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hello-algo/chapter_stack_and_queue/queue.md

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---
comments: true
---
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# 5.2.   队列
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「队列 Queue」是一种遵循先入先出First In, First Out规则的线性数据结构。顾名思义队列模拟了排队现象即新来的人不断加入队列的尾部而位于队列头部的人逐个离开。
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我们把队列的头部称为「队首」,尾部称为「队尾」,把将元素加入队尾的操作称为「入队」,删除队首元素的操作称为「出队」。
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![队列的先入先出规则](queue.assets/queue_operations.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 队列的先入先出规则 </p>
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## 5.2.1. &nbsp; 队列常用操作
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队列的常见操作如下表所示。需要注意的是,不同编程语言的方法名称可能会有所不同。我们在此采用与栈相同的方法命名。
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
| 方法名 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
| --------- | -------------------------- | -------- |
| push() | 元素入队,即将元素添加至队尾 | $O(1)$ |
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| pop() | 队首元素出队 | $O(1)$ |
| peek() | 访问队首元素 | $O(1)$ |
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</div>
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我们可以直接使用编程语言中现成的队列类。
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=== "Java"
```java title="queue.java"
/* 初始化队列 */
Queue<Integer> queue = new LinkedList<>();
/* 元素入队 */
queue.offer(1);
queue.offer(3);
queue.offer(2);
queue.offer(5);
queue.offer(4);
/* 访问队首元素 */
int peek = queue.peek();
/* 元素出队 */
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int pop = queue.poll();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
int size = queue.size();
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
boolean isEmpty = queue.isEmpty();
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="queue.cpp"
/* 初始化队列 */
queue<int> queue;
/* 元素入队 */
queue.push(1);
queue.push(3);
queue.push(2);
queue.push(5);
queue.push(4);
/* 访问队首元素 */
int front = queue.front();
/* 元素出队 */
queue.pop();
/* 获取队列的长度 */
int size = queue.size();
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
bool empty = queue.empty();
```
=== "Python"
```python title="queue.py"
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# 初始化队列
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# 在 Python 中,我们一般将双向队列类 deque 看作队列使用
# 虽然 queue.Queue() 是纯正的队列类,但不太好用,因此不建议
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que: Deque[int] = collections.deque()
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# 元素入队
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que.append(1)
que.append(3)
que.append(2)
que.append(5)
que.append(4)
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# 访问队首元素
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front: int = que[0];
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# 元素出队
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pop: int = que.popleft()
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# 获取队列的长度
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size: int = len(que)
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# 判断队列是否为空
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is_empty: bool = len(que) == 0
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```
=== "Go"
```go title="queue_test.go"
/* 初始化队列 */
// 在 Go 中,将 list 作为队列来使用
queue := list.New()
/* 元素入队 */
queue.PushBack(1)
queue.PushBack(3)
queue.PushBack(2)
queue.PushBack(5)
queue.PushBack(4)
/* 访问队首元素 */
peek := queue.Front()
/* 元素出队 */
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pop := queue.Front()
queue.Remove(pop)
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
size := queue.Len()
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
isEmpty := queue.Len() == 0
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="queue.js"
/* 初始化队列 */
// JavaScript 没有内置的队列,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
const queue = [];
/* 元素入队 */
queue.push(1);
queue.push(3);
queue.push(2);
queue.push(5);
queue.push(4);
/* 访问队首元素 */
const peek = queue[0];
/* 元素出队 */
// 底层是数组,因此 shift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
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const pop = queue.shift();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
const size = queue.length;
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
const empty = queue.length === 0;
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="queue.ts"
/* 初始化队列 */
// TypeScript 没有内置的队列,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
const queue: number[] = [];
/* 元素入队 */
queue.push(1);
queue.push(3);
queue.push(2);
queue.push(5);
queue.push(4);
/* 访问队首元素 */
const peek = queue[0];
/* 元素出队 */
// 底层是数组,因此 shift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
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const pop = queue.shift();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
const size = queue.length;
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
const empty = queue.length === 0;
```
=== "C"
```c title="queue.c"
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="queue.cs"
/* 初始化队列 */
Queue<int> queue = new();
/* 元素入队 */
queue.Enqueue(1);
queue.Enqueue(3);
queue.Enqueue(2);
queue.Enqueue(5);
queue.Enqueue(4);
/* 访问队首元素 */
int peek = queue.Peek();
/* 元素出队 */
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int pop = queue.Dequeue();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
int size = queue.Count();
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
bool isEmpty = queue.Count() == 0;
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="queue.swift"
/* 初始化队列 */
// Swift 没有内置的队列类,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
var queue: [Int] = []
/* 元素入队 */
queue.append(1)
queue.append(3)
queue.append(2)
queue.append(5)
queue.append(4)
/* 访问队首元素 */
let peek = queue.first!
