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# 二分查找边界
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在上一节中,题目规定数组中所有元素都是唯一的。如果目标元素在数组中多次出现,上节介绍的方法只能保证返回其中一个目标元素的索引,**而无法确定该索引的左边和右边还有多少目标元素**。
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!!! question
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给定一个长度为 $n$ 的有序数组 `nums` ,数组可能包含重复元素。请查找并返回元素 `target` 在数组中首次出现的索引。若数组中不包含该元素,则返回 $-1$ 。
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## 线性方法
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为了查找数组中最左边的 `target` ,我们可以分为两步:
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1. 进行二分查找,定位到任意一个 `target` 的索引,记为 $k$ 。
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2. 以索引 $k$ 为起始点,向左进行线性遍历,找到最左边的 `target` 返回即可。
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![线性查找最左边的元素](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_left_edge_naive.png)
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这个方法虽然有效,但由于包含线性查找,时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ,当存在很多重复的 `target` 时效率较低。
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## 二分方法
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考虑仅使用二分查找解决该问题。整体算法流程不变,先计算中点索引 $m$ ,再判断 `target` 和 `nums[m]` 大小关系:
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- 当 `nums[m] < target` 或 `nums[m] > target` 时,说明还没有找到 `target` ,因此采取与上节代码相同的缩小区间操作,**从而使指针 $i$ 和 $j$ 向 `target` 靠近**。
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- 当 `nums[m] == target` 时,说明“小于 `target` 的元素”在区间 $[i, m - 1]$ 中,因此采用 $j = m - 1$ 来缩小区间,**从而使指针 $j$ 向小于 `target` 的元素靠近**。
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二分查找完成后,**$i$ 指向最左边的 `target` ,$j$ 指向首个小于 `target` 的元素**,因此返回索引 $i$ 即可。
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=== "<1>"
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![二分查找最左边元素的步骤](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_left_edge_step1.png)
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=== "<2>"
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![binary_search_left_edge_step2](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_left_edge_step2.png)
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=== "<3>"
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![binary_search_left_edge_step3](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_left_edge_step3.png)
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=== "<4>"
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![binary_search_left_edge_step4](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_left_edge_step4.png)
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=== "<5>"
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![binary_search_left_edge_step5](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_left_edge_step5.png)
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=== "<6>"
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![binary_search_left_edge_step6](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_left_edge_step6.png)
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=== "<7>"
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![binary_search_left_edge_step7](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_left_edge_step7.png)
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=== "<8>"
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![binary_search_left_edge_step8](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_left_edge_step8.png)
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注意,数组可能不包含目标元素 `target` 。因此在函数返回前,我们需要先判断 `nums[i]` 与 `target` 是否相等,以及索引 $i$ 是否越界。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="binary_search_edge.java"
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[class]{binary_search_edge}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="binary_search_edge.cpp"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="binary_search_edge.py"
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[class]{}-[func]{binary_search_left_edge}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="binary_search_edge.go"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title="binary_search_edge.js"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="binary_search_edge.ts"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="binary_search_edge.c"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="binary_search_edge.cs"
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[class]{binary_search_edge}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="binary_search_edge.swift"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="binary_search_edge.zig"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="binary_search_edge.dart"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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## 查找右边界
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类似地,我们也可以二分查找最右边的 `target` 。当 `nums[m] == target` 时,说明大于 `target` 的元素在区间 $[m + 1, j]$ 中,因此执行 `i = m + 1` ,**使得指针 $i$ 向大于 `target` 的元素靠近**。
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完成二分后,**$i$ 指向首个大于 `target` 的元素,$j$ 指向最右边的 `target`** ,因此返回索引 $j$ 即可。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="binary_search_edge.java"
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[class]{binary_search_edge}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="binary_search_edge.cpp"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="binary_search_edge.py"
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[class]{}-[func]{binary_search_right_edge}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="binary_search_edge.go"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title="binary_search_edge.js"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="binary_search_edge.ts"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="binary_search_edge.c"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="binary_search_edge.cs"
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[class]{binary_search_edge}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="binary_search_edge.swift"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="binary_search_edge.zig"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="binary_search_edge.dart"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
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```
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观察下图,搜索最右边元素时指针 $j$ 的作用与搜索最左边元素时指针 $i$ 的作用一致,反之亦然。也就是说,**搜索最左边元素和最右边元素的实现是镜像对称的**。
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![查找最左边和最右边元素的对称性](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_left_right_edge.png)
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!!! tip
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以上代码采取的都是“双闭区间”写法。有兴趣的读者可以自行实现“左闭右开”写法。
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