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hello-algo/chapter_hashing/hash_map.md

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---
comments: true
---
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# 6.1   哈希表
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「哈希表 hash table」又称「散列表」其通过建立键 `key` 与值 `value` 之间的映射,实现高效的元素查询。具体而言,我们向哈希表输入一个键 `key` ,则可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内获取对应的值 `value`
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如图 6-1 所示,给定 $n$ 个学生,每个学生都有“姓名”和“学号”两项数据。假如我们希望实现“输入一个学号,返回对应的姓名”的查询功能,则可以采用图 6-1 所示的哈希表来实现。
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![哈希表的抽象表示](hash_map.assets/hash_table_lookup.png)
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<p align="center"> 图 6-1 &nbsp; 哈希表的抽象表示 </p>
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除哈希表外,数组和链表也可以实现查询功能,它们的效率对比如表 6-1 所示。
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- **添加元素**:仅需将元素添加至数组(链表)的尾部即可,使用 $O(1)$ 时间。
- **查询元素**:由于数组(链表)是乱序的,因此需要遍历其中的所有元素,使用 $O(n)$ 时间。
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- **删除元素**:需要先查询到元素,再从数组(链表)中删除,使用 $O(n)$ 时间。
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<p align="center"> 表 6-1 &nbsp; 元素查询效率对比 </p>
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
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| | 数组 | 链表 | 哈希表 |
| -------- | ------ | ------ | ------ |
| 查找元素 | $O(n)$ | $O(n)$ | $O(1)$ |
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| 添加元素 | $O(1)$ | $O(1)$ | $O(1)$ |
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| 删除元素 | $O(n)$ | $O(n)$ | $O(1)$ |
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</div>
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观察发现,**在哈希表中进行增删查改的时间复杂度都是 $O(1)$** ,非常高效。
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## 6.1.1 &nbsp; 哈希表常用操作
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哈希表的常见操作包括:初始化、查询操作、添加键值对和删除键值对等。
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=== "Java"
```java title="hash_map.java"
/* 初始化哈希表 */
Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map.put(12836, "小哈");
map.put(15937, "小啰");
map.put(16750, "小算");
map.put(13276, "小法");
map.put(10583, "小鸭");
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
String name = map.get(15937);
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.remove(10583);
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="hash_map.cpp"
/* 初始化哈希表 */
unordered_map<int, string> map;
/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map[12836] = "小哈";
map[15937] = "小啰";
map[16750] = "小算";
map[13276] = "小法";
map[10583] = "小鸭";
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
string name = map[15937];
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.erase(10583);
```
=== "Python"
```python title="hash_map.py"
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# 初始化哈希表
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hmap: Dict = {}
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# 添加操作
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# 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
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hmap[12836] = "小哈"
hmap[15937] = "小啰"
hmap[16750] = "小算"
hmap[13276] = "小法"
hmap[10583] = "小鸭"
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# 查询操作
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# 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
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name: str = hmap[15937]
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# 删除操作
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# 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
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hmap.pop(10583)
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="hash_map.go"
/* 初始化哈希表 */
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hmap := make(map[int]string)
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/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
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hmap[12836] = "小哈"
hmap[15937] = "小啰"
hmap[16750] = "小算"
hmap[13276] = "小法"
hmap[10583] = "小鸭"
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/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
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name := hmap[15937]
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/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
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delete(hmap, 10583)
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="hash_map.js"
/* 初始化哈希表 */
const map = new ArrayHashMap();
/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map.set(12836, '小哈');
map.set(15937, '小啰');
map.set(16750, '小算');
map.set(13276, '小法');
map.set(10583, '小鸭');
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
let name = map.get(15937);
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.delete(10583);
```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="hash_map.ts"
/* 初始化哈希表 */
const map = new Map<number, string>();
/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map.set(12836, '小哈');
map.set(15937, '小啰');
map.set(16750, '小算');
map.set(13276, '小法');
map.set(10583, '小鸭');
console.info('\n添加完成后哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
console.info(map);
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
let name = map.get(15937);
console.info('\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 ' + name);
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.delete(10583);
console.info('\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
console.info(map);
```
=== "C"
```c title="hash_map.c"
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// C 未提供内置哈希表
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="hash_map.cs"
/* 初始化哈希表 */
Dictionary<int, String> map = new ();
/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map.Add(12836, "小哈");
map.Add(15937, "小啰");
map.Add(16750, "小算");
map.Add(13276, "小法");
map.Add(10583, "小鸭");
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
String name = map[15937];
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.Remove(10583);
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="hash_map.swift"
/* 初始化哈希表 */
var map: [Int: String] = [:]
/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map[12836] = "小哈"
map[15937] = "小啰"
map[16750] = "小算"
map[13276] = "小法"
map[10583] = "小鸭"
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
let name = map[15937]!
