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Hello 算法
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11.11 小结
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第 0 章 前言
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第 0 章 前言
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0.1 关于本书
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0.2 如何使用本书
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0.3 小结
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第 1 章 初识算法
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第 1 章 初识算法
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1.1 算法无处不在
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1.2 算法是什么
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1.3 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_computational_complexity/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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第 2 章 复杂度分析
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第 2 章 复杂度分析
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2.1 算法效率评估
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2.2 迭代与递归
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2.3 时间复杂度
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2.4 空间复杂度
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2.5 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_data_structure/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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第 3 章 数据结构
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第 3 章 数据结构
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3.1 数据结构分类
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3.2 基本数据类型
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3.3 数字编码 *
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3.4 字符编码 *
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3.5 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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第 4 章 数组与链表
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第 4 章 数组与链表
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4.1 数组
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4.2 链表
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4.3 列表
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4.4 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_stack_and_queue/" class = "md-nav__link " >
< svg xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox = "0 0 24 24" > < path d = "M17.36 20.2v-5.38h1.79V22H3v-7.18h1.8v5.38h12.56M6.77 14.32l.37-1.76 8.79 1.85-.37 1.76-8.79-1.85m1.16-4.21.76-1.61 8.14 3.78-.76 1.62-8.14-3.79m2.26-3.99 1.15-1.38 6.9 5.76-1.15 1.37-6.9-5.75m4.45-4.25L20 9.08l-1.44 1.07-5.36-7.21 1.44-1.07M6.59 18.41v-1.8h8.98v1.8H6.59Z" / > < / svg >
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第 5 章 栈与队列
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第 5 章 栈与队列
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5.1 栈
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5.2 队列
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5.3 双向队列
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5.4 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_hashing/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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第 6 章 哈希表
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第 6 章 哈希表
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6.1 哈希表
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6.2 哈希冲突
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6.3 哈希算法
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6.4 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_tree/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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第 7 章 树
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第 7 章 树
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7.1 二叉树
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7.2 二叉树遍历
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7.3 二叉树数组表示
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7.4 二叉搜索树
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7.5 AVL 树 *
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7.6 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_heap/" class = "md-nav__link " >
< svg xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox = "0 0 24 24" > < path d = "M12 1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 11 5.79V7H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 14.29V15H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 .5 20.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4 18.21V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 9 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 8.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 9.71V9h10v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15.5 12a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5 2.29V15h-1a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 21 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-1v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 20.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19 9.71V9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-4V5.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5-2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 1m0 1.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M6 11a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m12 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M3 19.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z" / > < / svg >
