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# 链表
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内存空间是所有程序的公共资源,排除已被占用的内存空间,空闲内存空间通常散落在内存各处。在上一节中,我们提到存储数组的内存空间必须是连续的,而当需要申请一个非常大的数组时,空闲内存中可能没有这么大的连续空间。与数组相比,链表更具灵活性,它可以被存储在非连续的内存空间中。
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「链表 Linked List」是一种线性数据结构,其每个元素都是一个节点对象,各个节点之间通过指针连接,从当前节点通过指针可以访问到下一个节点。**由于指针记录了下个节点的内存地址,因此无需保证内存地址的连续性**,从而可以将各个节点分散存储在内存各处。
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链表中的「节点 Node」包含两项数据,一是节点「值 Value」,二是指向下一节点的「指针 Pointer」,或称「引用 Reference」。
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![链表定义与存储方式](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_definition.png)
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=== "Java"
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```java title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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ListNode next; // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
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ListNode(int x) { val = x; } // 构造函数
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title=""
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/* 链表节点结构体 */
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struct ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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ListNode *next; // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
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ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr) {} // 构造函数
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};
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title=""
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class ListNode:
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"""链表节点类"""
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def __init__(self, val: int):
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self.val: int = val # 节点值
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self.next: Optional[ListNode] = None # 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title=""
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/* 链表节点结构体 */
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type ListNode struct {
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Val int // 节点值
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Next *ListNode // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
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}
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// NewListNode 构造函数,创建一个新的链表
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func NewListNode(val int) *ListNode {
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return &ListNode{
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Val: val,
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Next: nil,
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}
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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val;
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next;
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constructor(val, next) {
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this.val = (val === undefined ? 0 : val); // 节点值
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this.next = (next === undefined ? null : next); // 指向下一节点的引用
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}
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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val: number;
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next: ListNode | null;
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constructor(val?: number, next?: ListNode | null) {
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this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
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this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向下一节点的引用
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title=""
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/* 链表节点结构体 */
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struct ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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struct ListNode *next; // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
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};
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typedef struct ListNode ListNode;
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/* 构造函数 */
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ListNode *newListNode(int val) {
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ListNode *node, *next;
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node = (ListNode *) malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
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node->val = val;
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node->next = NULL;
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return node;
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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ListNode next; // 指向下一节点的引用
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ListNode(int x) => val = x; //构造函数
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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var val: Int // 节点值
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var next: ListNode? // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
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init(x: Int) { // 构造函数
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val = x
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title=""
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// 链表节点类
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pub fn ListNode(comptime T: type) type {
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return struct {
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const Self = @This();
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val: T = 0, // 节点值
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next: ?*Self = null, // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
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// 构造函数
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pub fn init(self: *Self, x: i32) void {
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self.val = x;
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self.next = null;
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}
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};
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title=""
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/* 链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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ListNode? next; // 指向下一节点的指针(引用)
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ListNode(this.val, [this.next]); // 构造函数
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title=""
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```
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我们将链表的首个节点称为「头节点」,最后一个节点称为「尾节点」。尾节点指向的是“空”,在 Java, C++, Python 中分别记为 $\text{null}$ , $\text{nullptr}$ , $\text{None}$ 。在不引起歧义的前提下,本书都使用 $\text{None}$ 来表示空。
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**链表初始化方法**。建立链表分为两步,第一步是初始化各个节点对象,第二步是构建引用指向关系。完成后,即可以从链表的头节点(即首个节点)出发,通过指针 `next` 依次访问所有节点。
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|
|
=== "Java"
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```java title="linked_list.java"
