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1307 lines
41 KiB
1307 lines
41 KiB
10 months ago
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<!doctype html>
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<html lang="en" class="no-js">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
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<meta name="description" content="Data Structures and Algorithms Crash Course with Animated Illustrations and Off-the-Shelf Code">
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<meta name="author" content="Krahets">
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.hello-algo.com/en/chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/">
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<link rel="icon" href="../../assets/images/favicon.png">
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.5.3, mkdocs-material-9.5.2">
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<title>Summary - Hello Algo</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.50c56a3b.min.css">
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<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Fira Code"}</style>
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<script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
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<link href="../../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
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html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
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body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
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body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
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</style> <script src="../../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
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<body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="indigo">
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<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
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<div data-md-component="skip">
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<a href="#summary" class="md-skip">
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Skip to content
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</a>
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<div data-md-component="announce">
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<header class="md-header md-header--shadow" data-md-component="header">
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<nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
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<a href="../.." title="Hello Algo" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Hello Algo" data-md-component="logo">
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<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="logo">
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</a>
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3V6m0 5h18v2H3v-2m0 5h18v2H3v-2Z"/></svg>
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</label>
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<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
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<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
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<div class="md-header__topic">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Hello Algo
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</span>
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</div>
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<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Summary
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="indigo" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.5 2c-1.79 1.15-3 3.18-3 5.5s1.21 4.35 3.03 5.5C4.46 13 2 10.54 2 7.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 1 7.5 2m11.57 1.5 1.43 1.43L4.93 20.5 3.5 19.07 19.07 3.5m-6.18 2.43L11.41 5 9.97 6l.42-1.7L9 3.24l1.75-.12.58-1.65L12 3.1l1.73.03-1.35 1.13.51 1.67m-3.3 3.61-1.16-.73-1.12.78.34-1.32-1.09-.83 1.36-.09.45-1.29.51 1.27 1.36.03-1.05.87.4 1.31M19 13.5a5.5 5.5 0 0 1-5.5 5.5c-1.22 0-2.35-.4-3.26-1.07l7.69-7.69c.67.91 1.07 2.04 1.07 3.26m-4.4 6.58 2.77-1.15-.24 3.35-2.53-2.2m4.33-2.7 1.15-2.77 2.2 2.54-3.35.23m1.15-4.96-1.14-2.78 3.34.24-2.2 2.54M9.63 18.93l2.77 1.15-2.53 2.19-.24-3.34Z"/></svg>
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</label>
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="grey" data-md-color-accent="indigo" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.5 2c-1.79 1.15-3 3.18-3 5.5s1.21 4.35 3.03 5.5C4.46 13 2 10.54 2 7.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 1 7.5 2m11.57 1.5 1.43 1.43L4.93 20.5 3.5 19.07 19.07 3.5m-6.18 2.43L11.41 5 9.97 6l.42-1.7L9 3.24l1.75-.12.58-1.65L12 3.1l1.73.03-1.35 1.13.51 1.67m-3.3 3.61-1.16-.73-1.12.78.34-1.32-1.09-.83 1.36-.09.45-1.29.51 1.27 1.36.03-1.05.87.4 1.31M19 13.5a5.5 5.5 0 0 1-5.5 5.5c-1.22 0-2.35-.4-3.26-1.07l7.69-7.69c.67.91 1.07 2.04 1.07 3.26m-4.4 6.58 2.77-1.15-.24 3.35-2.53-2.2m4.33-2.7 1.15-2.77 2.2 2.54-3.35.23m1.15-4.96-1.14-2.78 3.34.24-2.2 2.54M9.63 18.93l2.77 1.15-2.53 2.19-.24-3.34Z"/></svg>
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<script>var media,input,key,value,palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){"(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media&&(media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']"),palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent"));for([key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script>
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<li class="md-select__item">
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<a href="/" hreflang="zh" class="md-select__link">
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中文
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</a>
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English
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<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
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<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
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<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
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<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12Z"/></svg>
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Initializing search
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<div class="md-header__source">
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<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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Chapter 0. Preface
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Chapter 0. Preface
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0.1 About This Book
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0.2 How to Read
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0.3 Summary