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.removeValue(forKey: 10583)
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="hash_map.zig"
```
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=== "Dart"
```dart title="hash_map.dart"
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/* 初始化哈希表 */
Map<int, String> map = {};
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/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map[12836] = "小哈";
map[15937] = "小啰";
map[16750] = "小算";
map[13276] = "小法";
map[10583] = "小鸭";
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
String name = map[15937];
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.remove(10583);
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```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="hash_map.rs"
```
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哈希表有三种常用遍历方式:遍历键值对、遍历键和遍历值。
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=== "Java"
```java title="hash_map.java"
/* 遍历哈希表 */
// 遍历键值对 key->value
for (Map.Entry <Integer, String> kv: map.entrySet()) {
System.out.println(kv.getKey() + " -> " + kv.getValue());
}
// 单独遍历键 key
for (int key: map.keySet()) {
System.out.println(key);
}
// 单独遍历值 value
for (String val: map.values()) {
System.out.println(val);
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="hash_map.cpp"
/* 遍历哈希表 */
// 遍历键值对 key->value
for (auto kv: map) {
cout << kv.first << " -> " << kv.second << endl;
}
// 单独遍历键 key
for (auto key: map) {
cout << key.first << endl;
}
// 单独遍历值 value
for (auto val: map) {
cout << val.second << endl;
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="hash_map.py"
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# 遍历哈希表
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# 遍历键值对 key->value
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for key, value in hmap.items():
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print(key, "->", value)
# 单独遍历键 key
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for key in hmap.keys():
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print(key)
# 单独遍历值 value
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for value in hmap.values():
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print(value)
```
=== "Go"
```go title="hash_map_test.go"
/* 遍历哈希表 */
// 遍历键值对 key->value
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for key, value := range hmap {
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fmt.Println(key, "->", value)
}
// 单独遍历键 key
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for key := range hmap {
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fmt.Println(key)
}
// 单独遍历值 value
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for _, value := range hmap {
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fmt.Println(value)
}
```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="hash_map.js"
/* 遍历哈希表 */
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console.info('\n遍历键值对 Key->Value');
for (const [k, v] of map.entries()) {
console.info(k + ' -> ' + v);
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}
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console.info('\n单独遍历键 Key');
for (const k of map.keys()) {
console.info(k);
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}
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console.info('\n单独遍历值 Value');
for (const v of map.values()) {
console.info(v);
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}
```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="hash_map.ts"
/* 遍历哈希表 */
console.info('\n遍历键值对 Key->Value');
for (const [k, v] of map.entries()) {
console.info(k + ' -> ' + v);
}
console.info('\n单独遍历键 Key');
for (const k of map.keys()) {
console.info(k);
}
console.info('\n单独遍历值 Value');
for (const v of map.values()) {
console.info(v);
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="hash_map.c"
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// C 未提供内置哈希表
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="hash_map.cs"
/* 遍历哈希表 */
// 遍历键值对 Key->Value
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foreach (var kv in map) {
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Console.WriteLine(kv.Key + " -> " + kv.Value);
}
// 单独遍历键 key
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foreach (int key in map.Keys) {
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Console.WriteLine(key);
}
// 单独遍历值 value
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foreach (String val in map.Values) {
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Console.WriteLine(val);
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="hash_map.swift"
/* 遍历哈希表 */
// 遍历键值对 Key->Value
for (key, value) in map {
print("\(key) -> \(value)")
}
// 单独遍历键 Key
for key in map.keys {
print(key)
}
// 单独遍历值 Value
for value in map.values {
print(value)
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="hash_map.zig"
```
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=== "Dart"
