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hello-algo/chapter_stack_and_queue/stack.md

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---
comments: true
---
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# 5.1.   栈
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「栈 Stack」是一种遵循先入后出first in, last out数据操作规则的线性数据结构。我们可以将栈类比为放在桌面上的一摞盘子如果需要拿出底部的盘子则需要先将上面的盘子依次取出。
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“盘子”是一种形象比喻,我们将盘子替换为任意一种元素(例如整数、字符、对象等),就得到了栈数据结构。
我们将这一摞元素的顶部称为「栈顶」,将底部称为「栈底」,将把元素添加到栈顶的操作称为「入栈」,将删除栈顶元素的操作称为「出栈」。
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![栈的先入后出规则](stack.assets/stack_operations.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 栈的先入后出规则 </p>
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## 5.1.1. &nbsp; 栈常用操作
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栈的常用操作见下表,方法名需根据编程语言来确定,此处我们以常见的 `push` , `pop` , `peek` 为例。
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
| 方法 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
| --------- | ---------------------- | ---------- |
| push() | 元素入栈(添加至栈顶) | $O(1)$ |
| pop() | 栈顶元素出栈 | $O(1)$ |
| peek() | 访问栈顶元素 | $O(1)$ |
</div>
我们可以直接使用编程语言实现好的栈类。 某些语言并未专门提供栈类,但我们可以直接把该语言的「数组」或「链表」看作栈来使用,并通过“脑补”来屏蔽无关操作。
=== "Java"
```java title="stack.java"
/* 初始化栈 */
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Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
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/* 元素入栈 */
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stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
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int peek = stack.peek();
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/* 元素出栈 */
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int pop = stack.pop();
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size = stack.size();
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/* 判断是否为空 */
boolean isEmpty = stack.isEmpty();
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="stack.cpp"
/* 初始化栈 */
stack<int> stack;
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int top = stack.top();
/* 元素出栈 */
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stack.pop(); // 无返回值
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size = stack.size();
/* 判断是否为空 */
bool empty = stack.empty();
```
=== "Python"
```python title="stack.py"
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# 初始化栈
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# Python 没有内置的栈类,可以把 List 当作栈来使用
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stack: List[int] = []
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# 元素入栈
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stack.append(1)
stack.append(3)
stack.append(2)
stack.append(5)
stack.append(4)
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# 访问栈顶元素
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peek: int = stack[-1]
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# 元素出栈
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pop: int = stack.pop()
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# 获取栈的长度
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size: int = len(stack)
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# 判断是否为空
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is_empty: bool = len(stack) == 0
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="stack_test.go"
/* 初始化栈 */
// 在 Go 中,推荐将 Slice 当作栈来使用
var stack []int
/* 元素入栈 */
stack = append(stack, 1)
stack = append(stack, 3)
stack = append(stack, 2)
stack = append(stack, 5)
stack = append(stack, 4)
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
peek := stack[len(stack)-1]
/* 元素出栈 */
pop := stack[len(stack)-1]
stack = stack[:len(stack)-1]
/* 获取栈的长度 */
size := len(stack)
/* 判断是否为空 */
isEmpty := len(stack) == 0
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="stack.js"
/* 初始化栈 */
// Javascript 没有内置的栈类,可以把 Array 当作栈来使用
const stack = [];
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
const peek = stack[stack.length-1];
/* 元素出栈 */
const pop = stack.pop();
/* 获取栈的长度 */
const size = stack.length;
/* 判断是否为空 */
const is_empty = stack.length === 0;
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="stack.ts"
/* 初始化栈 */
// Typescript 没有内置的栈类,可以把 Array 当作栈来使用
const stack: number[] = [];
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
const peek = stack[stack.length - 1];
/* 元素出栈 */
const pop = stack.pop();
/* 获取栈的长度 */
const size = stack.length;
/* 判断是否为空 */
const is_empty = stack.length === 0;
```
=== "C"
```c title="stack.c"
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="stack.cs"
/* 初始化栈 */
Stack<int> stack = new ();
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.Push(1);
stack.Push(3);
stack.Push(2);
stack.Push(5);
stack.Push(4);
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int peek = stack.Peek();
/* 元素出栈 */
int pop = stack.Pop();
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size = stack.Count();
/* 判断是否为空 */
bool isEmpty = stack.Count()==0;
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="stack.swift"
/* 初始化栈 */
// Swift 没有内置的栈类,可以把 Array 当作栈来使用
var stack: [Int] = []
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.append(1)
stack.append(3)
stack.append(2)
stack.append(5)
stack.append(4)
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
let peek = stack.last!
