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hello-algo/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.md

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---
comments: true
---
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# 4.2   链表
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内存空间是所有程序的公共资源,在一个复杂的系统运行环境下,空闲的内存空间可能散落在内存各处。我们知道,存储数组的内存空间必须是连续的,而当数组非常大时,内存可能无法提供如此大的连续空间。此时链表的灵活性优势就体现出来了。
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「链表 Linked List」是一种线性数据结构其中的每个元素都是一个节点对象各个节点通过“引用”相连接。引用记录了下一个节点的内存地址我们可以通过它从当前节点访问到下一个节点。这意味着链表的各个节点可以被分散存储在内存各处它们的内存地址是无需连续的。
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![链表定义与存储方式](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_definition.png)
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<p align="center"> 图:链表定义与存储方式 </p>
观察上图,链表中的每个「节点 Node」对象都包含两项数据节点的“值”、指向下一节点的“引用”。
- 链表的首个节点被称为“头节点”,最后一个节点被称为“尾节点”。
- 尾节点指向的是“空”,它在 Java, C++, Python 中分别被记为 $\text{null}$ , $\text{nullptr}$ , $\text{None}$ 。
- 在 C, C++, Go, Rust 等支持指针的语言中,上述的“引用”应被替换为“指针”。
如以下代码所示,链表以节点对象 `ListNode` 为单位,每个节点除了包含值,还需额外保存下一节点的引用(指针)。因此在相同数据量下,**链表通常比数组占用更多的内存空间**。
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=== "Java"
```java title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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ListNode next; // 指向下一节点的引用
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ListNode(int x) { val = x; } // 构造函数
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title=""
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/* 链表节点结构体 */
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struct ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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ListNode *next; // 指向下一节点的指针
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ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr) {} // 构造函数
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title=""
class ListNode:
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"""链表节点类"""
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def __init__(self, val: int):
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self.val: int = val # 节点值
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self.next: Optional[ListNode] = None # 指向下一节点的引用
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```
=== "Go"
```go title=""
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/* 链表节点结构体 */
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type ListNode struct {
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Val int // 节点值
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Next *ListNode // 指向下一节点的指针
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}
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// NewListNode 构造函数,创建一个新的链表
func NewListNode(val int) *ListNode {
return &ListNode{
Val: val,
Next: nil,
}
}
```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
val;
next;
constructor(val, next) {
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this.val = (val === undefined ? 0 : val); // 节点值
this.next = (next === undefined ? null : next); // 指向下一节点的引用
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}
}
```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
val: number;
next: ListNode | null;
constructor(val?: number, next?: ListNode | null) {
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this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向下一节点的引用
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}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title=""
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/* 链表节点结构体 */
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struct ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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struct ListNode *next; // 指向下一节点的指针
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};
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typedef struct ListNode ListNode;
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/* 构造函数 */
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ListNode *newListNode(int val) {
ListNode *node, *next;
node = (ListNode *) malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
node->val = val;
node->next = NULL;
return node;
}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
ListNode next; // 指向下一节点的引用
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ListNode(int x) => val = x; //构造函数
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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var val: Int // 节点值
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var next: ListNode? // 指向下一节点的引用
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init(x: Int) { // 构造函数
val = x
}
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title=""
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// 链表节点类
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pub fn ListNode(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
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val: T = 0, // 节点值
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next: ?*Self = null, // 指向下一节点的指针
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// 构造函数
pub fn init(self: *Self, x: i32) void {
self.val = x;
self.next = null;
}
};
}
```
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=== "Dart"
```dart title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
class ListNode {
int val; // 节点值
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ListNode? next; // 指向下一节点的引用
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ListNode(this.val, [this.next]); // 构造函数
}
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```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title=""
