我们将首个节点称为头节点,将最后一个节点成为尾节点,尾节点指向空 $\text{None}$ 。
2 years ago
2 years ago
**环形链表**。如果我们令单向链表的尾节点指向头节点(即首尾相接),则得到一个环形链表。在环形链表中,任意节点都可以视作头节点。
2 years ago
2 years ago
**双向链表**。与单向链表相比,双向链表记录了两个方向的指针(引用)。双向链表的节点定义同时包含指向后继节点(下一节点)和前驱节点(上一节点)的指针。相较于单向链表,双向链表更具灵活性,可以朝两个方向遍历链表,但相应地也需要占用更多的内存空间。
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
2 years ago
int val; // 节点值
ListNode next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
ListNode prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
ListNode(int x) { val = x; } // 构造函数
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点结构体 */
2 years ago
struct ListNode {
2 years ago
int val; // 节点值
ListNode *next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
ListNode *prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr), prev(nullptr) {} // 构造函数
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title=""
class ListNode:
2 years ago
"""双向链表节点类"""
2 years ago
def __init__(self, val: int):
2 years ago
self.val: int = val # 节点值
self.next: Optional[ListNode] = None # 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
self.prev: Optional[ListNode] = None # 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
```
=== "Go"
```go title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点结构体 */
2 years ago
type DoublyListNode struct {
2 years ago
Val int // 节点值
Next *DoublyListNode // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
Prev *DoublyListNode // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
}
// NewDoublyListNode 初始化
func NewDoublyListNode(val int) *DoublyListNode {
return &DoublyListNode{
Val: val,
Next: nil,
Prev: nil,
}
}
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
val;
next;
prev;
2 years ago
constructor(val, next, prev) {
2 years ago
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
}
}
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
val: number;
next: ListNode | null;
prev: ListNode | null;
constructor(val?: number, next?: ListNode | null, prev?: ListNode | null) {
2 years ago
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点结构体 */
struct ListNode {
int val; // 节点值
struct ListNode *next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
struct ListNode *prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
};
typedef struct ListNode ListNode;
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 构造函数 */
ListNode *newListNode(int val) {
ListNode *node, *next;
node = (ListNode *) malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
node->val = val;
node->next = NULL;
node->prev = NULL;
return node;
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
2 years ago
int val; // 节点值
ListNode next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
ListNode prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
ListNode(int x) => val = x; // 构造函数
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
2 years ago
var val: Int // 节点值
var next: ListNode? // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
var prev: ListNode? // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
init(x: Int) { // 构造函数
val = x
}
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title=""
2 years ago
// 双向链表节点类
2 years ago
pub fn ListNode(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
2 years ago
val: T = 0, // 节点值
next: ?*Self = null, // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
prev: ?*Self = null, // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
2 years ago
// 构造函数
pub fn init(self: *Self, x: i32) void {
self.val = x;
self.next = null;
self.prev = null;
}
};
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title=""
1 year ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
class ListNode {
int val; // 节点值
ListNode next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
ListNode prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
ListNode(this.val, [this.next, this.prev]); // 构造函数
}
1 year ago
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title=""
```
2 years ago
![常见链表种类](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_common_types.png)
2 years ago
<p align="center"> Fig. 常见链表种类 </p>
1 year ago
## 4.2.5. &nbsp; 链表典型应用
单向链表通常用于实现栈、队列、散列表和图等数据结构。
- **栈与队列**:当插入和删除操作都在链表的一端进行时,它表现出先进后出的的特性,对应栈;当插入操作在链表的一端进行,删除操作在链表的另一端进行,它表现出先进先出的特性,对应队列。
- **散列表**:链地址法是解决哈希冲突的主流方案之一,在该方案中,所有冲突的元素都会被放到一个链表中。
- **图**:邻接表是表示图的一种常用方式,在其中,图的每个顶点都与一个链表相关联,链表中的每个元素都代表与该顶点相连的其他顶点。
双向链表常被用于需要快速查找前一个和下一个元素的场景。
- **高级数据结构**比如在红黑树、B 树中,我们需要知道一个节点的父节点,这可以通过在节点中保存一个指向父节点的指针来实现,类似于双向链表。
- **浏览器历史**:在网页浏览器中,当用户点击前进或后退按钮时,浏览器需要知道用户访问过的前一个和后一个网页。双向链表的特性使得这种操作变得简单。
- **LRU 算法**在缓存淘汰算法LRU我们需要快速找到最近最少使用的数据以及支持快速地添加和删除节点。这时候使用双向链表就非常合适。
循环链表常被用于需要周期性操作的场景,比如操作系统的资源调度。
- **时间片轮转调度算法**:在操作系统中,时间片轮转调度算法是一种常见的 CPU 调度算法它需要对一组进程进行循环。每个进程被赋予一个时间片当时间片用完时CPU 将切换到下一个进程。这种循环的操作就可以通过循环链表来实现。
- **数据缓冲区**:在某些数据缓冲区的实现中,也可能会使用到循环链表。比如在音频、视频播放器中,数据流可能会被分成多个缓冲块并放入一个循环链表,以便实现无缝播放。