/* 元素出队 */
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// 由于是数组,因此 removeFirst 的复杂度为 O(n)
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let pool = queue.removeFirst()
/* 获取队列的长度 */
let size = queue.count
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="queue.zig"
```
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## 5.2.2. &nbsp; 队列实现
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为了实现队列,我们需要一种数据结构,可以在一端添加元素,并在另一端删除元素。因此,链表和数组都可以用来实现队列。
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### 基于链表的实现
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对于链表实现,我们可以将链表的「头节点」和「尾节点」分别视为队首和队尾,规定队尾仅可添加节点,而队首仅可删除节点。
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=== "LinkedListQueue"
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![基于链表实现队列的入队出队操作](queue.assets/linkedlist_queue.png)
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=== "push()"
![linkedlist_queue_push](queue.assets/linkedlist_queue_push.png)
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=== "pop()"
![linkedlist_queue_pop](queue.assets/linkedlist_queue_pop.png)
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以下是用链表实现队列的示例代码。
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=== "Java"
```java title="linkedlist_queue.java"
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
class LinkedListQueue {
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private ListNode front, rear; // 头节点 front ,尾节点 rear
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private int queSize = 0;
public LinkedListQueue() {
front = null;
rear = null;
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
public int size() {
return queSize;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入队 */
public void push(int num) {
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// 尾节点后添加 num
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ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾节点都指向该节点
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if (front == null) {
front = node;
rear = node;
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该节点添加到尾节点后
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} else {
rear.next = node;
rear = node;
}
queSize++;
}
/* 出队 */
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public int pop() {
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int num = peek();
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// 删除头节点
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front = front.next;
queSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
public int peek() {
if (size() == 0)
throw new EmptyStackException();
return front.val;
}
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
public int[] toArray() {
ListNode node = front;
int[] res = new int[size()];
for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="linkedlist_queue.cpp"
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
class LinkedListQueue {
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private:
ListNode *front, *rear; // 头节点 front ,尾节点 rear
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int queSize;
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public:
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LinkedListQueue() {
front = nullptr;
rear = nullptr;
queSize = 0;
}
~LinkedListQueue() {
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// 遍历链表删除节点,释放内存
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freeMemoryLinkedList(front);
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}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
int size() {
return queSize;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
bool empty() {
return queSize == 0;
}
/* 入队 */
void push(int num) {
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// 尾节点后添加 num
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ListNode *node = new ListNode(num);
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾节点都指向该节点
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if (front == nullptr) {
front = node;
rear = node;
}
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该节点添加到尾节点后
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else {
rear->next = node;
rear = node;
}
queSize++;
}
/* 出队 */
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void pop() {
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int num = peek();
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// 删除头节点
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ListNode *tmp = front;
front = front->next;
// 释放内存
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delete tmp;
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queSize--;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
int peek() {
if (size() == 0)
throw out_of_range("队列为空");
return front->val;
}
/* 将链表转化为 Vector 并返回 */
vector<int> toVector() {
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ListNode *node = front;
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vector<int> res(size());
for (int i = 0; i < res.size(); i++) {
res[i] = node->val;
node = node->next;
}
return res;
}
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title="linkedlist_queue.py"
class LinkedListQueue:
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"""基于链表实现的队列"""
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def __init__(self):
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"""构造方法"""
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self.__front: ListNode | None = None # 头节点 front