/* 元素出栈 */
let pop = stack.removeLast()
/* 获取栈的长度 */
let size = stack.count
/* 判断是否为空 */
let isEmpty = stack.isEmpty
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="stack.zig"
```
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## 5.1.2. &nbsp; 栈的实现
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为了更加清晰地了解栈的运行机制,接下来我们来自己动手实现一个栈类。
栈规定元素是先入后出的,因此我们只能在栈顶添加或删除元素。然而,数组或链表都可以在任意位置添加删除元素,因此 **栈可被看作是一种受约束的数组或链表**。换言之,我们可以“屏蔽”数组或链表的部分无关操作,使之对外的表现逻辑符合栈的规定即可。
### 基于链表的实现
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使用「链表」实现栈时,将链表的头节点看作栈顶,将尾节点看作栈底。
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对于入栈操作,将元素插入到链表头部即可,这种节点添加方式被称为“头插法”。而对于出栈操作,则将头节点从链表中删除即可。
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=== "LinkedListStack"
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![基于链表实现栈的入栈出栈操作](stack.assets/linkedlist_stack.png)
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=== "push()"
![linkedlist_stack_push](stack.assets/linkedlist_stack_push.png)
=== "pop()"
![linkedlist_stack_pop](stack.assets/linkedlist_stack_pop.png)
以下是基于链表实现栈的示例代码。
=== "Java"
```java title="linkedlist_stack.java"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
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private ListNode stackPeek; // 将头节点作为栈顶
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private int stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
public LinkedListStack() {
stackPeek = null;
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
public int size() {
return stkSize;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
public void push(int num) {
ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
node.next = stackPeek;
stackPeek = node;
stkSize++;
}
/* 出栈 */
public int pop() {
int num = peek();
stackPeek = stackPeek.next;
stkSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
public int peek() {
if (size() == 0)
throw new EmptyStackException();
return stackPeek.val;
}
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
public int[] toArray() {
ListNode node = stackPeek;
int[] res = new int[size()];
for (int i = res.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linkedlist_stack.cpp"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
private:
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ListNode* stackTop; // 将头节点作为栈顶
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int stkSize; // 栈的长度
public:
LinkedListStack() {
stackTop = nullptr;
stkSize = 0;
}
~LinkedListStack() {
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// 遍历链表删除节点,释放内存
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freeMemoryLinkedList(stackTop);
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size() {
return stkSize;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
bool empty() {
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
void push(int num) {
ListNode* node = new ListNode(num);
node->next = stackTop;
stackTop = node;
stkSize++;
}
/* 出栈 */
void pop() {
int num = top();
ListNode *tmp = stackTop;
stackTop = stackTop->next;
// 释放内存
delete tmp;
stkSize--;
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int top() {
if (size() == 0)
throw out_of_range("栈为空");
return stackTop->val;
}
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
vector<int> toVector() {
ListNode* node = stackTop;
vector<int> res(size());
for (int i = res.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
res[i] = node->val;
node = node->next;
}
return res;
}
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linkedlist_stack.py"
class LinkedListStack:
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"""基于链表实现的栈"""
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def __init__(self):
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"""构造方法"""
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self.__peek: ListNode | None = None
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self.__size: int = 0
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def size(self) -> int:
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"""获取栈的长度"""
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return self.__size
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def is_empty(self) -> bool:
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"""判断栈是否为空"""
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return not self.__peek
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def push(self, val: int) -> None:
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"""入栈"""
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node = ListNode(val)
node.next = self.__peek
self.__peek = node
self.__size += 1
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def pop(self) -> int:
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"""出栈"""
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num: int = self.peek()
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self.__peek = self.__peek.next
self.__size -= 1
return num
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def peek(self) -> int:
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"""访问栈顶元素"""
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# 判空处理
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if not self.__peek:
return None
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return self.__peek.val
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def to_list(self) -> list[int]:
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"""转化为列表用于打印"""
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arr: list[int] = []
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node = self.__peek
while node:
arr.append(node.val)
node = node.next
arr.reverse()
return arr
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linkedlist_stack.go"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
type linkedListStack struct {
// 使用内置包 list 来实现栈
data *list.List
}
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/* 初始化栈 */
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func newLinkedListStack() *linkedListStack {
return &linkedListStack{
data: list.New(),
}
}
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/* 入栈 */
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func (s *linkedListStack) push(value int) {
s.data.PushBack(value)
}
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/* 出栈 */
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func (s *linkedListStack) pop() any {
if s.isEmpty() {
return nil
}
e := s.data.Back()
s.data.Remove(e)
return e.Value
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
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func (s *linkedListStack) peek() any {
