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# 二叉树
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<u>二叉树(binary tree)</u>是一种非线性数据结构,代表“祖先”与“后代”之间的派生关系,体现了“一分为二”的分治逻辑。与链表类似,二叉树的基本单元是节点,每个节点包含值、左子节点引用和右子节点引用。
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=== "Python"
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```python title=""
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class TreeNode:
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"""二叉树节点类"""
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def __init__(self, val: int):
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self.val: int = val # 节点值
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self.left: TreeNode | None = None # 左子节点引用
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self.right: TreeNode | None = None # 右子节点引用
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title=""
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/* 二叉树节点结构体 */
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struct TreeNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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TreeNode *left; // 左子节点指针
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TreeNode *right; // 右子节点指针
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TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
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};
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title=""
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/* 二叉树节点类 */
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class TreeNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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TreeNode left; // 左子节点引用
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TreeNode right; // 右子节点引用
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TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title=""
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/* 二叉树节点类 */
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class TreeNode(int? x) {
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public int? val = x; // 节点值
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public TreeNode? left; // 左子节点引用
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public TreeNode? right; // 右子节点引用
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title=""
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/* 二叉树节点结构体 */
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type TreeNode struct {
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Val int
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Left *TreeNode
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Right *TreeNode
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}
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/* 构造方法 */
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func NewTreeNode(v int) *TreeNode {
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return &TreeNode{
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Left: nil, // 左子节点指针
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Right: nil, // 右子节点指针
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Val: v, // 节点值
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title=""
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/* 二叉树节点类 */
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class TreeNode {
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var val: Int // 节点值
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var left: TreeNode? // 左子节点引用
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var right: TreeNode? // 右子节点引用
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init(x: Int) {
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val = x
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}
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title=""
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/* 二叉树节点类 */
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class TreeNode {
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val; // 节点值
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left; // 左子节点指针
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right; // 右子节点指针
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constructor(val, left, right) {
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this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val;
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this.left = left === undefined ? null : left;
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this.right = right === undefined ? null : right;
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}
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title=""
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/* 二叉树节点类 */
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class TreeNode {
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val: number;
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left: TreeNode | null;
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right: TreeNode | null;
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constructor(val?: number, left?: TreeNode | null, right?: TreeNode | null) {
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this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
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this.left = left === undefined ? null : left; // 左子节点引用
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this.right = right === undefined ? null : right; // 右子节点引用
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title=""
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/* 二叉树节点类 */
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class TreeNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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TreeNode? left; // 左子节点引用
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TreeNode? right; // 右子节点引用
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TreeNode(this.val, [this.left, this.right]);
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title=""
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use std::rc::Rc;
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use std::cell::RefCell;
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/* 二叉树节点结构体 */
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struct TreeNode {
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val: i32, // 节点值
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left: Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>>, // 左子节点引用
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right: Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>>, // 右子节点引用
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}
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impl TreeNode {
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/* 构造方法 */
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fn new(val: i32) -> Rc<RefCell<Self>> {