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/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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ListNode n0 = new ListNode(1);
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ListNode n1 = new ListNode(3);
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ListNode n2 = new ListNode(2);
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ListNode n3 = new ListNode(5);
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ListNode n4 = new ListNode(4);
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// 构建引用指向
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n0.next = n1;
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n1.next = n2;
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n2.next = n3;
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n3.next = n4;
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```
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=== "C++"
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|
|
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
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/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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ListNode* n0 = new ListNode(1);
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ListNode* n1 = new ListNode(3);
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ListNode* n2 = new ListNode(2);
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ListNode* n3 = new ListNode(5);
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ListNode* n4 = new ListNode(4);
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// 构建引用指向
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n0->next = n1;
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n1->next = n2;
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n2->next = n3;
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n3->next = n4;
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```
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|
|
|
=== "Python"
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|
|
```python title="linked_list.py"
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# 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4
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# 初始化各个节点
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n0 = ListNode(1)
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n1 = ListNode(3)
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n2 = ListNode(2)
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n3 = ListNode(5)
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n4 = ListNode(4)
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# 构建引用指向
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n0.next = n1
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n1.next = n2
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n2.next = n3
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n3.next = n4
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```
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|
=== "Go"
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|
```go title="linked_list.go"
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/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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n0 := NewListNode(1)
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n1 := NewListNode(3)
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n2 := NewListNode(2)
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n3 := NewListNode(5)
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n4 := NewListNode(4)
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// 构建引用指向
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n0.Next = n1
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n1.Next = n2
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n2.Next = n3
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n3.Next = n4
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```
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=== "JS"
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|
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
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/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
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// 初始化各个节点
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const n0 = new ListNode(1);
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const n1 = new ListNode(3);
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const n2 = new ListNode(2);
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const n3 = new ListNode(5);
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const n4 = new ListNode(4);
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|
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// 构建引用指向
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|
n0.next = n1;
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n1.next = n2;
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n2.next = n3;
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|
n3.next = n4;
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|
```
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|
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|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
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|
|
|
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化各个节点
|
|
|
|
|
const n0 = new ListNode(1);
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|
|
|
|
const n1 = new ListNode(3);
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|
|
|
|
const n2 = new ListNode(2);
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|
|
|
const n3 = new ListNode(5);
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|
|
|
const n4 = new ListNode(4);
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建引用指向
|
|
|
|
|
n0.next = n1;
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|
|
n1.next = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
n2.next = n3;
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|
|
|
n3.next = n4;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="linked_list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化各个节点
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode* n0 = newListNode(1);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode* n1 = newListNode(3);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode* n2 = newListNode(2);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode* n3 = newListNode(5);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode* n4 = newListNode(4);
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建引用指向
|
|
|
|
|
n0->next = n1;
|
|
|
|
|
n1->next = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
n2->next = n3;
|
|
|
|
|
n3->next = n4;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化各个节点
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode n0 = new ListNode(1);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode n1 = new ListNode(3);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode n2 = new ListNode(2);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode n3 = new ListNode(5);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode n4 = new ListNode(4);
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建引用指向
|
|
|
|
|
n0.next = n1;
|
|
|
|
|
n1.next = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
n2.next = n3;
|
|
|
|
|
n3.next = n4;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化各个节点
