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Chapter 0. Preface
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Chapter 0. Preface
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0.1 About This Book
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0.2 How to Read
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0.3 Summary
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Chapter 1. Introduction to Algorithms
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Chapter 1. Introduction to Algorithms
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1.1 Algorithms are Everywhere
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1.2 What is an Algorithm
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1.3 Summary
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Chapter 2. Complexity Analysis
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Chapter 2. Complexity Analysis
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2.1 Algorithm Efficiency Assessment
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2.2 Iteration and Recursion
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2.3 Time Complexity
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2.4 Space Complexity
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2.5 Summary
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Chapter 3. Data Structures
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Chapter 3. Data Structures
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3.1 Classification of Data Structures
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3.2 Fundamental Data Types
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3.3 Number Encoding *
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3.4 Character Encoding *
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3.5 Summary
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Chapter 4. Array and Linked List
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Chapter 4. Array and Linked List
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4.1 Array
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4.2 Linked List
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4.3 List
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4.4 Memory and Cache
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4.5 Summary
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< a href = "chapter_stack_and_queue/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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Chapter 5. Stack and Queue
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Chapter 5. Stack and Queue
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5.1 Stack
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5.2 Queue
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5.3 Double-ended Queue
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5.4 Summary
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Chapter 6. Hash Table
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Chapter 6. Hash Table
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6.1 Hash Table
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6.2 Hash Collision
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6.3 Hash Algorithm
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6.4 Summary
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Chapter 7. Tree
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Chapter 7. Tree
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7.1 Binary Tree
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7.2 Binary Tree Traversal
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7.3 Array Representation of Tree
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7.4 Binary Search Tree
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7.5 AVL Tree *
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7.6 Summary
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Chapter 8. Heap
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Chapter 8. Heap
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8.1 Heap
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8.2 Building a Heap
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8.3 Top-k Problem
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8.4 Summary
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Chapter 9. Graph
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Chapter 9. Graph
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9.1 Graph
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9.2 Basic Graph Operations
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9.3 Graph Traversal
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9.4 Summary
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< h2 align = "center" style = "margin-top: 25px;" > Hello Algo< / h2 >
< p align = "center" > Data Structures and Algorithms Crash Course with Animated Illustrations and Off-the-Shelf Code< / p >
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Get PDF
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< p class = "admonition-title" > The English edition is brewing...< / p >
