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# 二叉树
「二叉树 Binary Tree」是一种非线性数据结构代表着祖先与后代之间的派生关系体现着“一分为二”的分治逻辑。与链表类似二叉树的基本单元是节点每个节点包含一个「值」和两个「指针」。
=== "Java"
```java title=""
/* 二叉树节点类 */
class TreeNode {
int val; // 节点值
TreeNode left; // 左子节点指针
TreeNode right; // 右子节点指针
TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title=""
/* 二叉树节点结构体 */
struct TreeNode {
int val; // 节点值
TreeNode *left; // 左子节点指针
TreeNode *right; // 右子节点指针
TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title=""
class TreeNode:
"""二叉树节点类"""
def __init__(self, val: int):
self.val: int = val # 节点值
self.left: Optional[TreeNode] = None # 左子节点指针
self.right: Optional[TreeNode] = None # 右子节点指针
```
=== "Go"
```go title=""
/* 二叉树节点结构体 */
type TreeNode struct {
Val int
Left *TreeNode
Right *TreeNode
}
/* 节点初始化方法 */
func NewTreeNode(v int) *TreeNode {
return &TreeNode{
Left: nil,
Right: nil,
Val: v,
}
}
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title=""
/* 二叉树节点类 */
function TreeNode(val, left, right) {
this.val = (val === undefined ? 0 : val); // 节点值
this.left = (left === undefined ? null : left); // 左子节点指针
this.right = (right === undefined ? null : right); // 右子节点指针
}
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title=""
/* 二叉树节点类 */
class TreeNode {
val: number;
left: TreeNode | null;
right: TreeNode | null;
constructor(val?: number, left?: TreeNode | null, right?: TreeNode | null) {
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
this.left = left === undefined ? null : left; // 左子节点指针
this.right = right === undefined ? null : right; // 右子节点指针
}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title=""
/* 二叉树节点结构体 */
struct TreeNode {
int val; // 节点值
int height; // 节点高度
struct TreeNode *left; // 左子节点指针
struct TreeNode *right; // 右子节点指针
};
typedef struct TreeNode TreeNode;
/* 构造函数 */
TreeNode *newTreeNode(int val) {
TreeNode *node;
node = (TreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(TreeNode));
node->val = val;
node->height = 0;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return node;
}
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title=""
/* 二叉树节点类 */
class TreeNode {
int val; // 节点值
TreeNode? left; // 左子节点指针
TreeNode? right; // 右子节点指针
TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title=""
/* 二叉树节点类 */
class TreeNode {
var val: Int // 节点值
var left: TreeNode? // 左子节点指针
var right: TreeNode? // 右子节点指针
init(x: Int) {
val = x
}
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title=""
```
=== "Dart"
```dart title=""
/* 二叉树节点类 */
class TreeNode {
int val; // 节点值
TreeNode? left; // 左子节点指针
TreeNode? right; // 右子节点指针
TreeNode(this.val, [this.left, this.right]);
}
```
节点的两个指针分别指向「左子节点」和「右子节点」,同时该节点被称为这两个子节点的「父节点」。当给定一个二叉树的节点时,我们将该节点的左子节点及其以下节点形成的树称为该节点的「左子树」,同理可得「右子树」。
**在二叉树中,除叶节点外,其他所有节点都包含子节点和非空子树**。例如,在以下示例中,若将“节点 2”视为父节点则其左子节点和右子节点分别是“节点 4”和“节点 5”左子树是“节点 4 及其以下节点形成的树”,右子树是“节点 5 及其以下节点形成的树”。
![父节点、子节点、子树](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_definition.png)
## 二叉树常见术语
二叉树涉及的术语较多,建议尽量理解并记住。
- 「根节点 Root Node」位于二叉树顶层的节点没有父节点
- 「叶节点 Leaf Node」没有子节点的节点其两个指针均指向 $\text{None}$
- 节点的「层 Level」从顶至底递增根节点所在层为 1
- 节点的「度 Degree」节点的子节点的数量。在二叉树中度的范围是 0, 1, 2
- 「边 Edge」连接两个节点的线段即节点指针
- 二叉树的「高度」:从根节点到最远叶节点所经过的边的数量;
- 节点的「深度 Depth」 :从根节点到该节点所经过的边的数量;
- 节点的「高度 Height」从最远叶节点到该节点所经过的边的数量
![二叉树的常用术语](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_terminology.png)
!!! tip "高度与深度的定义"
请注意,我们通常将「高度」和「深度」定义为“走过边的数量”,但有些题目或教材可能会将其定义为“走过节点的数量”。在这种情况下,高度和深度都需要加 1 。
## 二叉树基本操作
**初始化二叉树**。与链表类似,首先初始化节点,然后构建引用指向(即指针)。
=== "Java"