```dart title="hash_map.dart"
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/* 遍历哈希表 */
// 遍历键值对 Key->Value
map.forEach((key, value) {
print('$key -> $value');
});
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// 单独遍历键 Key
map.keys.forEach((key) {
print(key);
});
// 单独遍历值 Value
map.values.forEach((value) {
print(value);
});
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```
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=== "Rust"
```rust title="hash_map.rs"
```
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## 6.1.2 &nbsp; 哈希表简单实现
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我们先考虑最简单的情况,**仅用一个数组来实现哈希表**。在哈希表中,我们将数组中的每个空位称为「桶 bucket」每个桶可存储一个键值对。因此查询操作就是找到 `key` 对应的桶,并在桶中获取 `value`
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那么,如何基于 `key` 来定位对应的桶呢?这是通过「哈希函数 hash function」实现的。哈希函数的作用是将一个较大的输入空间映射到一个较小的输出空间。在哈希表中输入空间是所有 `key` ,输出空间是所有桶(数组索引)。换句话说,输入一个 `key` **我们可以通过哈希函数得到该 `key` 对应的键值对在数组中的存储位置**。
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输入一个 `key` ,哈希函数的计算过程分为以下两步。
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1. 通过某种哈希算法 `hash()` 计算得到哈希值。
2. 将哈希值对桶数量(数组长度)`capacity` 取模,从而获取该 `key` 对应的数组索引 `index`
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```shell
index = hash(key) % capacity
```
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随后,我们就可以利用 `index` 在哈希表中访问对应的桶,从而获取 `value`
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设数组长度 `capacity = 100`、哈希算法 `hash(key) = key` ,易得哈希函数为 `key % 100` 。图 6-2 以 `key` 学号和 `value` 姓名为例,展示了哈希函数的工作原理。
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![哈希函数工作原理](hash_map.assets/hash_function.png)
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<p align="center"> 图 6-2 &nbsp; 哈希函数工作原理 </p>
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以下代码实现了一个简单哈希表。其中,我们将 `key``value` 封装成一个类 `Pair` ,以表示键值对。
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=== "Java"
```java title="array_hash_map.java"
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/* 键值对 */
class Pair {
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public int key;
public String val;
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public Pair(int key, String val) {
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this.key = key;
this.val = val;
}
}
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
class ArrayHashMap {
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private List<Pair> buckets;
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public ArrayHashMap() {
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// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
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buckets = new ArrayList<>();
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for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
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buckets.add(null);
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}
}
/* 哈希函数 */
private int hashFunc(int key) {
int index = key % 100;
return index;
}
/* 查询操作 */
public String get(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
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Pair pair = buckets.get(index);
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if (pair == null)
return null;
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return pair.val;
}
/* 添加操作 */
public void put(int key, String val) {
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Pair pair = new Pair(key, val);
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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buckets.set(index, pair);
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}
/* 删除操作 */
public void remove(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
// 置为 null ,代表删除
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buckets.set(index, null);
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}
/* 获取所有键值对 */
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public List<Pair> pairSet() {
List<Pair> pairSet = new ArrayList<>();
for (Pair pair : buckets) {
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if (pair != null)
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pairSet.add(pair);
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}
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return pairSet;
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}
/* 获取所有键 */
public List<Integer> keySet() {
List<Integer> keySet = new ArrayList<>();
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for (Pair pair : buckets) {
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if (pair != null)
keySet.add(pair.key);
}
return keySet;
}
/* 获取所有值 */
public List<String> valueSet() {
List<String> valueSet = new ArrayList<>();
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for (Pair pair : buckets) {
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if (pair != null)
valueSet.add(pair.val);
}
return valueSet;
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