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self.__rear: ListNode | None = None # 尾节点 rear
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self.__size: int = 0
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def size(self) -> int:
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"""获取队列的长度"""
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return self.__size
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def is_empty(self) -> bool:
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"""判断队列是否为空"""
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return not self.__front
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def push(self, num: int) -> None:
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"""入队"""
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# 尾节点后添加 num
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node = ListNode(num)
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# 如果队列为空,则令头、尾节点都指向该节点
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if self.__front is None:
self.__front = node
self.__rear = node
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# 如果队列不为空,则将该节点添加到尾节点后
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else:
self.__rear.next = node
self.__rear = node
self.__size += 1
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def pop(self) -> int:
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"""出队"""
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num = self.peek()
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# 删除头节点
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self.__front = self.__front.next
self.__size -= 1
return num
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def peek(self) -> int:
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"""访问队首元素"""
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if self.size() == 0:
print("队列为空")
return False
return self.__front.val
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def to_list(self) -> list[int]:
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"""转化为列表用于打印"""
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queue = []
temp = self.__front
while temp:
queue.append(temp.val)
temp = temp.next
return queue
```
=== "Go"
```go title="linkedlist_queue.go"
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
type linkedListQueue struct {
// 使用内置包 list 来实现队列
data *list.List
}
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/* 初始化队列 */
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func newLinkedListQueue() *linkedListQueue {
return &linkedListQueue{
data: list.New(),
}
}
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/* 入队 */
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func (s *linkedListQueue) push(value any) {
s.data.PushBack(value)
}
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/* 出队 */
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func (s *linkedListQueue) pop() any {
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if s.isEmpty() {
return nil
}
e := s.data.Front()
s.data.Remove(e)
return e.Value
}
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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func (s *linkedListQueue) peek() any {
if s.isEmpty() {
return nil
}
e := s.data.Front()
return e.Value
}
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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func (s *linkedListQueue) size() int {
return s.data.Len()
}
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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func (s *linkedListQueue) isEmpty() bool {
return s.data.Len() == 0
}
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/* 获取 List 用于打印 */
func (s *linkedListQueue) toList() *list.List {
return s.data
}
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```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="linkedlist_queue.js"
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
class LinkedListQueue {
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#front; // 头节点 #front
#rear; // 尾节点 #rear
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#queSize = 0;
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constructor() {
this.#front = null;
this.#rear = null;
}
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
get size() {
return this.#queSize;
}
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
isEmpty() {
return this.size === 0;
}
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/* 入队 */
push(num) {
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// 尾节点后添加 num
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const node = new ListNode(num);
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾节点都指向该节点
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if (!this.#front) {
this.#front = node;
this.#rear = node;
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该节点添加到尾节点后
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} else {
this.#rear.next = node;
this.#rear = node;
}
this.#queSize++;
}
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/* 出队 */
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pop() {
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const num = this.peek();
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// 删除头节点
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this.#front = this.#front.next;
this.#queSize--;
return num;
}
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/* 访问队首元素 */