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use std::rc::Rc;
use std::cell::RefCell;
/* 链表节点类 */
#[derive(Debug)]
struct ListNode {
val: i32, // 节点值
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next: Option<Rc<RefCell<ListNode>>>, // 指向下一节点的指针
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}
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```
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## 4.2.1 &nbsp; 链表常用操作
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### 初始化链表
建立链表分为两步,第一步是初始化各个节点对象,第二步是构建引用指向关系。初始化完成后,我们就可以从链表的头节点出发,通过引用指向 `next` 依次访问所有节点。
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=== "Java"
```java title="linked_list.java"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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ListNode n0 = new ListNode(1);
ListNode n1 = new ListNode(3);
ListNode n2 = new ListNode(2);
ListNode n3 = new ListNode(5);
ListNode n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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ListNode* n0 = new ListNode(1);
ListNode* n1 = new ListNode(3);
ListNode* n2 = new ListNode(2);
ListNode* n3 = new ListNode(5);
ListNode* n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0->next = n1;
n1->next = n2;
n2->next = n3;
n3->next = n4;
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linked_list.py"
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# 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4
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# 初始化各个节点
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n0 = ListNode(1)
n1 = ListNode(3)
n2 = ListNode(2)
n3 = ListNode(5)
n4 = ListNode(4)
# 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1
n1.next = n2
n2.next = n3
n3.next = n4
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linked_list.go"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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n0 := NewListNode(1)
n1 := NewListNode(3)
n2 := NewListNode(2)
n3 := NewListNode(5)
n4 := NewListNode(4)
// 构建引用指向
n0.Next = n1
n1.Next = n2
n2.Next = n3
n3.Next = n4
```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="linked_list.js"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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const n0 = new ListNode(1);
const n1 = new ListNode(3);
const n2 = new ListNode(2);
const n3 = new ListNode(5);
const n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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const n0 = new ListNode(1);
const n1 = new ListNode(3);
const n2 = new ListNode(2);
const n3 = new ListNode(5);
const n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
```
=== "C"
```c title="linked_list.c"
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/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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ListNode* n0 = newListNode(1);
ListNode* n1 = newListNode(3);
ListNode* n2 = newListNode(2);
ListNode* n3 = newListNode(5);
ListNode* n4 = newListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0->next = n1;
n1->next = n2;
n2->next = n3;
n3->next = n4;
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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ListNode n0 = new ListNode(1);
ListNode n1 = new ListNode(3);
ListNode n2 = new ListNode(2);
ListNode n3 = new ListNode(5);
ListNode n4 = new ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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let n0 = ListNode(x: 1)
let n1 = ListNode(x: 3)
let n2 = ListNode(x: 2)
let n3 = ListNode(x: 5)
let n4 = ListNode(x: 4)
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1
n1.next = n2
n2.next = n3
n3.next = n4
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
// 初始化链表
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// 初始化各个节点
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var n0 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 1};
var n1 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 3};
var n2 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 2};
var n3 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 5};
var n4 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 4};
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = &n1;
n1.next = &n2;
n2.next = &n3;
n3.next = &n4;
```
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=== "Dart"
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
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/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */\
// 初始化各个节点
ListNode n0 = ListNode(1);
ListNode n1 = ListNode(3);
ListNode n2 = ListNode(2);
ListNode n3 = ListNode(5);
ListNode n4 = ListNode(4);
// 构建引用指向
n0.next = n1;
n1.next = n2;
n2.next = n3;
n3.next = n4;
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```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
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/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
// 初始化各个节点
let n0 = Rc::new(RefCell::new(ListNode { val: 1, next: None }));
let n1 = Rc::new(RefCell::new(ListNode { val: 3, next: None }));
let n2 = Rc::new(RefCell::new(ListNode { val: 2, next: None }));
let n3 = Rc::new(RefCell::new(ListNode { val: 5, next: None }));
let n4 = Rc::new(RefCell::new(ListNode { val: 4, next: None }));
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// 构建引用指向
n0.borrow_mut().next = Some(n1.clone());
n1.borrow_mut().next = Some(n2.clone());
n2.borrow_mut().next = Some(n3.clone());
n3.borrow_mut().next = Some(n4.clone());
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```
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数组整体是一个变量,比如数组 `nums` 包含元素 `nums[0]` , `nums[1]` 等,而链表是由多个独立的节点对象组成的。**我们通常将头节点当作链表的代称**,比如以上代码中的链表可被记做链表 `n0`