public void print() {
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for (Pair kv : pairSet()) {
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System.out.println(kv.key + " -> " + kv.val);
}
}
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array_hash_map.cpp"
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/* 键值对 */
struct Pair {
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public:
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int key;
string val;
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Pair(int key, string val) {
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this->key = key;
this->val = val;
}
};
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
class ArrayHashMap {
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private:
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vector<Pair *> buckets;
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public:
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ArrayHashMap() {
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// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
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buckets = vector<Pair *>(100);
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}
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~ArrayHashMap() {
// 释放内存
for (const auto &bucket : buckets) {
delete bucket;
}
buckets.clear();
}
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/* 哈希函数 */
int hashFunc(int key) {
int index = key % 100;
return index;
}
/* 查询操作 */
string get(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
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Pair *pair = buckets[index];
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if (pair == nullptr)
return nullptr;
return pair->val;
}
/* 添加操作 */
void put(int key, string val) {
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Pair *pair = new Pair(key, val);
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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buckets[index] = pair;
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}
/* 删除操作 */
void remove(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
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// 释放内存并置为 nullptr
delete buckets[index];
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buckets[index] = nullptr;
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}
/* 获取所有键值对 */
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vector<Pair *> pairSet() {
vector<Pair *> pairSet;
for (Pair *pair : buckets) {
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if (pair != nullptr) {
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pairSet.push_back(pair);
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}
}
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return pairSet;
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}
/* 获取所有键 */
vector<int> keySet() {
vector<int> keySet;
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for (Pair *pair : buckets) {
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if (pair != nullptr) {
keySet.push_back(pair->key);
}
}
return keySet;
}
/* 获取所有值 */
vector<string> valueSet() {
vector<string> valueSet;
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for (Pair *pair : buckets) {
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if (pair != nullptr) {
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valueSet.push_back(pair->val);
}
}
return valueSet;
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
void print() {
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for (Pair *kv : pairSet()) {
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cout << kv->key << " -> " << kv->val << endl;
}
}
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title="array_hash_map.py"
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class Pair:
"""键值对"""
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def __init__(self, key: int, val: str):
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self.key = key
self.val = val
class ArrayHashMap:
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"""基于数组简易实现的哈希表"""
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def __init__(self):
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"""构造方法"""
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# 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
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self.buckets: list[Pair | None] = [None] * 100
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def hash_func(self, key: int) -> int:
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"""哈希函数"""
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index = key % 100
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return index
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def get(self, key: int) -> str:
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"""查询操作"""
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index: int = self.hash_func(key)