if s.isEmpty() {
return nil
}
e := s.data.Back()
return e.Value
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
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func (s *linkedListStack) size() int {
return s.data.Len()
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
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func (s *linkedListStack) isEmpty() bool {
return s.data.Len() == 0
}
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/* 获取 List 用于打印 */
func (s *linkedListStack) toList() *list.List {
return s.data
}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="linkedlist_stack.js"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
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#stackPeek; // 将头节点作为栈顶
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#stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
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constructor() {
this.#stackPeek = null;
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
get size() {
return this.#stkSize;
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
isEmpty() {
return this.size == 0;
}
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/* 入栈 */
push(num) {
const node = new ListNode(num);
node.next = this.#stackPeek;
this.#stackPeek = node;
this.#stkSize++;
}
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/* 出栈 */
pop() {
const num = this.peek();
this.#stackPeek = this.#stackPeek.next;
this.#stkSize--;
return num;
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
peek() {
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if (!this.#stackPeek)
throw new Error("栈为空");
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return this.#stackPeek.val;
}
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/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
toArray() {
let node = this.#stackPeek;
const res = new Array(this.size);
for (let i = res.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
}
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="linkedlist_stack.ts"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
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private stackPeek: ListNode | null; // 将头节点作为栈顶
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private stkSize: number = 0; // 栈的长度
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constructor() {
this.stackPeek = null;
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
get size(): number {
return this.stkSize;
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
isEmpty(): boolean {
return this.size == 0;
}
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/* 入栈 */
push(num: number): void {
const node = new ListNode(num);
node.next = this.stackPeek;
this.stackPeek = node;
this.stkSize++;
}
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/* 出栈 */
pop(): number {
const num = this.peek();
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if (!this.stackPeek) throw new Error('栈为空');
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this.stackPeek = this.stackPeek.next;
this.stkSize--;
return num;
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
peek(): number {
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if (!this.stackPeek) throw new Error('栈为空');
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return this.stackPeek.val;
}
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/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
toArray(): number[] {
let node = this.stackPeek;
const res = new Array<number>(this.size);
for (let i = res.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
res[i] = node!.val;
node = node!.next;
}
return res;
}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linkedlist_stack.c"
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[class]{linkedListStack}-[func]{}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linkedlist_stack.cs"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack
{
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private ListNode? stackPeek; // 将头节点作为栈顶
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private int stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
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public LinkedListStack()
{
stackPeek = null;
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
public int size()
{
return stkSize;
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
public bool isEmpty()
{
return size() == 0;
}
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/* 入栈 */
public void push(int num)
{
ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
node.next = stackPeek;
stackPeek = node;
stkSize++;
}
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/* 出栈 */
public int pop()
{
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if (stackPeek == null)
throw new Exception();
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int num = peek();
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stackPeek = stackPeek.next;
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stkSize--;
return num;
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
public int peek()
{
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if (size() == 0 || stackPeek == null)
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throw new Exception();
return stackPeek.val;
}
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/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
public int[] toArray()
{
if (stackPeek == null)
return Array.Empty<int>();
ListNode node = stackPeek;
int[] res = new int[size()];
for (int i = res.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
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}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linkedlist_stack.swift"
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
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private var _peek: ListNode? // 将头节点作为栈顶
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private var _size = 0 // 栈的长度
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init() {}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
func size() -> Int {
_size
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
size() == 0
}
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/* 入栈 */
func push(num: Int) {
let node = ListNode(x: num)
node.next = _peek
_peek = node
_size += 1
}
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/* 出栈 */
@discardableResult
func pop() -> Int {
let num = peek()
_peek = _peek?.next
_size -= 1
return num
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