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### 插入节点
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**在链表中插入节点非常容易**。假设我们想在相邻的两个节点 `n0` , `n1` 之间插入一个新节点 `P` ,则只需要改变两个节点引用(指针)即可,时间复杂度为 $O(1)$ 。
相比之下,在数组中插入元素的时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ,在大数据量下的效率较低。
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![链表插入节点](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_insert_node.png)
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<p align="center"> 图:链表插入节点 </p>
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=== "Java"
```java title="linked_list.java"
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/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
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void insert(ListNode n0, ListNode P) {
ListNode n1 = n0.next;
P.next = n1;
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n0.next = P;
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}
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```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
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/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
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void insert(ListNode *n0, ListNode *P) {
ListNode *n1 = n0->next;
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P->next = n1;
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n0->next = P;
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}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linked_list.py"
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def insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode):
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"""在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P"""
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n1 = n0.next
P.next = n1
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n0.next = P
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="linked_list.go"
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/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
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func insertNode(n0 *ListNode, P *ListNode) {
n1 := n0.Next
P.Next = n1
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n0.Next = P
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}
```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="linked_list.js"
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/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
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function insert(n0, P) {
const n1 = n0.next;
P.next = n1;
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n0.next = P;
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}
```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
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/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
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function insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode): void {
const n1 = n0.next;
P.next = n1;
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n0.next = P;
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}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linked_list.c"
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/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
void insert(ListNode *n0, ListNode *P) {
ListNode *n1 = n0->next;
P->next = n1;
n0->next = P;
}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
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/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
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void insert(ListNode n0, ListNode P) {
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ListNode? n1 = n0.next;
P.next = n1;
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n0.next = P;
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}
```
=== "Swift"
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```swift title="linked_list.swift"
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/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
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func insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode) {
let n1 = n0.next
P.next = n1
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n0.next = P
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}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
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// 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P
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fn insert(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), P: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
var n1 = n0.?.next;
P.?.next = n1;
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n0.?.next = P;
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}
```
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=== "Dart"
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
void insert(ListNode n0, ListNode P) {
ListNode? n1 = n0.next;
P.next = n1;
n0.next = P;
}
```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
/* 在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P */
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn insert<T>(n0: &Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>, P: Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>) {
let n1 = n0.borrow_mut().next.take();
P.borrow_mut().next = n1;
n0.borrow_mut().next = Some(P);
}
```
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### 删除节点
在链表中删除节点也非常简便,只需改变一个节点的引用(指针)即可。
请注意,尽管在删除操作完成后节点 `P` 仍然指向 `n1` ,但实际上遍历此链表已经无法访问到 `P` ,这意味着 `P` 已经不再属于该链表了。