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pair: Pair = self.buckets[index]
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if pair is None:
return None
return pair.val
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def put(self, key: int, val: str):
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"""添加操作"""
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pair = Pair(key, val)
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index: int = self.hash_func(key)
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self.buckets[index] = pair
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def remove(self, key: int):
2 years ago
"""删除操作"""
2 years ago
index: int = self.hash_func(key)
2 years ago
# 置为 None ,代表删除
2 years ago
self.buckets[index] = None
2 years ago
1 year ago
def entry_set(self) -> list[Pair]:
2 years ago
"""获取所有键值对"""
1 year ago
result: list[Pair] = []
2 years ago
for pair in self.buckets:
2 years ago
if pair is not None:
result.append(pair)
return result
2 years ago
def key_set(self) -> list[int]:
2 years ago
"""获取所有键"""
2 years ago
result = []
2 years ago
for pair in self.buckets:
2 years ago
if pair is not None:
result.append(pair.key)
return result
2 years ago
def value_set(self) -> list[str]:
2 years ago
"""获取所有值"""
2 years ago
result = []
2 years ago
for pair in self.buckets:
2 years ago
if pair is not None:
result.append(pair.val)
return result
1 year ago
def print(self):
2 years ago
"""打印哈希表"""
2 years ago
for pair in self.buckets:
2 years ago
if pair is not None:
print(pair.key, "->", pair.val)
```
=== "Go"
```go title="array_hash_map.go"
1 year ago
/* 键值对 */
type pair struct {
2 years ago
key int
val string
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
type arrayHashMap struct {
1 year ago
buckets []*pair
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
/* 初始化哈希表 */
2 years ago
func newArrayHashMap() *arrayHashMap {
2 years ago
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
1 year ago
buckets := make([]*pair, 100)
2 years ago
return &arrayHashMap{buckets: buckets}
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 哈希函数 */
func (a *arrayHashMap) hashFunc(key int) int {
index := key % 100
return index
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 查询操作 */
func (a *arrayHashMap) get(key int) string {
index := a.hashFunc(key)
2 years ago
pair := a.buckets[index]
2 years ago
if pair == nil {
return "Not Found"
}
return pair.val
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 添加操作 */
func (a *arrayHashMap) put(key int, val string) {
1 year ago
pair := &pair{key: key, val: val}
2 years ago
index := a.hashFunc(key)
2 years ago
a.buckets[index] = pair
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 删除操作 */
func (a *arrayHashMap) remove(key int) {
index := a.hashFunc(key)
// 置为 nil ,代表删除
2 years ago
a.buckets[index] = nil
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
/* 获取所有键对 */
1 year ago
func (a *arrayHashMap) pairSet() []*pair {
var pairs []*pair
2 years ago
for _, pair := range a.buckets {
2 years ago
if pair != nil {
pairs = append(pairs, pair)
}
}
return pairs
}
/* 获取所有键 */
func (a *arrayHashMap) keySet() []int {
var keys []int
2 years ago
for _, pair := range a.buckets {
2 years ago
if pair != nil {
keys = append(keys, pair.key)
}
}
return keys
}
/* 获取所有值 */
func (a *arrayHashMap) valueSet() []string {
var values []string
2 years ago
for _, pair := range a.buckets {
2 years ago
if pair != nil {
values = append(values, pair.val)
}
}
return values
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
func (a *arrayHashMap) print() {
2 years ago
for _, pair := range a.buckets {
2 years ago
if pair != nil {
fmt.Println(pair.key, "->", pair.val)
}
}
}
2 years ago
```
1 year ago
=== "JS"
2 years ago
```javascript title="array_hash_map.js"
/* 键值对 Number -> String */
1 year ago
class Pair {
2 years ago
constructor(key, val) {
this.key = key;
this.val = val;
}
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
class ArrayHashMap {
2 years ago
#buckets;
2 years ago
constructor() {
2 years ago
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
2 years ago
this.#buckets = new Array(100).fill(null);
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 哈希函数 */
#hashFunc(key) {
return key % 100;
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 查询操作 */
get(key) {
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
1 year ago
let pair = this.#buckets[index];
if (pair === null) return null;
return pair.val;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 添加操作 */
set(key, val) {
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
1 year ago
this.#buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 删除操作 */
delete(key) {
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
// 置为 null ,代表删除
2 years ago
this.#buckets[index] = null;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
/* 获取所有键值对 */
entries() {
let arr = [];
2 years ago
for (let i = 0; i < this.#buckets.length; i++) {
if (this.#buckets[i]) {