peek() {
if (this.size === 0)
throw new Error("队列为空");
return this.#front.val;
}
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/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
toArray() {
let node = this.#front;
const res = new Array(this.size);
for (let i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
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}
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="linkedlist_queue.ts"
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
class LinkedListQueue {
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private front: ListNode | null; // 头节点 front
private rear: ListNode | null; // 尾节点 rear
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private queSize: number = 0;
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constructor() {
this.front = null;
this.rear = null;
}
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
get size(): number {
return this.queSize;
}
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
isEmpty(): boolean {
return this.size === 0;
}
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/* 入队 */
push(num: number): void {
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// 尾节点后添加 num
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const node = new ListNode(num);
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾节点都指向该节点
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if (!this.front) {
this.front = node;
this.rear = node;
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该节点添加到尾节点后
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} else {
this.rear!.next = node;
this.rear = node;
}
this.queSize++;
}
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/* 出队 */
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pop(): number {
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const num = this.peek();
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if (!this.front) throw new Error('队列为空');
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// 删除头节点
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this.front = this.front.next;
this.queSize--;
return num;
}
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/* 访问队首元素 */
peek(): number {
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if (this.size === 0) throw new Error('队列为空');
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return this.front!.val;
}
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/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
toArray(): number[] {
let node = this.front;
const res = new Array<number>(this.size);
for (let i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
res[i] = node!.val;
node = node!.next;
}
return res;
}
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}
```
=== "C"
```c title="linkedlist_queue.c"
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[class]{linkedListQueue}-[func]{}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="linkedlist_queue.cs"
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
class LinkedListQueue
{
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private ListNode? front, rear; // 头节点 front ,尾节点 rear
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private int queSize = 0;
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public LinkedListQueue()
{
front = null;
rear = null;
}
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
public int size()
{
return queSize;
}
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
public bool isEmpty()
{
return size() == 0;
}
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/* 入队 */
public void push(int num)
{
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// 尾节点后添加 num
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ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾节点都指向该节点
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if (front == null)
{
front = node;
rear = node;
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该节点添加到尾节点后
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}
else if (rear != null)
{
rear.next = node;
rear = node;
}
queSize++;
}
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/* 出队 */
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public int pop()
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{
int num = peek();
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// 删除头节点
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front = front?.next;
queSize--;
return num;
}
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/* 访问队首元素 */
public int peek()
{
if (size() == 0 || front == null)
throw new Exception();
return front.val;
}
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/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
public int[] toArray()
{
if (front == null)
return Array.Empty<int>();
ListNode node = front;
int[] res = new int[size()];
for (int i = 0; i < res.Length; i++)
{
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
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}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="linkedlist_queue.swift"
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
class LinkedListQueue {
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private var front: ListNode? // 头节点
private var rear: ListNode? // 尾节点
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private var _size = 0
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init() {}