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第 8 章 堆
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第 8 章 堆
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8.1 堆
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8.2 建堆操作
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8.3 Top-K 问题
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8.4 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_graph/" class = "md-nav__link " >
< svg xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox = "0 0 24 24" > < path d = "m12 5.37-.44-.06L6 14.9c.24.21.4.48.47.78h11.06c.07-.3.23-.57.47-.78l-5.56-9.59-.44.06M6.6 16.53l4.28 2.53c.29-.27.69-.43 1.12-.43.43 0 .83.16 1.12.43l4.28-2.53H6.6M12 22a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68l.09-.56-4.3-2.55c-.31.36-.76.58-1.27.58a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68c0-.79.53-1.45 1.26-1.64V9.36c-.83-.11-1.47-.82-1.47-1.68A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 4.63 6c.55 0 1.03.26 1.34.66l4.41-2.53-.06-.45c0-.93.75-1.68 1.68-1.68.93 0 1.68.75 1.68 1.68l-.06.45 4.41 2.53c.31-.4.79-.66 1.34-.66a1.68 1.68 0 0 1 1.68 1.68c0 .86-.64 1.57-1.47 1.68v5.11c.73.19 1.26.85 1.26 1.64a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68 1.68c-.51 0-.96-.22-1.27-.58l-4.3 2.55.09.56A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 12 22M10.8 4.86 6.3 7.44l.02.24c0 .71-.44 1.32-1.06 1.57l.03 5.25 5.51-9.64m2.4 0 5.51 9.64.03-5.25c-.62-.25-1.06-.86-1.06-1.57l.02-.24-4.5-2.58Z" / > < / svg >
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第 9 章 图
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第 9 章 图
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9.1 图
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9.2 图基础操作
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9.3 图的遍历
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9.4 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_searching/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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第 10 章 搜索
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第 10 章 搜索
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10.1 二分查找
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10.2 二分查找插入点
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10.3 二分查找边界
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10.4 哈希优化策略
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10.5 重识搜索算法
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10.6 小结
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< a href = "../" class = "md-nav__link " >
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第 11 章 排序
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第 11 章 排序
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11.1 排序算法
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11.2 选择排序
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11.3 冒泡排序
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11.4 插入排序
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11.5 快速排序
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11.6 归并排序
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11.7 堆排序
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11.8 桶排序
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11.9 计数排序
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11.10 基数排序
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11.11 小结
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11.11 小结
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目录
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11.11.1 Q & A
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< a href = "../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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第 12 章 分治
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第 12 章 分治
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12.1 分治算法
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12.2 分治搜索策略
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12.3 构建树问题
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12.4 汉诺塔问题
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12.5 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_backtracking/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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第 13 章 回溯
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第 13 章 回溯
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13.1 回溯算法
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13.2 全排列问题
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13.3 子集和问题
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13.4 N 皇后问题
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13.5 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_dynamic_programming/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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第 14 章 动态规划