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Rc::new(RefCell::new(Self {
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val,
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left: None,
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right: None
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}))
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title=""
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/* 二叉树节点结构体 */
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typedef struct TreeNode {
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int val; // 节点值
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int height; // 节点高度
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struct TreeNode *left; // 左子节点指针
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struct TreeNode *right; // 右子节点指针
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} TreeNode;
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/* 构造函数 */
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TreeNode *newTreeNode(int val) {
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TreeNode *node;
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node = (TreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(TreeNode));
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node->val = val;
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node->height = 0;
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node->left = NULL;
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node->right = NULL;
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return node;
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}
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```
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=== "Kotlin"
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```kotlin title=""
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/* 二叉树节点类 */
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class TreeNode(val _val: Int) { // 节点值
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val left: TreeNode? = null // 左子节点引用
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val right: TreeNode? = null // 右子节点引用
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}
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```
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=== "Ruby"
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```ruby title=""
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### 二叉树节点类 ###
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class TreeNode
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attr_accessor :val # 节点值
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attr_accessor :left # 左子节点引用
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attr_accessor :right # 右子节点引用
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def initialize(val)
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@val = val
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end
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end
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title=""
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```
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每个节点都有两个引用(指针),分别指向<u>左子节点(left-child node)</u>和<u>右子节点(right-child node)</u>,该节点被称为这两个子节点的<u>父节点(parent node)</u>。当给定一个二叉树的节点时,我们将该节点的左子节点及其以下节点形成的树称为该节点的<u>左子树(left subtree)</u>,同理可得<u>右子树(right subtree)</u>。
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**在二叉树中,除叶节点外,其他所有节点都包含子节点和非空子树**。如下图所示,如果将“节点 2”视为父节点,则其左子节点和右子节点分别是“节点 4”和“节点 5”,左子树是“节点 4 及其以下节点形成的树”,右子树是“节点 5 及其以下节点形成的树”。
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![父节点、子节点、子树](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_definition.png)
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## 二叉树常见术语
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二叉树的常用术语如下图所示。
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- <u>根节点(root node)</u>:位于二叉树顶层的节点,没有父节点。
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- <u>叶节点(leaf node)</u>:没有子节点的节点,其两个指针均指向 `None` 。
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- <u>边(edge)</u>:连接两个节点的线段,即节点引用(指针)。
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- 节点所在的<u>层(level)</u>:从顶至底递增,根节点所在层为 1 。
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- 节点的<u>度(degree)</u>:节点的子节点的数量。在二叉树中,度的取值范围是 0、1、2 。
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- 二叉树的<u>高度(height)</u>:从根节点到最远叶节点所经过的边的数量。
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- 节点的<u>深度(depth)</u>:从根节点到该节点所经过的边的数量。
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- 节点的<u>高度(height)</u>:从距离该节点最远的叶节点到该节点所经过的边的数量。
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![二叉树的常用术语](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_terminology.png)
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!!! tip
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请注意,我们通常将“高度”和“深度”定义为“经过的边的数量”,但有些题目或教材可能会将其定义为“经过的节点的数量”。在这种情况下,高度和深度都需要加 1 。
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## 二叉树基本操作
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### 初始化二叉树
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与链表类似,首先初始化节点,然后构建引用(指针)。
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=== "Python"
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```python title="binary_tree.py"
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# 初始化二叉树
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# 初始化节点
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n1 = TreeNode(val=1)
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n2 = TreeNode(val=2)
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n3 = TreeNode(val=3)
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n4 = TreeNode(val=4)
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n5 = TreeNode(val=5)
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# 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
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n1.left = n2
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n1.right = n3
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n2.left = n4
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n2.right = n5
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="binary_tree.cpp"
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/* 初始化二叉树 */
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// 初始化节点
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TreeNode* n1 = new TreeNode(1);
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TreeNode* n2 = new TreeNode(2);
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TreeNode* n3 = new TreeNode(3);
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TreeNode* n4 = new TreeNode(4);
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TreeNode* n5 = new TreeNode(5);
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// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