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
func size() -> Int {
_size
}
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2 years ago
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
size() == 0
}
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/* 入队 */
func push(num: Int) {
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// 尾节点后添加 num
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let node = ListNode(x: num)
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾节点都指向该节点
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if front == nil {
front = node
rear = node
}
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该节点添加到尾节点后
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else {
rear?.next = node
rear = node
}
_size += 1
}
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/* 出队 */
@discardableResult
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func pop() -> Int {
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let num = peek()
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// 删除头节点
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front = front?.next
_size -= 1
return num
}
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/* 访问队首元素 */
func peek() -> Int {
if isEmpty() {
fatalError("队列为空")
}
return front!.val
}
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/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
func toArray() -> [Int] {
var node = front
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size())
for i in res.indices {
res[i] = node!.val
node = node?.next
}
return res
}
2 years ago
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="linkedlist_queue.zig"
2 years ago
// 基于链表实现的队列
fn LinkedListQueue(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
2 years ago
front: ?*inc.ListNode(T) = null, // 头节点 front
rear: ?*inc.ListNode(T) = null, // 尾节点 rear
2 years ago
que_size: usize = 0, // 队列的长度
2 years ago
mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined, // 内存分配器
2 years ago
// 构造方法(分配内存+初始化队列)
2 years ago
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
if (self.mem_arena == null) {
self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
}
self.front = null;
self.rear = null;
2 years ago
self.que_size = 0;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
// 析构方法(释放内存)
2 years ago
pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
}
// 获取队列的长度
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
2 years ago
return self.que_size;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
2 years ago
// 判断队列是否为空
pub fn isEmpty(self: *Self) bool {
return self.size() == 0;
}
// 访问队首元素
pub fn peek(self: *Self) T {
if (self.size() == 0) @panic("队列为空");
return self.front.?.val;
}
// 入队
pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
2 years ago
// 尾节点后添加 num
2 years ago
var node = try self.mem_allocator.create(inc.ListNode(T));
node.init(num);
2 years ago
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾节点都指向该节点
2 years ago
if (self.front == null) {
self.front = node;
self.rear = node;
2 years ago
// 如果队列不为空,则将该节点添加到尾节点后
2 years ago
} else {
self.rear.?.next = node;
self.rear = node;
}
2 years ago
self.que_size += 1;
2 years ago
}
// 出队
2 years ago
pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
2 years ago
var num = self.peek();
2 years ago
// 删除头节点
2 years ago
self.front = self.front.?.next;
2 years ago
self.que_size -= 1;
2 years ago
return num;
}
// 将链表转换为数组
pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
var node = self.front;
var res = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
std.mem.set(T, res, @as(T, 0));
var i: usize = 0;
while (i < res.len) : (i += 1) {
res[i] = node.?.val;
node = node.?.next;
}
return res;
}
};
}
2 years ago
```
### 基于数组的实现
2 years ago
由于数组删除首元素的时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ,这会导致出队操作效率较低。然而,我们可以采用以下巧妙方法来避免这个问题。
2 years ago
2 years ago
我们可以使用一个变量 `front` 指向队首元素的索引,并维护一个变量 `queSize` 用于记录队列长度。定义 `rear = front + queSize` ,这个公式计算出的 `rear` 指向队尾元素之后的下一个位置。
2 years ago
2 years ago
基于此设计,**数组中包含元素的有效区间为 [front, rear - 1]**,进而:
2 years ago
2 years ago
- 对于入队操作,将输入元素赋值给 `rear` 索引处,并将 `queSize` 增加 1
- 对于出队操作,只需将 `front` 增加 1 ,并将 `queSize` 减少 1
2 years ago
2 years ago
可以看到,入队和出队操作都只需进行一次操作,时间复杂度均为 $O(1)$ 。
2 years ago
=== "ArrayQueue"
2 years ago
![基于数组实现队列的入队出队操作](queue.assets/array_queue.png)
2 years ago
=== "push()"
![array_queue_push](queue.assets/array_queue_push.png)
2 years ago
=== "pop()"
![array_queue_pop](queue.assets/array_queue_pop.png)
2 years ago
2 years ago
你可能会发现一个问题:在不断进行入队和出队的过程中,`front` 和 `rear` 都在向右移动,**当它们到达数组尾部时就无法继续移动了**。为解决此问题,我们可以将数组视为首尾相接的「环形数组」。
2 years ago
2 years ago
对于环形数组,我们需要让 `front``rear` 在越过数组尾部时,直接回到数组头部继续遍历。这种周期性规律可以通过“取余操作”来实现,代码如下所示。
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title="array_queue.java"
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
class ArrayQueue {
2 years ago
private int[] nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
private int front; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
2 years ago
private int queSize; // 队列长度
public ArrayQueue(int capacity) {
nums = new int[capacity];
front = queSize = 0;
}
/* 获取队列的容量 */
public int capacity() {
return nums.length;
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
public int size() {
return queSize;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
public boolean isEmpty() {
return queSize == 0;
}
/* 入队 */
public void push(int num) {
if (queSize == capacity()) {