func peek() -> Int {
if isEmpty() {
fatalError("栈为空")
}
return _peek!.val
}
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/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
func toArray() -> [Int] {
var node = _peek
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: _size)
for i in sequence(first: res.count - 1, next: { $0 >= 0 + 1 ? $0 - 1 : nil }) {
res[i] = node!.val
node = node?.next
}
return res
}
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}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linkedlist_stack.zig"
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// 基于链表实现的栈
fn LinkedListStack(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
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stack_top: ?*inc.ListNode(T) = null, // 将头节点作为栈顶
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stk_size: usize = 0, // 栈的长度
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mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined, // 内存分配器
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// 构造方法(分配内存+初始化栈)
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pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
if (self.mem_arena == null) {
self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
}
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self.stack_top = null;
self.stk_size = 0;
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}
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// 析构方法(释放内存)
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pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
}
// 获取栈的长度
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
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return self.stk_size;
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}
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// 判断栈是否为空
pub fn isEmpty(self: *Self) bool {
return self.size() == 0;
}
// 访问栈顶元素
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pub fn peek(self: *Self) T {
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if (self.size() == 0) @panic("栈为空");
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return self.stack_top.?.val;
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}
// 入栈
pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
var node = try self.mem_allocator.create(inc.ListNode(T));
node.init(num);
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node.next = self.stack_top;
self.stack_top = node;
self.stk_size += 1;
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}
// 出栈
pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
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var num = self.peek();
self.stack_top = self.stack_top.?.next;
self.stk_size -= 1;
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return num;
}
// 将栈转换为数组
pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
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var node = self.stack_top;
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var res = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
std.mem.set(T, res, @as(T, 0));
var i: usize = 0;
while (i < res.len) : (i += 1) {
res[res.len - i - 1] = node.?.val;
node = node.?.next;
}
return res;
}
};
}
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```
### 基于数组的实现
使用「数组」实现栈时,考虑将数组的尾部当作栈顶。这样设计下,「入栈」与「出栈」操作就对应在数组尾部「添加元素」与「删除元素」,时间复杂度都为 $O(1)$ 。
=== "ArrayStack"
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![基于数组实现栈的入栈出栈操作](stack.assets/array_stack.png)
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=== "push()"
![array_stack_push](stack.assets/array_stack_push.png)
=== "pop()"
![array_stack_pop](stack.assets/array_stack_pop.png)
由于入栈的元素可能是源源不断的,因此可以使用支持动态扩容的「列表」,这样就无需自行实现数组扩容了。以下是示例代码。
=== "Java"
```java title="array_stack.java"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
private ArrayList<Integer> stack;
public ArrayStack() {
// 初始化列表(动态数组)
stack = new ArrayList<>();
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
public int size() {
return stack.size();
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
public void push(int num) {
stack.add(num);
}
/* 出栈 */
public int pop() {
if (isEmpty())
throw new EmptyStackException();
return stack.remove(size() - 1);
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
public int peek() {
if (isEmpty())
throw new EmptyStackException();
return stack.get(size() - 1);
}
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
public Object[] toArray() {
return stack.toArray();
}
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array_stack.cpp"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
private:
vector<int> stack;
public:
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size() {
return stack.size();
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
bool empty() {
return stack.empty();
}
/* 入栈 */
void push(int num) {
stack.push_back(num);
}
/* 出栈 */
void pop() {
int oldTop = top();
stack.pop_back();
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int top() {
if(empty())
throw out_of_range("栈为空");
return stack.back();
}
/* 返回 Vector */
vector<int> toVector() {
return stack;
}
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title="array_stack.py"
class ArrayStack:
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"""基于数组实现的栈"""
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def __init__(self) -> None:
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"""构造方法"""
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self.__stack: list[int] = []
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def size(self) -> int:
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"""获取栈的长度"""
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return len(self.__stack)
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def is_empty(self) -> bool:
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"""判断栈是否为空"""
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return self.__stack == []
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def push(self, item: int) -> None:
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"""入栈"""
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self.__stack.append(item)
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def pop(self) -> int:
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"""出栈"""
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assert not self.is_empty(), "栈为空"
return self.__stack.pop()
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def peek(self) -> int:
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"""访问栈顶元素"""
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assert not self.is_empty(), "栈为空"