arr.push(this.#buckets[i]);
2 years ago
}
}
return arr;
}
/* 获取所有键 */
keys() {
let arr = [];
2 years ago
for (let i = 0; i < this.#buckets.length; i++) {
if (this.#buckets[i]) {
1 year ago
arr.push(this.#buckets[i].key);
2 years ago
}
}
return arr;
}
/* 获取所有值 */
values() {
let arr = [];
2 years ago
for (let i = 0; i < this.#buckets.length; i++) {
if (this.#buckets[i]) {
1 year ago
arr.push(this.#buckets[i].val);
2 years ago
}
}
return arr;
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
print() {
1 year ago
let pairSet = this.entries();
for (const pair of pairSet) {
if (!pair) continue;
console.info(`${pair.key} -> ${pair.val}`);
2 years ago
}
}
2 years ago
}
```
1 year ago
=== "TS"
2 years ago
```typescript title="array_hash_map.ts"
/* 键值对 Number -> String */
1 year ago
class Pair {
2 years ago
public key: number;
public val: string;
2 years ago
constructor(key: number, val: string) {
this.key = key;
this.val = val;
}
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
class ArrayHashMap {
1 year ago
private readonly buckets: (Pair | null)[];
2 years ago
2 years ago
constructor() {
2 years ago
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
2 years ago
this.buckets = new Array(100).fill(null);
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 哈希函数 */
private hashFunc(key: number): number {
return key % 100;
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 查询操作 */
public get(key: number): string | null {
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
1 year ago
let pair = this.buckets[index];
if (pair === null) return null;
return pair.val;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 添加操作 */
public set(key: number, val: string) {
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
1 year ago
this.buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 删除操作 */
public delete(key: number) {
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
// 置为 null ,代表删除
2 years ago
this.buckets[index] = null;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
/* 获取所有键值对 */
1 year ago
public entries(): (Pair | null)[] {
let arr: (Pair | null)[] = [];
2 years ago
for (let i = 0; i < this.buckets.length; i++) {
if (this.buckets[i]) {
arr.push(this.buckets[i]);
2 years ago
}
}
return arr;
}
/* 获取所有键 */
public keys(): (number | undefined)[] {
let arr: (number | undefined)[] = [];
2 years ago
for (let i = 0; i < this.buckets.length; i++) {
if (this.buckets[i]) {
1 year ago
arr.push(this.buckets[i].key);
2 years ago
}
}
return arr;
}
/* 获取所有值 */
public values(): (string | undefined)[] {
let arr: (string | undefined)[] = [];
2 years ago
for (let i = 0; i < this.buckets.length; i++) {
if (this.buckets[i]) {
1 year ago
arr.push(this.buckets[i].val);
2 years ago
}
}
return arr;
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
public print() {
1 year ago
let pairSet = this.entries();
for (const pair of pairSet) {
if (!pair) continue;
console.info(`${pair.key} -> ${pair.val}`);
2 years ago
}
}
2 years ago
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="array_hash_map.c"
1 year ago
/* 键值对 int->string */
struct pair {
int key;
char *val;
};
typedef struct pair pair;
2 years ago
[class]{arrayHashMap}-[func]{}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array_hash_map.cs"
2 years ago
/* 键值对 int->string */
1 year ago
class Pair {
2 years ago
public int key;
2 years ago
public string val;
1 year ago
public Pair(int key, string val) {
2 years ago
this.key = key;
this.val = val;
}
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
2 years ago
class ArrayHashMap {
1 year ago
private List<Pair?> buckets;
2 years ago
public ArrayHashMap() {
2 years ago
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
2 years ago
buckets = new();
2 years ago
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
2 years ago
buckets.Add(null);
2 years ago
}
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 哈希函数 */
2 years ago
private int hashFunc(int key) {
2 years ago
int index = key % 100;
return index;
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 查询操作 */
2 years ago
public string? get(int key) {
2 years ago
int index = hashFunc(key);
1 year ago
Pair? pair = buckets[index];
2 years ago
if (pair == null) return null;
return pair.val;
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 添加操作 */
2 years ago
public void put(int key, string val) {
1 year ago
Pair pair = new Pair(key, val);
2 years ago
int index = hashFunc(key);
2 years ago
buckets[index] = pair;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 删除操作 */
2 years ago
public void remove(int key) {
2 years ago
int index = hashFunc(key);
// 置为 null ,代表删除
2 years ago
buckets[index] = null;
2 years ago
}
/* 获取所有键值对 */
1 year ago
public List<Pair> pairSet() {
List<Pair> pairSet = new();
foreach (Pair? pair in buckets) {
2 years ago
if (pair != null)
1 year ago
pairSet.Add(pair);
2 years ago
}
1 year ago
return pairSet;
2 years ago
}
/* 获取所有键 */
2 years ago
public List<int> keySet() {
2 years ago
List<int> keySet = new();
1 year ago