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![链表删除节点](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_remove_node.png)
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<p align="center"> 图:链表删除节点 </p>
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=== "Java"
```java title="linked_list.java"
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/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
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void remove(ListNode n0) {
if (n0.next == null)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
ListNode P = n0.next;
ListNode n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
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/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
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void remove(ListNode *n0) {
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if (n0->next == nullptr)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
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ListNode *P = n0->next;
ListNode *n1 = P->next;
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n0->next = n1;
// 释放内存
delete P;
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linked_list.py"
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def remove(n0: ListNode):
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"""删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点"""
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if not n0.next:
return
# n0 -> P -> n1
P = n0.next
n1 = P.next
n0.next = n1
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linked_list.go"
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/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
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func removeNode(n0 *ListNode) {
if n0.Next == nil {
return
}
// n0 -> P -> n1
P := n0.Next
n1 := P.Next
n0.Next = n1
}
```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="linked_list.js"
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/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
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function remove(n0) {
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if (!n0.next) return;
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// n0 -> P -> n1
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const P = n0.next;
const n1 = P.next;
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n0.next = n1;
}
```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
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/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
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function remove(n0: ListNode): void {
if (!n0.next) {
return;
}
// n0 -> P -> n1
const P = n0.next;
const n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linked_list.c"
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/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
// 注意stdio.h 占用了 remove 关键词
void removeNode(ListNode *n0) {
if (!n0->next)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
ListNode *P = n0->next;
ListNode *n1 = P->next;
n0->next = n1;
// 释放内存
free(P);
}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
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/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
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void remove(ListNode n0) {
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if (n0.next == null)
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
ListNode P = n0.next;
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ListNode? n1 = P.next;
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n0.next = n1;
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
2 years ago
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
2 years ago
func remove(n0: ListNode) {
if n0.next == nil {
return
}
// n0 -> P -> n1
let P = n0.next
let n1 = P?.next
n0.next = n1
P?.next = nil
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
2 years ago
// 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点
2 years ago
fn remove(n0: ?*inc.ListNode(i32)) void {
2 years ago
if (n0.?.next == null) return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
var P = n0.?.next;
var n1 = P.?.next;
n0.?.next = n1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
void remove(ListNode n0) {
if (n0.next == null) return;
1 year ago
// n0 -> P -> n1
1 year ago
ListNode P = n0.next!;
ListNode? n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
/* 删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点 */
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
pub fn remove<T>(n0: &Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>) {
if n0.borrow().next.is_none() {return};
// n0 -> P -> n1
let P = n0.borrow_mut().next.take();
if let Some(node) = P {
let n1 = node.borrow_mut().next.take();
n0.borrow_mut().next = n1;
}
}
```
1 year ago
### 访问节点
2 years ago
1 year ago
**在链表访问节点的效率较低**。如上节所述,我们可以在 $O(1)$ 时间下访问数组中的任意元素。链表则不然,程序需要从头节点出发,逐个向后遍历,直至找到目标节点。也就是说,访问链表的第 $i$ 个节点需要循环 $i - 1$ 轮,时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title="linked_list.java"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
ListNode access(ListNode head, int index) {
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (head == null)
return null;
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
ListNode *access(ListNode *head, int index) {
2 years ago
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (head == nullptr)
return nullptr;
head = head->next;
}
return head;
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linked_list.py"
2 years ago
def access(head: ListNode, index: int) -> ListNode | None:
2 years ago
"""访问链表中索引为 index 的节点"""
2 years ago
for _ in range(index):
if not head:
return None
head = head.next