|
|
|
|
|
let n0 = ListNode(x: 1)
|
|
|
|
|
let n1 = ListNode(x: 3)
|
|
|
|
|
let n2 = ListNode(x: 2)
|
|
|
|
|
let n3 = ListNode(x: 5)
|
|
|
|
|
let n4 = ListNode(x: 4)
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建引用指向
|
|
|
|
|
n0.next = n1
|
|
|
|
|
n1.next = n2
|
|
|
|
|
n2.next = n3
|
|
|
|
|
n3.next = n4
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化链表
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化各个节点
|
|
|
|
|
var n0 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 1};
|
|
|
|
|
var n1 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 3};
|
|
|
|
|
var n2 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 2};
|
|
|
|
|
var n3 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 5};
|
|
|
|
|
var n4 = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 4};
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建引用指向
|
|
|
|
|
n0.next = &n1;
|
|
|
|
|
n1.next = &n2;
|
|
|
|
|
n2.next = &n3;
|
|
|
|
|
n3.next = &n4;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */\
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化各个节点
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode n0 = ListNode(1);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode n1 = ListNode(3);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode n2 = ListNode(2);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode n3 = ListNode(5);
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode n4 = ListNode(4);
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建引用指向
|
|
|
|
|
n0.next = n1;
|
|
|
|
|
n1.next = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
n2.next = n3;
|
|
|
|
|
n3.next = n4;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在编程语言中,数组整体是一个变量,比如数组 `nums` 包含元素 `nums[0]` , `nums[1]` 等。而链表是由多个分散的节点对象组成,**我们通常将头节点当作链表的代称**,比如以上代码中的链表可被记做链表 `n0` 。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 链表优点
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**链表中插入与删除节点的操作效率高**。如果我们想在链表中间的两个节点 `A` , `B` 之间插入一个新节点 `P` ,我们只需要改变两个节点指针即可,时间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ;相比之下,数组的插入操作效率要低得多。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![链表插入节点](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_insert_node.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="linked_list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{linked_list}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="linked_list.py"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="linked_list.go"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{insertNode}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="linked_list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{linked_list}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{insert}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在链表中删除节点也非常方便,只需改变一个节点的指针即可。如下图所示,尽管在删除操作完成后,节点 `P` 仍然指向 `n1` ,但实际上 `P` 已经不再属于此链表,因为遍历此链表时无法访问到 `P` 。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![链表删除节点](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_remove_node.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="linked_list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{linked_list}-[func]{remove}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="linked_list.py"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="linked_list.go"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{removeNode}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="linked_list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{removeNode}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{linked_list}-[func]{remove}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{remove}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 链表缺点
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**链表访问节点效率较低**。如上节所述,数组可以在 $O(1)$ 时间下访问任意元素。然而链表无法直接访问任意节点,因为程序需要从头节点出发,逐个向后遍历,直至找到目标节点。也就是说,如果想要访问链表中第 $i$ 个节点,则需要向后遍历 $i - 1$ 轮。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="linked_list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{linked_list}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="linked_list.py"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="linked_list.go"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="linked_list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{linked_list}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{access}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**链表的内存占用较大**。链表以节点为单位,每个节点除了包含值,还需额外保存下一节点的引用(指针)。这意味着在相同数据量的情况下,链表比数组需要占用更多的内存空间。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 链表常用操作
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**遍历链表查找**。遍历链表,查找链表内值为 `target` 的节点,输出节点在链表中的索引。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="linked_list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{linked_list}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="linked_list.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="linked_list.py"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="linked_list.go"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{findNode}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="linked_list.js"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="linked_list.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="linked_list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="linked_list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{linked_list}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="linked_list.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="linked_list.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="linked_list.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="linked_list.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{find}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 常见链表类型
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**单向链表**。即上述介绍的普通链表。单向链表的节点包含值和指向下一节点的指针(引用)两项数据。我们将首个节点称为头节点,将最后一个节点成为尾节点,尾节点指向空 $\text{None}$ 。
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**环形链表**。如果我们令单向链表的尾节点指向头节点(即首尾相接),则得到一个环形链表。在环形链表中,任意节点都可以视作头节点。
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**双向链表**。与单向链表相比,双向链表记录了两个方向的指针(引用)。双向链表的节点定义同时包含指向后继节点(下一节点)和前驱节点(上一节点)的指针。相较于单向链表,双向链表更具灵活性,可以朝两个方向遍历链表,但相应地也需要占用更多的内存空间。
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=== "Java"
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```java title=""
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/* 双向链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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ListNode next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
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ListNode prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
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ListNode(int x) { val = x; } // 构造函数
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title=""
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/* 双向链表节点结构体 */
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struct ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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ListNode *next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
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ListNode *prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
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ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr), prev(nullptr) {} // 构造函数
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};
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title=""
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class ListNode:
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"""双向链表节点类"""
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def __init__(self, val: int):
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self.val: int = val # 节点值
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self.next: Optional[ListNode] = None # 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
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self.prev: Optional[ListNode] = None # 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title=""
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/* 双向链表节点结构体 */
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type DoublyListNode struct {
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Val int // 节点值
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Next *DoublyListNode // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
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Prev *DoublyListNode // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
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}
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// NewDoublyListNode 初始化
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func NewDoublyListNode(val int) *DoublyListNode {
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return &DoublyListNode{
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Val: val,
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Next: nil,
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Prev: nil,
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}
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title=""
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/* 双向链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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val;
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next;
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prev;
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constructor(val, next, prev) {
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this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
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this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
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this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title=""
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/* 双向链表节点类 */
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class ListNode {
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val: number;
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next: ListNode | null;
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prev: ListNode | null;
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constructor(val?: number, next?: ListNode | null, prev?: ListNode | null) {
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this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
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this.next = next === undefined ? null : next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
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this.prev = prev === undefined ? null : prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title=""
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/* 双向链表节点结构体 */
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struct ListNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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struct ListNode *next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
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struct ListNode *prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
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};
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|
|
typedef struct ListNode ListNode;
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/* 构造函数 */
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|
|
ListNode *newListNode(int val) {
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|
ListNode *node, *next;
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|
node = (ListNode *) malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
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node->val = val;
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node->next = NULL;
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node->prev = NULL;
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return node;
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|
}
|
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|
```
|
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|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title=""
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|
|
|
|
/* 双向链表节点类 */
|
|
|
|
|
class ListNode {
|
|
|
|
|
int val; // 节点值
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode(int x) => val = x; // 构造函数
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title=""
|
|
|
|
|
/* 双向链表节点类 */
|
|
|
|
|
class ListNode {
|
|
|
|
|
var val: Int // 节点值
|
|
|
|
|
var next: ListNode? // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
|
|
|
|
|
var prev: ListNode? // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
init(x: Int) { // 构造函数
|
|
|
|
|
val = x
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title=""
|
|
|
|
|
// 双向链表节点类
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn ListNode(comptime T: type) type {
|
|
|
|
|
return struct {
|
|
|
|
|
const Self = @This();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
val: T = 0, // 节点值
|
|
|
|
|
next: ?*Self = null, // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
|
|
|
|
|
prev: ?*Self = null, // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 构造函数
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn init(self: *Self, x: i32) void {
|
|
|
|
|
self.val = x;
|
|
|
|
|
self.next = null;
|
|
|
|
|
self.prev = null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title=""
|
|
|
|
|
/* 双向链表节点类 */
|
|
|
|
|
class ListNode {
|
|
|
|
|
int val; // 节点值
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode next; // 指向后继节点的指针(引用)
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode prev; // 指向前驱节点的指针(引用)
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode(this.val, [this.next, this.prev]); // 构造函数
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title=""
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![常见链表种类](linked_list.assets/linkedlist_common_types.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 链表典型应用
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
单向链表通常用于实现栈、队列、散列表和图等数据结构。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **栈与队列**:当插入和删除操作都在链表的一端进行时,它表现出先进后出的的特性,对应栈;当插入操作在链表的一端进行,删除操作在链表的另一端进行,它表现出先进先出的特性,对应队列。
|
|
|
|
|
- **散列表**:链地址法是解决哈希冲突的主流方案之一,在该方案中,所有冲突的元素都会被放到一个链表中。
|
|
|
|
|
- **图**:邻接表是表示图的一种常用方式,在其中,图的每个顶点都与一个链表相关联,链表中的每个元素都代表与该顶点相连的其他顶点。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
双向链表常被用于需要快速查找前一个和下一个元素的场景。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **高级数据结构**:比如在红黑树、B 树中,我们需要知道一个节点的父节点,这可以通过在节点中保存一个指向父节点的指针来实现,类似于双向链表。
|
|
|
|
|
- **浏览器历史**:在网页浏览器中,当用户点击前进或后退按钮时,浏览器需要知道用户访问过的前一个和后一个网页。双向链表的特性使得这种操作变得简单。
|
|
|
|
|
- **LRU 算法**:在缓存淘汰算法(LRU)中,我们需要快速找到最近最少使用的数据,以及支持快速地添加和删除节点。这时候使用双向链表就非常合适。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
循环链表常被用于需要周期性操作的场景,比如操作系统的资源调度。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **时间片轮转调度算法**:在操作系统中,时间片轮转调度算法是一种常见的 CPU 调度算法,它需要对一组进程进行循环。每个进程被赋予一个时间片,当时间片用完时,CPU 将切换到下一个进程。这种循环的操作就可以通过循环链表来实现。
|
|
|
|
|
- **数据缓冲区**:在某些数据缓冲区的实现中,也可能会使用到循环链表。比如在音频、视频播放器中,数据流可能会被分成多个缓冲块并放入一个循环链表,以便实现无缝播放。
|