foreach (Pair? pair in buckets) {
2 years ago
if (pair != null)
keySet.Add(pair.key);
}
return keySet;
}
/* 获取所有值 */
2 years ago
public List<string> valueSet() {
2 years ago
List<string> valueSet = new();
1 year ago
foreach (Pair? pair in buckets) {
2 years ago
if (pair != null)
valueSet.Add(pair.val);
}
return valueSet;
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
2 years ago
public void print() {
1 year ago
foreach (Pair kv in pairSet()) {
2 years ago
Console.WriteLine(kv.key + " -> " + kv.val);
}
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array_hash_map.swift"
1 year ago
/* 键值对 */
class Pair {
2 years ago
var key: Int
var val: String
2 years ago
2 years ago
init(key: Int, val: String) {
self.key = key
self.val = val
}
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
class ArrayHashMap {
1 year ago
private var buckets: [Pair?] = []
2 years ago
2 years ago
init() {
2 years ago
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
2 years ago
for _ in 0 ..< 100 {
2 years ago
buckets.append(nil)
2 years ago
}
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 哈希函数 */
private func hashFunc(key: Int) -> Int {
let index = key % 100
return index
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 查询操作 */
func get(key: Int) -> String? {
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
2 years ago
let pair = buckets[index]
2 years ago
return pair?.val
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 添加操作 */
func put(key: Int, val: String) {
1 year ago
let pair = Pair(key: key, val: val)
2 years ago
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
2 years ago
buckets[index] = pair
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
/* 删除操作 */
func remove(key: Int) {
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
// 置为 nil ,代表删除
2 years ago
buckets[index] = nil
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
/* 获取所有键值对 */
1 year ago
func pairSet() -> [Pair] {
var pairSet: [Pair] = []
2 years ago
for pair in buckets {
2 years ago
if let pair = pair {
1 year ago
pairSet.append(pair)
2 years ago
}
}
1 year ago
return pairSet
2 years ago
}
/* 获取所有键 */
func keySet() -> [Int] {
var keySet: [Int] = []
2 years ago
for pair in buckets {
2 years ago
if let pair = pair {
keySet.append(pair.key)
}
}
return keySet
}
/* 获取所有值 */
func valueSet() -> [String] {
var valueSet: [String] = []
2 years ago
for pair in buckets {
2 years ago
if let pair = pair {
valueSet.append(pair.val)
}
}
return valueSet
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
func print() {
1 year ago
for pair in pairSet() {
Swift.print("\(pair.key) -> \(pair.val)")
2 years ago
}
}
2 years ago
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="array_hash_map.zig"
1 year ago
// 键值对
const Pair = struct {
2 years ago
key: usize = undefined,
val: []const u8 = undefined,
2 years ago
1 year ago
pub fn init(key: usize, val: []const u8) Pair {
1 year ago
return Pair {
2 years ago
.key = key,
.val = val,
};
}
};
// 基于数组简易实现的哈希表
fn ArrayHashMap(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
1 year ago
bucket: ?std.ArrayList(?T) = null,
2 years ago
mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined,
const Self = @This();
1 year ago
// 构造函数
2 years ago
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
self.mem_allocator = allocator;
1 year ago
// 初始化一个长度为 100 的桶(数组)
self.bucket = std.ArrayList(?T).init(self.mem_allocator);
2 years ago
var i: i32 = 0;
while (i < 100) : (i += 1) {
1 year ago
try self.bucket.?.append(null);
2 years ago
}
}
1 year ago
// 析构函数
2 years ago
pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
1 year ago
if (self.bucket != null) self.bucket.?.deinit();
2 years ago
}
// 哈希函数
fn hashFunc(key: usize) usize {
var index = key % 100;
return index;
}
// 查询操作
pub fn get(self: *Self, key: usize) []const u8 {
var index = hashFunc(key);
1 year ago
var pair = self.bucket.?.items[index];
2 years ago
return pair.?.val;
}
// 添加操作
pub fn put(self: *Self, key: usize, val: []const u8) !void {
1 year ago
var pair = Pair.init(key, val);
2 years ago
var index = hashFunc(key);
1 year ago
self.bucket.?.items[index] = pair;
2 years ago
}
// 删除操作
pub fn remove(self: *Self, key: usize) !void {
var index = hashFunc(key);
// 置为 null ,代表删除
1 year ago
self.bucket.?.items[index] = null;
2 years ago
}
// 获取所有键值对
1 year ago
pub fn pairSet(self: *Self) !std.ArrayList(T) {
2 years ago
var entry_set = std.ArrayList(T).init(self.mem_allocator);
1 year ago
for (self.bucket.?.items) |item| {
2 years ago
if (item == null) continue;
try entry_set.append(item.?);
}
1 year ago
return entry_set;
2 years ago
}
// 获取所有键
1 year ago
pub fn keySet(self: *Self) !std.ArrayList(usize) {
2 years ago
var key_set = std.ArrayList(usize).init(self.mem_allocator);
1 year ago
for (self.bucket.?.items) |item| {
2 years ago
if (item == null) continue;
try key_set.append(item.?.key);
}
1 year ago
return key_set;
2 years ago
}
// 获取所有值
1 year ago
pub fn valueSet(self: *Self) !std.ArrayList([]const u8) {
2 years ago
var value_set = std.ArrayList([]const u8).init(self.mem_allocator);