System.out.println("队列已满");
return;
}
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
int rear = (front + queSize) % capacity();
2 years ago
// 将 num 添加至队尾
2 years ago
nums[rear] = num;
queSize++;
}
/* 出队 */
2 years ago
public int pop() {
2 years ago
int num = peek();
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
front = (front + 1) % capacity();
queSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
public int peek() {
if (isEmpty())
throw new EmptyStackException();
return nums[front];
}
/* 返回数组 */
public int[] toArray() {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
int[] res = new int[queSize];
for (int i = 0, j = front; i < queSize; i++, j++) {
res[i] = nums[j % capacity()];
}
return res;
}
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="array_queue.cpp"
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
class ArrayQueue {
2 years ago
private:
2 years ago
int *nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
int front; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
int queSize; // 队列长度
int queCapacity; // 队列容量
2 years ago
public:
2 years ago
ArrayQueue(int capacity) {
// 初始化数组
nums = new int[capacity];
queCapacity = capacity;
front = queSize = 0;
}
~ArrayQueue() {
delete[] nums;
}
/* 获取队列的容量 */
int capacity() {
return queCapacity;
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
int size() {
return queSize;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
bool empty() {
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入队 */
void push(int num) {
if (queSize == queCapacity) {
cout << "队列已满" << endl;
return;
}
// 计算队尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
int rear = (front + queSize) % queCapacity;
2 years ago
// 将 num 添加至队尾
2 years ago
nums[rear] = num;
queSize++;
}
/* 出队 */
2 years ago
void pop() {
2 years ago
int num = peek();
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
front = (front + 1) % queCapacity;
queSize--;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
int peek() {
if (empty())
throw out_of_range("队列为空");
return nums[front];
}
/* 将数组转化为 Vector 并返回 */
vector<int> toVector() {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
vector<int> arr(queSize);
for (int i = 0, j = front; i < queSize; i++, j++) {
2 years ago
arr[i] = nums[j % queCapacity];
2 years ago
}
return arr;
}
};
```
=== "Python"
```python title="array_queue.py"
class ArrayQueue:
2 years ago
"""基于环形数组实现的队列"""
2 years ago
def __init__(self, size: int) -> None:
2 years ago
"""构造方法"""
2 years ago
self.__nums: list[int] = [0] * size # 用于存储队列元素的数组
2 years ago
self.__front: int = 0 # 队首指针,指向队首元素
self.__size: int = 0 # 队列长度
2 years ago
2 years ago
def capacity(self) -> int:
2 years ago
"""获取队列的容量"""
2 years ago
return len(self.__nums)
2 years ago
def size(self) -> int:
2 years ago
"""获取队列的长度"""
2 years ago
return self.__size
2 years ago
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
2 years ago
"""判断队列是否为空"""
2 years ago
return self.__size == 0
2 years ago
def push(self, num: int) -> None:
2 years ago
"""入队"""
2 years ago
assert self.__size < self.capacity(), ""
# 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
# 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
2 years ago
rear: int = (self.__front + self.__size) % self.capacity()
2 years ago
# 将 num 添加至队尾
2 years ago
self.__nums[rear] = num
self.__size += 1
2 years ago
def pop(self) -> int:
2 years ago
"""出队"""
2 years ago
num: int = self.peek()
2 years ago
# 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
self.__front = (self.__front + 1) % self.capacity()
self.__size -= 1
return num
2 years ago
def peek(self) -> int:
2 years ago
"""访问队首元素"""
2 years ago
assert not self.is_empty(), "队列为空"
return self.__nums[self.__front]
2 years ago
def to_list(self) -> list[int]:
2 years ago
"""返回列表用于打印"""
2 years ago
res: list[int] = [0] * self.size()
2 years ago
j: int = self.__front
2 years ago
for i in range(self.size()):
res[i] = self.__nums[(j % self.capacity())]
j += 1
return res
```
=== "Go"
```go title="array_queue.go"
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
type arrayQueue struct {
nums []int // 用于存储队列元素的数组
front int // 队首指针,指向队首元素
queSize int // 队列长度
queCapacity int // 队列容量(即最大容纳元素数量)
}
2 years ago
/* 初始化队列 */
2 years ago
func newArrayQueue(queCapacity int) *arrayQueue {
return &arrayQueue{
nums: make([]int, queCapacity),
queCapacity: queCapacity,
front: 0,
queSize: 0,
}
}
2 years ago
/* 获取队列的长度 */
2 years ago
func (q *arrayQueue) size() int {
return q.queSize
}
2 years ago
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
2 years ago
func (q *arrayQueue) isEmpty() bool {
return q.queSize == 0
}
2 years ago
/* 入队 */
2 years ago
func (q *arrayQueue) push(num int) {
// 当 rear == queCapacity 表示队列已满
if q.queSize == q.queCapacity {
return
}
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
rear := (q.front + q.queSize) % q.queCapacity
2 years ago
// 将 num 添加至队尾
2 years ago
q.nums[rear] = num
q.queSize++
}
2 years ago
/* 出队 */
2 years ago
func (q *arrayQueue) pop() any {
2 years ago
num := q.peek()
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
q.front = (q.front + 1) % q.queCapacity
q.queSize--
return num
}
2 years ago
/* 访问队首元素 */
2 years ago
func (q *arrayQueue) peek() any {
if q.isEmpty() {
return nil
}
return q.nums[q.front]
}
2 years ago
/* 获取 Slice 用于打印 */
2 years ago
func (q *arrayQueue) toSlice() []int {
rear := (q.front + q.queSize)
if rear >= q.queCapacity {
rear %= q.queCapacity
return append(q.nums[q.front:], q.nums[:rear]...)