return self.__stack[-1]
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def to_list(self) -> list[int]:
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"""返回列表用于打印"""
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return self.__stack
```
=== "Go"
```go title="array_stack.go"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
type arrayStack struct {
data []int // 数据
}
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/* 初始化栈 */
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func newArrayStack() *arrayStack {
return &arrayStack{
// 设置栈的长度为 0容量为 16
data: make([]int, 0, 16),
}
}
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/* 栈的长度 */
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func (s *arrayStack) size() int {
return len(s.data)
}
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/* 栈是否为空 */
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func (s *arrayStack) isEmpty() bool {
return s.size() == 0
}
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/* 入栈 */
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func (s *arrayStack) push(v int) {
// 切片会自动扩容
s.data = append(s.data, v)
}
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/* 出栈 */
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func (s *arrayStack) pop() any {
val := s.peek()
s.data = s.data[:len(s.data)-1]
return val
}
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/* 获取栈顶元素 */
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func (s *arrayStack) peek() any {
if s.isEmpty() {
return nil
}
val := s.data[len(s.data)-1]
return val
}
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/* 获取 Slice 用于打印 */
func (s *arrayStack) toSlice() []int {
return s.data
}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="array_stack.js"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
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#stack;
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constructor() {
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this.#stack = [];
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}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
get size() {
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return this.#stack.length;
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}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
empty() {
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return this.#stack.length === 0;
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}
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/* 入栈 */
push(num) {
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this.#stack.push(num);
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}
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/* 出栈 */
pop() {
if (this.empty())
throw new Error("栈为空");
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return this.#stack.pop();
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}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
top() {
if (this.empty())
throw new Error("栈为空");
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return this.#stack[this.#stack.length - 1];
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}
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/* 返回 Array */
toArray() {
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return this.#stack;
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}
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};
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="array_stack.ts"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
private stack: number[];
constructor() {
this.stack = [];
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
get size(): number {
return this.stack.length;
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
empty(): boolean {
return this.stack.length === 0;
}
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/* 入栈 */
push(num: number): void {
this.stack.push(num);
}
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/* 出栈 */
pop(): number | undefined {
if (this.empty())
throw new Error('栈为空');
return this.stack.pop();
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
top(): number | undefined {
if (this.empty())
throw new Error('栈为空');
return this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
}
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/* 返回 Array */
toArray() {
return this.stack;
}
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};
```
=== "C"
```c title="array_stack.c"
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[class]{arrayStack}-[func]{}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array_stack.cs"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack
{
private List<int> stack;
public ArrayStack()
{
// 初始化列表(动态数组)
stack = new();
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
public int size()
{
return stack.Count();
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
public bool isEmpty()
{
return size() == 0;
}
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/* 入栈 */
public void push(int num)
{
stack.Add(num);
}
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/* 出栈 */
public int pop()
{
if (isEmpty())
throw new Exception();
var val = peek();
stack.RemoveAt(size() - 1);
return val;
}
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/* 访问栈顶元素 */
public int peek()
{
if (isEmpty())
throw new Exception();
return stack[size() - 1];
}
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/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
public int[] toArray()
{
return stack.ToArray();
}
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}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array_stack.swift"
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack {
private var stack: [Int]
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init() {
// 初始化列表(动态数组)
stack = []
}
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/* 获取栈的长度 */
func size() -> Int {
stack.count
}
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/* 判断栈是否为空 */
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
stack.isEmpty
}
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/* 入栈 */
func push(num: Int) {
stack.append(num)
}
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/* 出栈 */
@discardableResult
func pop() -> Int {
if isEmpty() {
fatalError("栈为空")
}
return stack.removeLast()
}
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2 years ago
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
func peek() -> Int {
if isEmpty() {
fatalError("栈为空")
}
return stack.last!
