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hello-algo/codes/java/chapter_backtracking/n_queens.java

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/**
* File: n_queens.java
* Created Time: 2023-05-04
* Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
*/
package chapter_backtracking;
import java.util.*;
public class n_queens {
/* 求解 N 皇后 */
public static List<List<List<String>>> nQueens(int n) {
// 初始化 n*n 大小的棋盘,其中 'Q' 代表皇后,'#' 代表空位
List<List<String>> state = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
List<String> row = new ArrayList<>();
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
row.add("#");
}
state.add(row);
}
boolean[] cols = new boolean[n]; // 记录列是否有皇后
boolean[] diags1 = new boolean[2 * n - 1]; // 记录主对角线是否有皇后
boolean[] diags2 = new boolean[2 * n - 1]; // 记录副对角线是否有皇后
List<List<List<String>>> res = new ArrayList<>();
backtrack(0, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
return res;
}
/* 回溯算法N 皇后 */
public static void backtrack(int row, int n, List<List<String>> state, List<List<List<String>>> res,
boolean[] cols, boolean[] diags1, boolean[] diags2) {
// 当放置完所有行时,记录解
if (row == n) {
List<List<String>> copyState = new ArrayList<>();
for (List<String> sRow : state) {
copyState.add(new ArrayList<>(sRow));
}
res.add(copyState);
return;
}
// 遍历所有列
for (int col = 0; col < n; col++) {
// 计算该格子对应的主对角线和副对角线
int diag1 = row - col + n - 1;
int diag2 = row + col;
// 剪枝:不允许该格子所在 (列 或 主对角线 或 副对角线) 包含皇后
if (!(cols[col] || diags1[diag1] || diags2[diag2])) {
// 尝试:将皇后放置在该格子
state.get(row).set(col, "Q");
cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = true;
// 放置下一行
backtrack(row + 1, n, state, res, cols, diags1, diags2);
// 回退:将该格子恢复为空位
state.get(row).set(col, "#");
cols[col] = diags1[diag1] = diags2[diag2] = false;
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 4;
List<List<List<String>>> res = nQueens(n);
System.out.println("输入棋盘长宽为 " + n);
System.out.println("皇后放置方案共有 " + res.size() + " 种");
for (List<List<String>> state : res) {
System.out.println("--------------------");
for (List<String> row : state) {
System.out.println(row);
}
}
}
}