```java title="binary_tree.java"
// 初始化节点
TreeNode n1 = new TreeNode(1);
TreeNode n2 = new TreeNode(2);
TreeNode n3 = new TreeNode(3);
TreeNode n4 = new TreeNode(4);
TreeNode n5 = new TreeNode(5);
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.left = n2;
n1.right = n3;
n2.left = n4;
n2.right = n5;
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="binary_tree.cpp"
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 初始化节点
TreeNode* n1 = new TreeNode(1);
TreeNode* n2 = new TreeNode(2);
TreeNode* n3 = new TreeNode(3);
TreeNode* n4 = new TreeNode(4);
TreeNode* n5 = new TreeNode(5);
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1->left = n2;
n1->right = n3;
n2->left = n4;
n2->right = n5;
```
=== "Python"
```python title="binary_tree.py"
# 初始化二叉树
# 初始化节点
n1 = TreeNode(val=1)
n2 = TreeNode(val=2)
n3 = TreeNode(val=3)
n4 = TreeNode(val=4)
n5 = TreeNode(val=5)
# 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.left = n2
n1.right = n3
n2.left = n4
n2.right = n5
```
=== "Go"
```go title="binary_tree.go"
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 初始化节点
n1 := NewTreeNode(1)
n2 := NewTreeNode(2)
n3 := NewTreeNode(3)
n4 := NewTreeNode(4)
n5 := NewTreeNode(5)
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.Left = n2
n1.Right = n3
n2.Left = n4
n2.Right = n5
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="binary_tree.js"
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 初始化节点
let n1 = new TreeNode(1),
n2 = new TreeNode(2),
n3 = new TreeNode(3),
n4 = new TreeNode(4),
n5 = new TreeNode(5);
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.left = n2;
n1.right = n3;
n2.left = n4;
n2.right = n5;
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_tree.ts"
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 初始化节点
let n1 = new TreeNode(1),
n2 = new TreeNode(2),
n3 = new TreeNode(3),
n4 = new TreeNode(4),
n5 = new TreeNode(5);
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.left = n2;
n1.right = n3;
n2.left = n4;
n2.right = n5;
```
=== "C"
```c title="binary_tree.c"
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 初始化节点
TreeNode *n1 = newTreeNode(1);
TreeNode *n2 = newTreeNode(2);
TreeNode *n3 = newTreeNode(3);
TreeNode *n4 = newTreeNode(4);
TreeNode *n5 = newTreeNode(5);
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1->left = n2;
n1->right = n3;
n2->left = n4;
n2->right = n5;
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="binary_tree.cs"
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 初始化节点
TreeNode n1 = new TreeNode(1);
TreeNode n2 = new TreeNode(2);
TreeNode n3 = new TreeNode(3);
TreeNode n4 = new TreeNode(4);
TreeNode n5 = new TreeNode(5);
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.left = n2;
n1.right = n3;
n2.left = n4;
n2.right = n5;
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="binary_tree.swift"
// 初始化节点
let n1 = TreeNode(x: 1)
let n2 = TreeNode(x: 2)
let n3 = TreeNode(x: 3)
let n4 = TreeNode(x: 4)
let n5 = TreeNode(x: 5)
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.left = n2
n1.right = n3
n2.left = n4
n2.right = n5
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="binary_tree.zig"
```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="binary_tree.dart"
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 初始化节点
TreeNode n1 = new TreeNode(1);
TreeNode n2 = new TreeNode(2);
TreeNode n3 = new TreeNode(3);
TreeNode n4 = new TreeNode(4);
TreeNode n5 = new TreeNode(5);
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.left = n2;
n1.right = n3;