return head
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linked_list.go"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
func access(head *ListNode, index int) *ListNode {
for i := 0; i < index; i++ {
if head == nil {
return nil
}
head = head.Next
}
return head
}
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
function access(head, index) {
for (let i = 0; i < index; i++) {
2 years ago
if (!head) {
2 years ago
return null;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
function access(head: ListNode | null, index: number): ListNode | null {
for (let i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (!head) {
return null;
}
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linked_list.c"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
ListNode *access(ListNode *head, int index) {
while (head && head->next && index) {
head = head->next;
index--;
}
return head;
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
ListNode? access(ListNode head, int index) {
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
2 years ago
if (head == null)
return null;
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
2 years ago
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
2 years ago
func access(head: ListNode, index: Int) -> ListNode? {
var head: ListNode? = head
for _ in 0 ..< index {
if head == nil {
return nil
}
head = head?.next
}
return head
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
2 years ago
// 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点
2 years ago
fn access(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), index: i32) ?*inc.ListNode(i32) {
2 years ago
var head = node;
var i: i32 = 0;
while (i < index) : (i += 1) {
head = head.?.next;
if (head == null) return null;
}
return head;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
ListNode? access(ListNode? head, int index) {
for (var i = 0; i < index; i++) {
if (head == null) return null;
head = head.next;
}
return head;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的节点 */
pub fn access<T>(head: Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>, index: i32) -> Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>> {
if index <= 0 {return head};
if let Some(node) = &head.borrow_mut().next {
return access(node.clone(), index - 1);
}
return head;
}
```
1 year ago
### 查找节点
2 years ago
1 year ago
遍历链表,查找链表内值为 `target` 的节点,输出节点在链表中的索引。此过程也属于「线性查找」。
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title="linked_list.java"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
int find(ListNode head, int target) {
int index = 0;
while (head != null) {
if (head.val == target)
return index;
head = head.next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
int find(ListNode *head, int target) {
2 years ago
int index = 0;
while (head != nullptr) {
if (head->val == target)
return index;
head = head->next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linked_list.py"
2 years ago
def find(head: ListNode, target: int) -> int:
2 years ago
"""在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点"""
2 years ago
index = 0
while head:
if head.val == target:
return index
head = head.next
index += 1
return -1
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linked_list.go"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
func findNode(head *ListNode, target int) int {
2 years ago
index := 0
for head != nil {
if head.Val == target {
return index
}
head = head.Next
index++
}
return -1
}
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
function find(head, target) {
let index = 0;
while (head !== null) {
if (head.val === target) {
return index;
}
head = head.next;
index += 1;
}
return -1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
function find(head: ListNode | null, target: number): number {
let index = 0;
while (head !== null) {
if (head.val === target) {
return index;
}
head = head.next;
index += 1;
}
return -1;
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linked_list.c"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
int find(ListNode *head, int target) {
int index = 0;
while (head) {
if (head->val == target)
return index;
head = head->next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
int find(ListNode head, int target) {
2 years ago
int index = 0;
2 years ago
while (head != null) {
2 years ago
if (head.val == target)
return index;
head = head.next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
2 years ago
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
2 years ago
func find(head: ListNode, target: Int) -> Int {
var head: ListNode? = head
var index = 0
while head != nil {
if head?.val == target {
return index
}
head = head?.next
index += 1
}
return -1
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
2 years ago
// 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点
2 years ago
fn find(node: ?*inc.ListNode(i32), target: i32) i32 {
2 years ago
var head = node;
var index: i32 = 0;
while (head != null) {
if (head.?.val == target) return index;
head = head.?.next;
index += 1;
}
return -1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
int find(ListNode? head, int target) {
int index = 0;
while (head != null) {
if (head.val == target) {
return index;
}
head = head.next;
index++;
}
return -1;
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个节点 */
pub fn find<T: PartialEq>(head: Rc<RefCell<ListNode<T>>>, target: T, index: i32) -> i32 {
if head.borrow().val == target {return index};
if let Some(node) = &head.borrow_mut().next {
return find(node.clone(), target, index + 1);
}
return -1;
}
```
1 year ago
## 4.2.2 &nbsp; 数组 VS 链表
1 year ago
下表总结对比了数组和链表的各项特点与操作效率。由于它们采用两种相反的存储策略,因此各种性质和操作效率也呈现对立的特点。
1 year ago
<p align="center"> 表:数组与链表的效率对比 </p>
1 year ago
<div class="center-table" markdown>