}
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/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
func toArray() -> [Int] {
stack
}
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}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="array_stack.zig"
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// 基于数组实现的栈
fn ArrayStack(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
stack: ?std.ArrayList(T) = null,
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// 构造方法(分配内存+初始化栈)
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pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) void {
if (self.stack == null) {
self.stack = std.ArrayList(T).init(allocator);
}
}
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// 析构方法(释放内存)
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pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
if (self.stack == null) return;
self.stack.?.deinit();
}
// 获取栈的长度
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
return self.stack.?.items.len;
}
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// 判断栈是否为空
pub fn isEmpty(self: *Self) bool {
return self.size() == 0;
}
// 访问栈顶元素
pub fn peek(self: *Self) T {
if (self.isEmpty()) @panic("栈为空");
return self.stack.?.items[self.size() - 1];
}
// 入栈
pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
try self.stack.?.append(num);
}
// 出栈
pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
var num = self.stack.?.pop();
return num;
}
// 返回 ArrayList
pub fn toList(self: *Self) std.ArrayList(T) {
return self.stack.?;
}
};
}
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```
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## 5.1.3. &nbsp; 两种实现对比
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### 支持操作
两种实现都支持栈定义中的各项操作,数组实现额外支持随机访问,但这已经超出栈的定义范畴,一般不会用到。
### 时间效率
在数组(列表)实现中,入栈与出栈操作都是在预先分配好的连续内存中操作,具有很好的缓存本地性,效率很好。然而,如果入栈时超出数组容量,则会触发扩容机制,那么该次入栈操作的时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。
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在链表实现中,链表的扩容非常灵活,不存在上述数组扩容时变慢的问题。然而,入栈操作需要初始化节点对象并修改指针,因而效率不如数组。进一步地思考,如果入栈元素不是 `int` 而是节点对象,那么就可以省去初始化步骤,从而提升效率。
2 years ago
综上所述,当入栈与出栈操作的元素是基本数据类型(例如 `int` , `double` )时,则结论如下:
- 数组实现的栈在触发扩容时会变慢,但由于扩容是低频操作,因此 **总体效率更高**
- 链表实现的栈可以提供 **更加稳定的效率表现**
### 空间效率
在初始化列表时,系统会给列表分配“初始容量”,该容量可能超过我们的需求。并且扩容机制一般是按照特定倍率(比如 2 倍)进行扩容,扩容后的容量也可能超出我们的需求。因此,**数组实现栈会造成一定的空间浪费**。
2 years ago
当然,由于节点需要额外存储指针,因此 **链表节点比数组元素占用更大**。
2 years ago
综上,我们不能简单地确定哪种实现更加省内存,需要 case-by-case 地分析。
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## 5.1.4. &nbsp; 栈典型应用
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- **浏览器中的后退与前进、软件中的撤销与反撤销**。每当我们打开新的网页,浏览器就将上一个网页执行入栈,这样我们就可以通过「后退」操作来回到上一页面,后退操作实际上是在执行出栈。如果要同时支持后退和前进,那么则需要两个栈来配合实现。
- **程序内存管理**。每当调用函数时,系统就会在栈顶添加一个栈帧,用来记录函数的上下文信息。在递归函数中,向下递推会不断执行入栈,向上回溯阶段时出栈。