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第 14 章 动态规划
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14.1 初探动态规划
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14.2 DP 问题特性
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14.3 DP 解题思路
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14.4 0-1 背包问题
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14.5 完全背包问题
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14.6 编辑距离问题
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14.7 小结
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< a href = "../../chapter_greedy/" class = "md-nav__link " >
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< h1 id = "1111" > 11.11 小结< a class = "headerlink" href = "#1111" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h1 >
< ul >
< li > 冒泡排序通过交换相邻元素来实现排序。通过添加一个标志位来实现提前返回，我们可以将冒泡排序的最佳时间复杂度优化到 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(n)\)< / span > 。< / li >
< li > 插入排序每轮将未排序区间内的元素插入到已排序区间的正确位置，从而完成排序。虽然插入排序的时间复杂度为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(n^2)\)< / span > ，但由于单元操作相对较少，它在小数据量的排序任务中非常受欢迎。< / li >
< li > 快速排序基于哨兵划分操作实现排序。在哨兵划分中，有可能每次都选取到最差的基准数，导致时间复杂度劣化至 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(n^2)\)< / span > 。引入中位数基准数或随机基准数可以降低这种劣化的概率。尾递归方法可以有效地减少递归深度，将空间复杂度优化到 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(\log n)\)< / span > 。< / li >
< li > 归并排序包括划分和合并两个阶段，典型地体现了分治策略。在归并排序中，排序数组需要创建辅助数组，空间复杂度为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(n)\)< / span > ；然而排序链表的空间复杂度可以优化至 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(1)\)< / span > 。< / li >
< li > 桶排序包含三个步骤：数据分桶、桶内排序和合并结果。它同样体现了分治策略，适用于数据体量很大的情况。桶排序的关键在于对数据进行平均分配。< / li >
< li > 计数排序是桶排序的一个特例，它通过统计数据出现的次数来实现排序。计数排序适用于数据量大但数据范围有限的情况，并且要求数据能够转换为正整数。< / li >
< li > 基数排序通过逐位排序来实现数据排序，要求数据能够表示为固定位数的数字。< / li >
< li > 总的来说，我们希望找到一种排序算法，具有高效率、稳定、原地以及正向自适应性等优点。然而，正如其他数据结构和算法一样，没有一种排序算法能够同时满足所有这些条件。在实际应用中，我们需要根据数据的特性来选择合适的排序算法。< / li >
< li > 图 11-19 对比了主流排序算法的效率、稳定性、就地性和自适应性等。< / li >
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< p > < img alt = "排序算法对比" src = "../summary.assets/sorting_algorithms_comparison.png" / > < / p >
< p align = "center" > 图 11-19 排序算法对比 < / p >
< h2 id = "11111-q-a" > 11.11.1 Q & A< a class = "headerlink" href = "#11111-q-a" title = "Permanent link" > ¶ < / a > < / h2 >
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< p class = "admonition-title" > 排序算法稳定性在什么情况下是必须的？< / p >
< p > 在现实中，我们有可能是在对象的某个属性上进行排序。例如，学生有姓名和身高两个属性，我们希望实现一个多级排序/< / p >
< p > 先按照姓名进行排序，得到 < code > (A, 180) (B, 185) (C, 170) (D, 170)< / code > ；接下来对身高进行排序。由于排序算法不稳定，我们可能得到 < code > (D, 170) (C, 170) (A, 180) (B, 185)< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 可以发现，学生 D 和 C 的位置发生了交换，姓名的有序性被破坏了，而这是我们不希望看到的。< / p >
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< p class = "admonition-title" > 哨兵划分中“从右往左查找”与“从左往右查找”的顺序可以交换吗？< / p >
< p > 不行，当我们以最左端元素为基准数时，必须先“从右往左查找”再“从左往右查找”。这个结论有些反直觉，我们来剖析一下原因。< / p >
< p > 哨兵划分 < code > partition()< / code > 的最后一步是交换 < code > nums[left]< / code > 和 < code > nums[i]< / code > 。完成交换后，基准数左边的元素都 < code > < =< / code > 基准数，< strong > 这就要求最后一步交换前 < code > nums[left] > = nums[i]< / code > 必须成立< / strong > 。假设我们先“从左往右查找”，那么如果找不到比基准数更小的元素，< strong > 则会在 < code > i == j< / code > 时跳出循环，此时可能 < code > nums[j] == nums[i] > nums[left]< / code > < / strong > 。也就是说，此时最后一步交换操作会把一个比基准数更大的元素交换至数组最左端，导致哨兵划分失败。< / p >
< p > 举个例子，给定数组 < code > [0, 0, 0, 0, 1]< / code > ，如果先“从左向右查找”，哨兵划分后数组为 < code > [1, 0, 0, 0, 0]< / code > ，这个结果是不正确的。< / p >
< p > 再深入思考一下，如果我们选择 < code > nums[right]< / code > 为基准数，那么正好反过来，必须先“从左往右查找”。< / p >
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< p class = "admonition-title" > 关于尾递归优化，为什么选短的数组能保证递归深度不超过 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(\log n\)< / span > ？ < / p >
< p > 递归深度就是当前未返回的递归方法的数量。每轮哨兵划分我们将原数组划分为两个子数组。在尾递归优化后，向下递归的子数组长度最大为原数组的一半长度。假设最差情况，一直为一半长度，那么最终的递归深度就是 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(\log n\)< / span > 。< / p >
< p > 回顾原始的快速排序，我们有可能会连续地递归长度较大的数组，最差情况下为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(n\)< / span > 、< span class = "arithmatex" > \(n - 1\)< / span > 、< span class = "arithmatex" > \(\dots\)< / span > 、< span class = "arithmatex" > \(2\)< / span > 、< span class = "arithmatex" > \(1\)< / span > ，递归深度为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(n\)< / span > 。尾递归优化可以避免这种情况的出现。< / p >
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< p class = "admonition-title" > 当数组中所有元素都相等时，快速排序的时间复杂度是 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(n^2)\)< / span > 吗？该如何处理这种退化情况？< / p >
< p > 是的。这种情况可以考虑通过哨兵划分将数组划分为三个部分：小于、等于、大于基准数。仅向下递归小于和大于的两部分。在该方法下，输入元素全部相等的数组，仅一轮哨兵划分即可完成排序。< / p >
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< p class = "admonition-title" > 桶排序的最差时间复杂度为什么是 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(n^2)\)< / span > ？ < / p >
< p > 最差情况下，所有元素被分至同一个桶中。如果我们采用一个 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(n^2)\)< / span > 算法来排序这些元素，则时间复杂度为 < span class = "arithmatex" > \(O(n^2)\)< / span > 。< / p >
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