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n1->left = n2;
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n1->right = n3;
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n2->left = n4;
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n2->right = n5;
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="binary_tree.java"
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// 初始化节点
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TreeNode n1 = new TreeNode(1);
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TreeNode n2 = new TreeNode(2);
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TreeNode n3 = new TreeNode(3);
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TreeNode n4 = new TreeNode(4);
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TreeNode n5 = new TreeNode(5);
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// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
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n1.left = n2;
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n1.right = n3;
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n2.left = n4;
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n2.right = n5;
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="binary_tree.cs"
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/* 初始化二叉树 */
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// 初始化节点
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TreeNode n1 = new(1);
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TreeNode n2 = new(2);
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TreeNode n3 = new(3);
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TreeNode n4 = new(4);
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TreeNode n5 = new(5);
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// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
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n1.left = n2;
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n1.right = n3;
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n2.left = n4;
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n2.right = n5;
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```
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=== "Go"
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|
```go title="binary_tree.go"
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|
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/* 初始化二叉树 */
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// 初始化节点
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n1 := NewTreeNode(1)
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n2 := NewTreeNode(2)
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|
|
n3 := NewTreeNode(3)
|
|
|
|
|
n4 := NewTreeNode(4)
|
|
|
|
|
n5 := NewTreeNode(5)
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
|
|
|
|
|
n1.Left = n2
|
|
|
|
|
n1.Right = n3
|
|
|
|
|
n2.Left = n4
|
|
|
|
|
n2.Right = n5
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="binary_tree.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化节点
|
|
|
|
|
let n1 = TreeNode(x: 1)
|
|
|
|
|
let n2 = TreeNode(x: 2)
|
|
|
|
|
let n3 = TreeNode(x: 3)
|
|
|
|
|
let n4 = TreeNode(x: 4)
|
|
|
|
|
let n5 = TreeNode(x: 5)
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2
|
|
|
|
|
n1.right = n3
|
|
|
|
|
n2.left = n4
|
|
|
|
|
n2.right = n5
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="binary_tree.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化节点
|
|
|
|
|
let n1 = new TreeNode(1),
|
|
|
|
|
n2 = new TreeNode(2),
|
|
|
|
|
n3 = new TreeNode(3),
|
|
|
|
|
n4 = new TreeNode(4),
|
|
|
|
|
n5 = new TreeNode(5);
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
n1.right = n3;
|
|
|
|
|
n2.left = n4;
|
|
|
|
|
n2.right = n5;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="binary_tree.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化节点
|
|
|
|
|
let n1 = new TreeNode(1),
|
|
|
|
|
n2 = new TreeNode(2),
|
|
|
|
|
n3 = new TreeNode(3),
|
|
|
|
|
n4 = new TreeNode(4),
|
|
|
|
|
n5 = new TreeNode(5);
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
n1.right = n3;
|
|
|
|
|
n2.left = n4;
|
|
|
|
|
n2.right = n5;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="binary_tree.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化节点
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode n1 = new TreeNode(1);
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode n2 = new TreeNode(2);
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode n3 = new TreeNode(3);
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode n4 = new TreeNode(4);
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode n5 = new TreeNode(5);
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
n1.right = n3;
|
|
|
|
|
n2.left = n4;
|
|
|
|
|
n2.right = n5;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="binary_tree.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化节点
|
|
|
|
|
let n1 = TreeNode::new(1);
|
|
|
|
|
let n2 = TreeNode::new(2);
|
|
|
|
|
let n3 = TreeNode::new(3);
|
|
|
|
|
let n4 = TreeNode::new(4);
|
|
|
|
|
let n5 = TreeNode::new(5);
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
|
|
|
|
|
n1.borrow_mut().left = Some(n2.clone());
|
|
|
|
|
n1.borrow_mut().right = Some(n3);
|
|
|
|
|
n2.borrow_mut().left = Some(n4);
|
|
|
|
|
n2.borrow_mut().right = Some(n5);
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="binary_tree.c"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化二叉树 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化节点
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode *n1 = newTreeNode(1);
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode *n2 = newTreeNode(2);
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode *n3 = newTreeNode(3);
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode *n4 = newTreeNode(4);
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode *n5 = newTreeNode(5);
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
|
|
|
|
|
n1->left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
n1->right = n3;
|
|
|
|
|
n2->left = n4;
|
|
|
|
|
n2->right = n5;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Kotlin"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```kotlin title="binary_tree.kt"
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化节点
|
|
|
|
|
val n1 = TreeNode(1)
|
|
|
|
|
val n2 = TreeNode(2)
|
|
|
|
|
val n3 = TreeNode(3)
|
|
|
|
|
val n4 = TreeNode(4)
|
|
|
|
|
val n5 = TreeNode(5)
|
|
|
|
|
// 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2
|
|
|
|
|
n1.right = n3
|
|
|
|
|
n2.left = n4
|
|
|
|
|
n2.right = n5
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Ruby"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```ruby title="binary_tree.rb"
|
|
|
|
|
# 初始化二叉树
|
|
|
|
|
# 初始化节点
|
|
|
|
|
n1 = TreeNode.new(1)
|
|
|
|
|
n2 = TreeNode.new(2)
|
|
|
|
|
n3 = TreeNode.new(3)
|
|
|
|
|
n4 = TreeNode.new(4)
|
|
|
|
|
n5 = TreeNode.new(5)
|
|
|
|
|
# 构建节点之间的引用(指针)
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2