< p > Feel free to engage in Chinese-to-English translation and pull request review! For guidelines, please see < a href = "https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo/issues/914" > #914< / a > .< / p >
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< div class = "admonition quote" style = "flex: 1; margin-right: 0.4rem;" >
< p class = "admonition-title" > Quote< / p >
< p > "An easy-to-understand book on data structures and algorithms, which guides readers to learn by minds-on and hands-on. Strongly recommended for algorithm beginners!"< / p >
< p > < strong > —— Junhui Deng, Professor of Computer Science, Tsinghua University< / strong > < / p >
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< div class = "admonition quote" style = "flex: 1; margin-left: 0.4rem;" >
< p class = "admonition-title" > Quote< / p >
< p > "If I had 'Hello Algo' when I was learning data structures and algorithms, it would have been 10 times easier!"< / p >
< p > < strong > —— Mu Li, Senior Principal Scientist, Amazon< / strong > < / p >
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< hr / >
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< h3 > Animated illustrations< / h3 >
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< p style = "text-align: center;" > Easy to understand< / br > Smooth learning curve< / p >
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< img src = "index.assets/animation.gif" class = "cover-image" style = "flex-shrink: 0; width: auto; max-width: 50%; border-radius: 0.5rem;" >
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< p align = "center" > "A picture is worth a thousand words."< / p >
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< img src = "index.assets/running_code.gif" class = "cover-image" style = "flex-shrink: 0; width: auto; max-width: 50%; border-radius: 0.5rem;" >
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< h3 > Off-the-Shelf Code< / h3 >
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< p style = "text-align: center;" > Multi programming languages< / br > Run with one click< / p >
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< p align = "center" > "Talk is cheap. Show me the code."< / p >
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< h3 > Learning Together< / h3 >
< svg xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height = "28" width = "28" viewBox = "0 0 640 512" > <!-- !Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> < path fill = "var(--md-primary-bg-color)" d = "M88.2 309.1c9.8-18.3 6.8-40.8-7.5-55.8C59.4 230.9 48 204 48 176c0-63.5 63.8-128 160-128s160 64.5 160 128s-63.8 128-160 128c-13.1 0-25.8-1.3-37.8-3.6c-10.4-2-21.2-.6-30.7 4.2c-4.1 2.1-8.3 4.1-12.6 6c-16 7.2-32.9 13.5-49.9 18c2.8-4.6 5.4-9.1 7.9-13.6c1.1-1.9 2.2-3.9 3.2-5.9zM0 176c0 41.8 17.2 80.1 45.9 110.3c-.9 1.7-1.9 3.5-2.8 5.1c-10.3 18.4-22.3 36.5-36.6 52.1c-6.6 7-8.3 17.2-4.6 25.9C5.8 378.3 14.4 384 24 384c43 0 86.5-13.3 122.7-29.7c4.8-2.2 9.6-4.5 14.2-6.8c15.1 3 30.9 4.5 47.1 4.5c114.9 0 208-78.8 208-176S322.9 0 208 0S0 78.8 0 176zM432 480c16.2 0 31.9-1.6 47.1-4.5c4.6 2.3 9.4 4.6 14.2 6.8C529.5 498.7 573 512 616 512c9.6 0 18.2-5.7 22-14.5c3.8-8.8 2-19-4.6-25.9c-14.2-15.6-26.2-33.7-36.6-52.1c-.9-1.7-1.9-3.4-2.8-5.1C622.8 384.1 640 345.8 640 304c0-94.4-87.9-171.5-198.2-175.8c4.1 15.2 6.2 31.2 6.2 47.8l0 .6c87.2 6.7 144 67.5 144 127.4c0 28-11.4 54.9-32.7 77.2c-14.3 15-17.3 37.6-7.5 55.8c1.1 2 2.2 4 3.2 5.9c2.5 4.5 5.2 9 7.9 13.6c-17-4.5-33.9-10.7-49.9-18c-4.3-1.9-8.5-3.9-12.6-6c-9.5-4.8-20.3-6.2-30.7-4.2c-12.1 2.4-24.7 3.6-37.8 3.6c-61.7 0-110-26.5-136.8-62.3c-16 5.4-32.8 9.4-50 11.8C279 439.8 350 480 432 480z" / > < / svg >
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< p style = "text-align: center;" > Discussion and questions welcome< / br > Readers progress together< / p >
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< p align = "center" > "Learning by teaching."< / p >
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< hr / >
< h3 align = "center" > Preface < / h3 >
< p > Two years ago, I shared the "Sword Offer" series of problem solutions on LeetCode, which received much love and support from many students. During my interactions with readers, the most common question I encountered was "How to get started with algorithms." Gradually, I developed a deep interest in this question.< / p >
< p > Blindly solving problems seems to be the most popular method, being simple, direct, and effective. However, problem-solving is like playing a "Minesweeper" game, where students with strong self-learning abilities can successfully clear the mines one by one, but those with insufficient foundations may end up bruised from explosions, retreating step by step in frustration. Thoroughly reading textbooks is also common, but for students aiming for job applications, the energy consumed by graduation, resume submissions, and preparing for written tests and interviews makes tackling thick books a daunting challenge.< / p >