2 years ago
1 year ago
| | 数组 | 链表 |
| ---------- | ------------------------ | ------------ |
| 存储方式 | 连续内存空间 | 离散内存空间 |
| 缓存局部性 | 友好 | 不友好 |
| 容量扩展 | 长度不可变 | 可灵活扩展 |
| 内存效率 | 占用内存少、浪费部分空间 | 占用内存多 |
| 访问元素 | $O(1)$ | $O(n)$ |
| 添加元素 | $O(n)$ | $O(1)$ |
| 删除元素 | $O(n)$ | $O(1)$ |
</div>
1 year ago
## 4.2.3 &nbsp; 常见链表类型
1 year ago
**单向链表**。即上述介绍的普通链表。单向链表的节点包含值和指向下一节点的引用两项数据。我们将首个节点称为头节点,将最后一个节点成为尾节点,尾节点指向空 $\text{None}$ 。
2 years ago
2 years ago
**环形链表**。如果我们令单向链表的尾节点指向头节点(即首尾相接),则得到一个环形链表。在环形链表中,任意节点都可以视作头节点。
2 years ago
1 year ago
**双向链表**。与单向链表相比,双向链表记录了两个方向的引用。双向链表的节点定义同时包含指向后继节点(下一个节点)和前驱节点(上一个节点)的引用(指针)。相较于单向链表,双向链表更具灵活性,可以朝两个方向遍历链表,但相应地也需要占用更多的内存空间。
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
2 years ago
int val; // 节点值
1 year ago
ListNode next; // 指向后继节点的引用
ListNode prev; // 指向前驱节点的引用
2 years ago
ListNode(int x) { val = x; } // 构造函数
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点结构体 */
2 years ago
struct ListNode {
2 years ago
int val; // 节点值
1 year ago
ListNode *next; // 指向后继节点的指针
ListNode *prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针
2 years ago
ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr), prev(nullptr) {} // 构造函数
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title=""
class ListNode:
2 years ago
"""双向链表节点类"""
2 years ago
def __init__(self, val: int):
2 years ago
self.val: int = val # 节点值
1 year ago
self.next: Optional[ListNode] = None # 指向后继节点的引用
self.prev: Optional[ListNode] = None # 指向前驱节点的引用
2 years ago
```
=== "Go"
```go title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点结构体 */
2 years ago
type DoublyListNode struct {
2 years ago
Val int // 节点值
1 year ago
Next *DoublyListNode // 指向后继节点的指针
Prev *DoublyListNode // 指向前驱节点的指针
2 years ago
}
1 year ago
2 years ago
// NewDoublyListNode 初始化
func NewDoublyListNode(val int) *DoublyListNode {
return &DoublyListNode{
Val: val,
Next: nil,
Prev: nil,
}
}
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
val;
next;
prev;
2 years ago
constructor(val, next, prev) {
2 years ago
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
1 year ago
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继节点的引用
this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱节点的引用
2 years ago
}
}
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
val: number;
next: ListNode | null;
prev: ListNode | null;
constructor(val?: number, next?: ListNode | null, prev?: ListNode | null) {
2 years ago
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
1 year ago
this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继节点的引用
this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱节点的引用
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点结构体 */
struct ListNode {
int val; // 节点值
1 year ago
struct ListNode *next; // 指向后继节点的指针
struct ListNode *prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针
2 years ago
};
typedef struct ListNode ListNode;
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 构造函数 */
ListNode *newListNode(int val) {
ListNode *node, *next;
node = (ListNode *) malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
node->val = val;
node->next = NULL;
node->prev = NULL;
return node;
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
2 years ago
int val; // 节点值
1 year ago
ListNode next; // 指向后继节点的引用
ListNode prev; // 指向前驱节点的引用
2 years ago
ListNode(int x) => val = x; // 构造函数
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title=""
2 years ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
2 years ago
class ListNode {
2 years ago
var val: Int // 节点值
1 year ago
var next: ListNode? // 指向后继节点的引用
var prev: ListNode? // 指向前驱节点的引用
2 years ago
init(x: Int) { // 构造函数
val = x
}
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title=""
2 years ago
// 双向链表节点类
2 years ago
pub fn ListNode(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
1 year ago
2 years ago
val: T = 0, // 节点值
1 year ago
next: ?*Self = null, // 指向后继节点的指针
prev: ?*Self = null, // 指向前驱节点的指针
2 years ago
// 构造函数
pub fn init(self: *Self, x: i32) void {
self.val = x;
self.next = null;
self.prev = null;
}
};
}
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title=""
1 year ago
/* 双向链表节点类 */
class ListNode {
int val; // 节点值
1 year ago
ListNode next; // 指向后继节点的引用
ListNode prev; // 指向前驱节点的引用
1 year ago
ListNode(this.val, [this.next, this.prev]); // 构造函数
}
1 year ago
```
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title=""
1 year ago
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::cell::RefCell;
1 year ago
1 year ago
/* 双向链表节点类型 */
#[derive(Debug)]
struct ListNode {
val: i32, // 节点值
1 year ago
next: Option<Rc<RefCell<ListNode>>>, // 指向后继节点的指针
prev: Option<Rc<RefCell<ListNode>>>, // 指向前驱节点的指针
1 year ago
}
1 year ago
1 year ago
/* 构造函数 */
impl ListNode {
fn new(val: i32) -> Self {
ListNode {
val,
next: None,
prev: None,
}
}
}
1 year ago
```
2 years ago
![常见链表种类](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_common_types.png)
2 years ago
1 year ago
<p align="center"> 图:常见链表种类 </p>
1 year ago
1 year ago
## 4.2.4 &nbsp; 链表典型应用
1 year ago
单向链表通常用于实现栈、队列、散列表和图等数据结构。
- **栈与队列**:当插入和删除操作都在链表的一端进行时,它表现出先进后出的的特性,对应栈;当插入操作在链表的一端进行,删除操作在链表的另一端进行,它表现出先进先出的特性,对应队列。
- **散列表**:链地址法是解决哈希冲突的主流方案之一,在该方案中,所有冲突的元素都会被放到一个链表中。
- **图**:邻接表是表示图的一种常用方式,在其中,图的每个顶点都与一个链表相关联,链表中的每个元素都代表与该顶点相连的其他顶点。
双向链表常被用于需要快速查找前一个和下一个元素的场景。
1 year ago
- **高级数据结构**比如在红黑树、B 树中,我们需要访问节点的父节点,这可以通过在节点中保存一个指向父节点的引用来实现,类似于双向链表。
1 year ago
- **浏览器历史**:在网页浏览器中,当用户点击前进或后退按钮时,浏览器需要知道用户访问过的前一个和后一个网页。双向链表的特性使得这种操作变得简单。
- **LRU 算法**在缓存淘汰算法LRU我们需要快速找到最近最少使用的数据以及支持快速地添加和删除节点。这时候使用双向链表就非常合适。
循环链表常被用于需要周期性操作的场景,比如操作系统的资源调度。
- **时间片轮转调度算法**:在操作系统中,时间片轮转调度算法是一种常见的 CPU 调度算法它需要对一组进程进行循环。每个进程被赋予一个时间片当时间片用完时CPU 将切换到下一个进程。这种循环的操作就可以通过循环链表来实现。
- **数据缓冲区**:在某些数据缓冲区的实现中,也可能会使用到循环链表。比如在音频、视频播放器中,数据流可能会被分成多个缓冲块并放入一个循环链表,以便实现无缝播放。