}
return q.nums[q.front:rear]
}
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="array_queue.js"
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
class ArrayQueue {
#nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
#front = 0; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
#queSize = 0; // 队列长度
constructor(capacity) {
this.#nums = new Array(capacity);
}
/* 获取队列的容量 */
get capacity() {
return this.#nums.length;
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
get size() {
return this.#queSize;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
empty() {
return this.#queSize == 0;
}
/* 入队 */
push(num) {
if (this.size == this.capacity) {
console.log("队列已满");
return;
}
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
const rear = (this.#front + this.size) % this.capacity;
2 years ago
// 将 num 添加至队尾
2 years ago
this.#nums[rear] = num;
this.#queSize++;
}
/* 出队 */
2 years ago
pop() {
2 years ago
const num = this.peek();
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
this.#front = (this.#front + 1) % this.capacity;
this.#queSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
peek() {
if (this.empty())
throw new Error("队列为空");
return this.#nums[this.#front];
}
2 years ago
/* 返回 Array */
toArray() {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
const arr = new Array(this.size);
for (let i = 0, j = this.#front; i < this.size; i++, j++) {
arr[i] = this.#nums[j % this.capacity];
}
return arr;
}
2 years ago
}
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="array_queue.ts"
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
class ArrayQueue {
private nums: number[]; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
private front: number; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
private queSize: number; // 队列长度
constructor(capacity: number) {
this.nums = new Array(capacity);
this.front = this.queSize = 0;
}
/* 获取队列的容量 */
get capacity(): number {
return this.nums.length;
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
get size(): number {
return this.queSize;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
empty(): boolean {
return this.queSize == 0;
}
/* 入队 */
push(num: number): void {
if (this.size == this.capacity) {
console.log("队列已满");
return;
}
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
const rear = (this.front + this.queSize) % this.capacity;
2 years ago
// 将 num 添加至队尾
2 years ago
this.nums[rear] = num;
this.queSize++;
}
/* 出队 */
2 years ago
pop(): number {
2 years ago
const num = this.peek();
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
this.front = (this.front + 1) % this.capacity;
this.queSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
peek(): number {
if (this.empty())
throw new Error("队列为空");
return this.nums[this.front];
}
2 years ago
/* 返回 Array */
toArray(): number[] {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
const arr = new Array(this.size);
for (let i = 0, j = this.front; i < this.size; i++, j++) {
arr[i] = this.nums[j % this.capacity];
}
return arr;
}
2 years ago
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="array_queue.c"
2 years ago
[class]{arrayQueue}-[func]{}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array_queue.cs"
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
class ArrayQueue
{
private int[] nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
private int front; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
private int queSize; // 队列长度
public ArrayQueue(int capacity)
{
nums = new int[capacity];
front = queSize = 0;
}
/* 获取队列的容量 */
public int capacity()
{
return nums.Length;
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
public int size()
{
return queSize;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
public bool isEmpty()
{
return queSize == 0;
}
/* 入队 */
public void push(int num)
{
if (queSize == capacity())
{
Console.WriteLine("队列已满");
return;
}
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
int rear = (front + queSize) % capacity();
2 years ago
// 将 num 添加至队尾
2 years ago
nums[rear] = num;
queSize++;
}
/* 出队 */
2 years ago
public int pop()
2 years ago
{
int num = peek();
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
front = (front + 1) % capacity();
queSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
public int peek()
{
if (isEmpty())
throw new Exception();
return nums[front];
}
2 years ago
/* 返回数组 */
public int[] toArray()
{
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
int[] res = new int[queSize];
for (int i = 0, j = front; i < queSize; i++, j++)
{
res[i] = nums[j % this.capacity()];
}
return res;
}
2 years ago
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="array_queue.swift"