< p > If you are facing similar troubles, then you are lucky to have found this book. This book is my answer to this question, not necessarily the best solution, but at least an active attempt. Although this book won't directly land you an Offer, it will guide you through the "knowledge map" of data structures and algorithms, help you understand the shape, size, and distribution of different "mines," and equip you with various "demining methods." With these skills, I believe you can more comfortably solve problems and read literature, gradually building a complete knowledge system.< / p >
< p > I deeply agree with Professor Feynman's saying: "Knowledge isn't free. You have to pay attention." In this sense, this book is not entirely "free." To not disappoint the precious "attention" you pay to this book, I will do my utmost, investing the greatest "attention" to complete the creation of this book.< / p >
< h3 align = "left" > Author < / h3 >
< p > Yudong Jin(< a href = "https://leetcode.cn/u/jyd/" > krahets< / a > ), Senior Algorithm Engineer in a top tech company, Master's degree from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The highest-read blogger across the entire LeetCode, his published < a href = "https://leetcode.cn/leetbook/detail/illustration-of-algorithm/" > "Illustration of Algorithm Data Structures"< / a > has been subscribed to by over 300k.< / p >
< hr / >
< h3 align = "center" > Contribution < / h3 >
< p > This book is continuously improved with the joint efforts of many contributors from the open-source community. Thanks to each writer who invested their time and energy, listed in the order generated by GitHub:< / p >
< p align = "center" >
< a href = "https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo/graphs/contributors" >
< img width = "550" src = "https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=krahets/hello-algo" >
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< / p >
< p > The code review work for this book was completed by codingonion, Gonglja, gvenusleo, hpstory, justin‐ < / p >
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< td align = "center" style = "border: none;" > < a href = "https://github.com/codingonion" > < img style = "border-radius: 50%;" src = "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/99076655?v=4" width = "50px;" alt = "codingonion" / > < / br > < sub > < b > codingonion< / b > < / sub > < / a > < / br > < sub > Rust, Zig< / sub > < / td >
< td align = "center" style = "border: none;" > < a href = "https://github.com/Gonglja" > < img style = "border-radius: 50%;" src = "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/39959756?v=4" width = "50px;" alt = "Gonglja" / > < / br > < sub > < b > Gonglja< / b > < / sub > < / a > < / br > < sub > C, C++< / sub > < / td >
< td align = "center" style = "border: none;" > < a href = "https://github.com/gvenusleo" > < img style = "border-radius: 50%;" src = "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/79075347?v=4" width = "50px;" alt = "gvenusleo" / > < / br > < sub > < b > gvenusleo< / b > < / sub > < / a > < / br > < sub > Dart< / sub > < / td >
< td align = "center" style = "border: none;" > < a href = "https://github.com/hpstory" > < img style = "border-radius: 50%;" src = "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/33348162?v=4" width = "50px;" alt = "hpstory" / > < / br > < sub > < b > hpstory< / b > < / sub > < / a > < / br > < sub > C#< / sub > < / td >
< td align = "center" style = "border: none;" > < a href = "https://github.com/justin-tse" > < img style = "border-radius: 50%;" src = "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/24556310?v=4" width = "50px;" alt = "justin-tse" / > < / br > < sub > < b > justin-tse< / b > < / sub > < / a > < / br > < sub > JS, TS< / sub > < / td >
< td align = "center" style = "border: none;" > < a href = "https://github.com/krahets" > < img style = "border-radius: 50%;" src = "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/26993056?v=4" width = "50px;" alt = "krahets" / > < / br > < sub > < b > krahets< / b > < / sub > < / a > < / br > < sub > Java, Python< / sub > < / td >
< td align = "center" style = "border: none;" > < a href = "https://github.com/night-cruise" > < img style = "border-radius: 50%;" src = "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/77157236?v=4" width = "50px;" alt = "night-cruise" / > < / br > < sub > < b > night-cruise< / b > < / sub > < / a > < / br > < sub > Rust< / sub > < / td >
< td align = "center" style = "border: none;" > < a href = "https://github.com/nuomi1" > < img style = "border-radius: 50%;" src = "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3739017?v=4" width = "50px;" alt = "nuomi1" / > < / br > < sub > < b > nuomi1< / b > < / sub > < / a > < / br > < sub > Swift< / sub > < / td >
< td align = "center" style = "border: none;" > < a href = "https://github.com/Reanon" > < img style = "border-radius: 50%;" src = "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22005836?v=4" width = "50px;" alt = "Reanon" / > < / br > < sub > < b > Reanon< / b > < / sub > < / a > < / br > < sub > Go, C< / sub > < / td >
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