1 year ago
for (self.bucket.?.items) |item| {
2 years ago
if (item == null) continue;
try value_set.append(item.?.val);
}
1 year ago
return value_set;
2 years ago
}
// 打印哈希表
pub fn print(self: *Self) !void {
1 year ago
var entry_set = try self.pairSet();
2 years ago
defer entry_set.deinit();
for (entry_set.items) |item| {
std.debug.print("{} -> {s}\n", .{item.key, item.val});
}
}
};
}
2 years ago
```
1 year ago
=== "Dart"
```dart title="array_hash_map.dart"
1 year ago
/* 键值对 */
class Pair {
1 year ago
int key;
String val;
1 year ago
Pair(this.key, this.val);
1 year ago
}
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
class ArrayHashMap {
1 year ago
late List<Pair?> _buckets;
1 year ago
ArrayHashMap() {
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
_buckets = List.filled(100, null);
}
/* 哈希函数 */
int _hashFunc(int key) {
final int index = key % 100;
return index;
}
/* 查询操作 */
String? get(int key) {
final int index = _hashFunc(key);
1 year ago
final Pair? pair = _buckets[index];
1 year ago
if (pair == null) {
return null;
}
return pair.val;
}
/* 添加操作 */
void put(int key, String val) {
1 year ago
final Pair pair = Pair(key, val);
1 year ago
final int index = _hashFunc(key);
_buckets[index] = pair;
}
/* 删除操作 */
void remove(int key) {
final int index = _hashFunc(key);
_buckets[index] = null;
}
/* 获取所有键值对 */
1 year ago
List<Pair> pairSet() {
List<Pair> pairSet = [];
for (final Pair? pair in _buckets) {
1 year ago
if (pair != null) {
1 year ago
pairSet.add(pair);
1 year ago
}
}
1 year ago
return pairSet;
1 year ago
}
/* 获取所有键 */
List<int> keySet() {
List<int> keySet = [];
1 year ago
for (final Pair? pair in _buckets) {
1 year ago
if (pair != null) {
keySet.add(pair.key);
}
}
return keySet;
}
/* 获取所有值 */
List<String> values() {
List<String> valueSet = [];
1 year ago
for (final Pair? pair in _buckets) {
1 year ago
if (pair != null) {
valueSet.add(pair.val);
}
}
return valueSet;
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
void printHashMap() {
1 year ago
for (final Pair kv in pairSet()) {
1 year ago
print("${kv.key} -> ${kv.val}");
}
}
}
```
2 years ago
1 year ago
=== "Rust"
```rust title="array_hash_map.rs"
/* 键值对 */
pub struct Pair {
pub key: i32,
pub val: String,
}
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
pub struct ArrayHashMap {
buckets: Vec<Option<Pair>>
}
impl ArrayHashMap {
pub fn new() -> ArrayHashMap {
// 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
Self { buckets: vec![None; 100] }
}
/* 哈希函数 */
fn hash_func(&self, key: i32) -> usize {
key as usize % 100
}
/* 查询操作 */
pub fn get(&self, key: i32) -> Option<&String> {
let index = self.hash_func(key);
self.buckets[index].as_ref().map(|pair| &pair.val)
}
/* 添加操作 */
pub fn put(&mut self, key: i32, val: &str) {
let index = self.hash_func(key);
self.buckets[index] = Some(Pair {
key,
val: val.to_string(),
});
}
/* 删除操作 */
pub fn remove(&mut self, key: i32) {
let index = self.hash_func(key);
// 置为 None ,代表删除
self.buckets[index] = None;
}
/* 获取所有键值对 */
pub fn entry_set(&self) -> Vec<&Pair> {
self.buckets.iter().filter_map(|pair| pair.as_ref()).collect()
}
/* 获取所有键 */
pub fn key_set(&self) -> Vec<&i32> {
self.buckets.iter().filter_map(|pair| pair.as_ref().map(|pair| &pair.key)).collect()
}
/* 获取所有值 */
pub fn value_set(&self) -> Vec<&String> {
self.buckets.iter().filter_map(|pair| pair.as_ref().map(|pair| &pair.val)).collect()
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
pub fn print(&self) {
for pair in self.entry_set() {
println!("{} -> {}", pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
```
1 year ago
## 6.1.3 &nbsp; 哈希冲突与扩容
2 years ago
1 year ago
本质上看,哈希函数的作用是将所有 `key` 构成的输入空间映射到数组所有索引构成的输出空间,而输入空间往往远大于输出空间。因此,**理论上一定存在“多个输入对应相同输出”的情况**。
1 year ago
1 year ago
对于上述示例中的哈希函数,当输入的 `key` 后两位相同时,哈希函数的输出结果也相同。例如,查询学号为 12836 和 20336 的两个学生时,我们得到:
2 years ago
1 year ago
```shell
1 year ago
12836 % 100 = 36
20336 % 100 = 36
1 year ago
```
2 years ago
1 year ago
如图 6-3 所示,两个学号指向了同一个姓名,这显然是不对的。我们将这种多个输入对应同一输出的情况称为「哈希冲突 hash collision」。
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![哈希冲突示例](hash_map.assets/hash_collision.png)
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<p align="center"> 图 6-3 &nbsp; 哈希冲突示例 </p>
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容易想到,哈希表容量 $n$ 越大,多个 `key` 被分配到同一个桶中的概率就越低,冲突就越少。因此,**我们可以通过扩容哈希表来减少哈希冲突**。
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如图 6-4 所示,扩容前键值对 `(136, A)``(236, D)` 发生冲突,扩容后冲突消失。
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![哈希表扩容](hash_map.assets/hash_table_reshash.png)
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<p align="center"> 图 6-4 &nbsp; 哈希表扩容 </p>
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类似于数组扩容,哈希表扩容需将所有键值对从原哈希表迁移至新哈希表,非常耗时。并且由于哈希表容量 `capacity` 改变,我们需要通过哈希函数来重新计算所有键值对的存储位置,这进一步提高了扩容过程的计算开销。为此,编程语言通常会预留足够大的哈希表容量,防止频繁扩容。
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「负载因子 load factor」是哈希表的一个重要概念其定义为哈希表的元素数量除以桶数量用于衡量哈希冲突的严重程度**也常被作为哈希表扩容的触发条件**。例如在 Java 中,当负载因子超过 $0.75$ 时,系统会将哈希表容量扩展为原先的 $2$ 倍。