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
class ArrayQueue {
private var nums: [Int] // 用于存储队列元素的数组
private var front = 0 // 队首指针,指向队首元素
private var queSize = 0 // 队列长度
init(capacity: Int) {
// 初始化数组
nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity)
}
/* 获取队列的容量 */
func capacity() -> Int {
nums.count
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
func size() -> Int {
queSize
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
queSize == 0
}
/* 入队 */
func push(num: Int) {
if size() == capacity() {
print("队列已满")
return
}
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
let rear = (front + queSize) % capacity()
2 years ago
// 将 num 添加至队尾
2 years ago
nums[rear] = num
queSize += 1
}
/* 出队 */
@discardableResult
2 years ago
func pop() -> Int {
2 years ago
let num = peek()
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
front = (front + 1) % capacity()
queSize -= 1
return num
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
func peek() -> Int {
if isEmpty() {
fatalError("队列为空")
}
return nums[front]
}
2 years ago
/* 返回数组 */
func toArray() -> [Int] {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: queSize)
for (i, j) in sequence(first: (0, front), next: { $0 < self.queSize - 1 ? ($0 + 1, $1 + 1) : nil }) {
res[i] = nums[j % capacity()]
}
return res
}
2 years ago
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="array_queue.zig"
2 years ago
// 基于环形数组实现的队列
fn ArrayQueue(comptime T: type) type {
return struct {
const Self = @This();
nums: []T = undefined, // 用于存储队列元素的数组
cap: usize = 0, // 队列容量
front: usize = 0, // 队首指针,指向队首元素
2 years ago
que_size: usize = 0, // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
2 years ago
mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined, // 内存分配器
2 years ago
// 构造方法(分配内存+初始化数组)
2 years ago
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, cap: usize) !void {
if (self.mem_arena == null) {
self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
}
self.cap = cap;
self.nums = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.cap);
std.mem.set(T, self.nums, @as(T, 0));
}
2 years ago
// 析构方法(释放内存)
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pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
}
// 获取队列的容量
pub fn capacity(self: *Self) usize {
return self.cap;
}
// 获取队列的长度
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
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return self.que_size;
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}
// 判断队列是否为空
pub fn isEmpty(self: *Self) bool {
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return self.que_size == 0;
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}
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// 入队
pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
if (self.size() == self.capacity()) {
std.debug.print("队列已满\n", .{});
return;
}
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
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var rear = (self.front + self.que_size) % self.capacity();
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// 将 num 添加至队尾
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self.nums[rear] = num;
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self.que_size += 1;
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}
// 出队
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pub fn pop(self: *Self) T {
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var num = self.peek();
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
self.front = (self.front + 1) % self.capacity();
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self.que_size -= 1;
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return num;
}
// 访问队首元素
pub fn peek(self: *Self) T {
if (self.isEmpty()) @panic("队列为空");
return self.nums[self.front];
}
// 返回数组
pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
var res = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
std.mem.set(T, res, @as(T, 0));
var i: usize = 0;
var j: usize = self.front;
while (i < self.size()) : ({ i += 1; j += 1; }) {
res[i] = self.nums[j % self.capacity()];
}
return res;
}
};
}
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```
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以上实现的队列仍然具有局限性,即其长度不可变。然而,这个问题不难解决,我们可以将数组替换为动态数组,从而引入扩容机制。有兴趣的同学可以尝试自行实现。
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两种实现的对比结论与栈一致,在此不再赘述。
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## 5.2.3. &nbsp; 队列典型应用
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- **淘宝订单**。购物者下单后,订单将加入队列中,系统随后会根据顺序依次处理队列中的订单。在双十一期间,短时间内会产生海量订单,高并发成为工程师们需要重点攻克的问题。
- **各类待办事项**。任何需要实现“先来后到”功能的场景,例如打印机的任务队列、餐厅的出餐队列等。队列在这些场景中可以有效地维护处理顺序。