n2.left = n4;
n2.right = n5;
```
**插入与删除节点**。与链表类似,通过修改指针来实现插入与删除节点。
![在二叉树中插入与删除节点](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_add_remove.png)
=== "Java"
```java title="binary_tree.java"
TreeNode P = new TreeNode(0);
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
n1.left = P;
P.left = n2;
// 删除节点 P
n1.left = n2;
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="binary_tree.cpp"
/* 插入与删除节点 */
TreeNode* P = new TreeNode(0);
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
n1->left = P;
P->left = n2;
// 删除节点 P
n1->left = n2;
```
=== "Python"
```python title="binary_tree.py"
# 插入与删除节点
p = TreeNode(0)
# 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
n1.left = p
p.left = n2
# 删除节点 P
n1.left = n2
```
=== "Go"
```go title="binary_tree.go"
/* 插入与删除节点 */
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
p := NewTreeNode(0)
n1.Left = p
p.Left = n2
// 删除节点 P
n1.Left = n2
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="binary_tree.js"
/* 插入与删除节点 */
let P = new TreeNode(0);
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
n1.left = P;
P.left = n2;
// 删除节点 P
n1.left = n2;
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_tree.ts"
/* 插入与删除节点 */
const P = new TreeNode(0);
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
n1.left = P;
P.left = n2;
// 删除节点 P
n1.left = n2;
```
=== "C"
```c title="binary_tree.c"
/* 插入与删除节点 */
TreeNode *P = newTreeNode(0);
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
n1->left = P;
P->left = n2;
// 删除节点 P
n1->left = n2;
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="binary_tree.cs"
/* 插入与删除节点 */
TreeNode P = new TreeNode(0);
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
n1.left = P;
P.left = n2;
// 删除节点 P
n1.left = n2;
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="binary_tree.swift"
let P = TreeNode(x: 0)
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
n1.left = P
P.left = n2
// 删除节点 P
n1.left = n2
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="binary_tree.zig"
```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="binary_tree.dart"
/* 插入与删除节点 */
TreeNode P = new TreeNode(0);
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
n1.left = P;
P.left = n2;
// 删除节点 P
n1.left = n2;
```
!!! note
需要注意的是,插入节点可能会改变二叉树的原有逻辑结构,而删除节点通常意味着删除该节点及其所有子树。因此,在二叉树中,插入与删除操作通常是由一套操作配合完成的,以实现有实际意义的操作。
## 常见二叉树类型
### 完美二叉树
「完美二叉树 Perfect Binary Tree」除了最底层外其余所有层的节点都被完全填满。在完美二叉树中叶节点的度为 $0$ ,其余所有节点的度都为 $2$ ;若树高度为 $h$ ,则节点总数为 $2^{h+1} - 1$ ,呈现标准的指数级关系,反映了自然界中常见的细胞分裂现象。
!!! tip
在中文社区中,完美二叉树常被称为「满二叉树」,请注意区分。
![完美二叉树](binary_tree.assets/perfect_binary_tree.png)
### 完全二叉树
「完全二叉树 Complete Binary Tree」只有最底层的节点未被填满且最底层节点尽量靠左填充。
![完全二叉树](binary_tree.assets/complete_binary_tree.png)
### 完满二叉树
「完满二叉树 Full Binary Tree」除了叶节点之外其余所有节点都有两个子节点。
![完满二叉树](binary_tree.assets/full_binary_tree.png)
### 平衡二叉树
「平衡二叉树 Balanced Binary Tree」中任意节点的左子树和右子树的高度之差的绝对值不超过 1 。
![平衡二叉树](binary_tree.assets/balanced_binary_tree.png)
## 二叉树的退化
当二叉树的每层节点都被填满时,达到「完美二叉树」;而当所有节点都偏向一侧时,二叉树退化为「链表」。
- 完美二叉树是理想情况,可以充分发挥二叉树“分治”的优势;
- 链表则是另一个极端,各项操作都变为线性操作,时间复杂度退化至 $O(n)$
![二叉树的最佳与最差结构](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_best_worst_cases.png)
如下表所示,在最佳和最差结构下,二叉树的叶节点数量、节点总数、高度等达到极大或极小值。
<div class="center-table" markdown>
| | 完美二叉树 | 链表 |
| ----------------------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| 第 $i$ 层的节点数量 | $2^{i-1}$ | $1$ |
| 树的高度为 $h$ 时的叶节点数量 | $2^h$ | $1$ |
| 树的高度为 $h$ 时的节点总数 | $2^{h+1} - 1$ | $h + 1$ |
| 树的节点总数为 $n$ 时的高度 | $\log_2 (n+1) - 1$ | $n - 1$ |
</div>