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</a>
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Chapter 1. Introduction to Algorithms
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Chapter 1. Introduction to Algorithms
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1.1 Algorithms are Everywhere
|
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</a>
|
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1.2 What is an Algorithm
|
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1.3 Summary
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Chapter 2. Complexity Analysis
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Chapter 2. Complexity Analysis
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2.1 Algorithm Efficiency Assessment
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2.2 Iteration and Recursion
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2.3 Time Complexity
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2.4 Space Complexity
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2.5 Summary
|
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|
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Chapter 3. Data Structures
|
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|
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Chapter 3. Data Structures
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|
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3.1 Classification of Data Structures
|
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|
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3.2 Fundamental Data Types
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.3 Number Encoding *
|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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3.4 Character Encoding *
|
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</span>
|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.5 Summary
|
||
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|
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</a>
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Chapter 4. Array and Linked List
|
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</span>
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</a>
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4.1 Array
|
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4.2 Linked List
|
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|
||
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4.3 List
|
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|
||
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||
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.4 Memory and Cache
|
||
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</span>
|
||
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</a>
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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<h1 id="summary">Summary<a class="headerlink" href="#summary" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<h3 id="key-review">Key Review<a class="headerlink" href="#key-review" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li>A stack is a data structure that follows the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle and can be implemented using either arrays or linked lists.</li>
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<li>In terms of time efficiency, the array implementation of a stack has higher average efficiency, but during expansion, the time complexity for a single push operation can degrade to <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span>. In contrast, the linked list implementation of a stack offers more stable efficiency.</li>
|
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<li>Regarding space efficiency, the array implementation of a stack may lead to some level of space wastage. However, it's important to note that the memory space occupied by nodes in a linked list is generally larger than that for elements in an array.</li>
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<li>A queue is a data structure that follows the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle, and it can also be implemented using either arrays or linked lists. The conclusions regarding time and space efficiency for queues are similar to those for stacks.</li>
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<li>A double-ended queue is a more flexible type of queue that allows adding and removing elements from both ends.</li>
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<h3 id="q-a">Q & A<a class="headerlink" href="#q-a" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
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<p><strong>Q</strong>: Is the browser's forward and backward functionality implemented with a doubly linked list?</p>
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<p>The forward and backward functionality of a browser fundamentally represents the "stack" concept. When a user visits a new page, it is added to the top of the stack; when they click the back button, the page is popped from the top. A double-ended queue can conveniently implement some additional operations, as mentioned in the "Double-Ended Queue" section.</p>
|
||
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<p><strong>Q</strong>: After popping from a stack, is it necessary to free the memory of the popped node?</p>
|
||
|
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<p>If the popped node will still be used later, it's not necessary to free its memory. In languages like Java and Python that have automatic garbage collection, manual memory release isn't required; in C and C++, manual memory release is necessary if the node will no longer be used.</p>
|
||
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<p><strong>Q</strong>: A double-ended queue seems like two stacks joined together. What are its uses?</p>
|
||
|
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<p>A double-ended queue is essentially a combination of a stack and a queue, or like two stacks joined together. It exhibits both stack and queue logic, therefore enabling the implementation of all applications of stacks and queues with added flexibility.</p>
|
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<p><strong>Q</strong>: How exactly are undo and redo implemented?</p>
|
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<p>Undo and redo are implemented using two stacks: Stack A for undo and Stack B for redo.</p>
|
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<ol>
|
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<li>Each time a user performs an operation, it is pushed onto Stack A, and Stack B is cleared.</li>
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<li>When the user executes an "undo", the most recent operation is popped from Stack A and pushed onto Stack B.</li>
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<li>When the user executes a "redo", the most recent operation is popped from Stack B and pushed back onto Stack A.</li>
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