|
|
|
|
|
n1.right = n3
|
|
|
|
|
n2.left = n4
|
|
|
|
|
n2.right = n5
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="binary_tree.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
https://pythontutor.com/render.html#code=class%20TreeNode%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%3A%20int%20%3D%20val%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.left%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%B7%A6%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.right%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%23%20%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20n1%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D1%29%0A%20%20%20%20n2%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D2%29%0A%20%20%20%20n3%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D3%29%0A%20%20%20%20n4%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D4%29%0A%20%20%20%20n5%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D5%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%88%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88%EF%BC%89%0A%20%20%20%20n1.left%20%3D%20n2%0A%20%20%20%20n1.right%20%3D%20n3%0A%20%20%20%20n2.left%20%3D%20n4%0A%20%20%20%20n2.right%20%3D%20n5&cumulative=false&curInstr=3&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 插入与删除节点
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
与链表类似,在二叉树中插入与删除节点可以通过修改指针来实现。下图给出了一个示例。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![在二叉树中插入与删除节点](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_add_remove.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="binary_tree.py"
|
|
|
|
|
# 插入与删除节点
|
|
|
|
|
p = TreeNode(0)
|
|
|
|
|
# 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = p
|
|
|
|
|
p.left = n2
|
|
|
|
|
# 删除节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="binary_tree.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 插入与删除节点 */
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode* P = new TreeNode(0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1->left = P;
|
|
|
|
|
P->left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1->left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="binary_tree.java"
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode P = new TreeNode(0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = P;
|
|
|
|
|
P.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="binary_tree.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 插入与删除节点 */
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode P = new(0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = P;
|
|
|
|
|
P.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="binary_tree.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 插入与删除节点 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
p := NewTreeNode(0)
|
|
|
|
|
n1.Left = p
|
|
|
|
|
p.Left = n2
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.Left = n2
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="binary_tree.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
let P = TreeNode(x: 0)
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = P
|
|
|
|
|
P.left = n2
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="binary_tree.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 插入与删除节点 */
|
|
|
|
|
let P = new TreeNode(0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = P;
|
|
|
|
|
P.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="binary_tree.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 插入与删除节点 */
|
|
|
|
|
const P = new TreeNode(0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = P;
|
|
|
|
|
P.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="binary_tree.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 插入与删除节点 */
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode P = new TreeNode(0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = P;
|
|
|
|
|
P.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="binary_tree.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
let p = TreeNode::new(0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.borrow_mut().left = Some(p.clone());
|
|
|
|
|
p.borrow_mut().left = Some(n2.clone());
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除节点 p
|
|
|
|
|
n1.borrow_mut().left = Some(n2);
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="binary_tree.c"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 插入与删除节点 */
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode *P = newTreeNode(0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1->left = P;
|
|
|
|
|
P->left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1->left = n2;
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Kotlin"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```kotlin title="binary_tree.kt"
|
|
|
|
|
val P = TreeNode(0)
|
|
|
|
|
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 P
|
|
|
|
|
n1.left = P
|
|
|
|
|
P.left = n2
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// 删除节点 P
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n1.left = n2
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```
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=== "Ruby"
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```ruby title="binary_tree.rb"
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# 插入与删除节点
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_p = TreeNode.new(0)
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# 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入节点 _p
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n1.left = _p
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_p.left = n2
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# 删除节点
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n1.left = n2
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="binary_tree.zig"
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```
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??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
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https://pythontutor.com/render.html#code=class%20TreeNode%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%3A%20int%20%3D%20val%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.left%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%B7%A6%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.right%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%23%20%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20n1%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D1%29%0A%20%20%20%20n2%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D2%29%0A%20%20%20%20n3%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D3%29%0A%20%20%20%20n4%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D4%29%0A%20%20%20%20n5%20%3D%20TreeNode%28val%3D5%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%88%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88%EF%BC%89%0A%20%20%20%20n1.left%20%3D%20n2%0A%20%20%20%20n1.right%20%3D%20n3%0A%20%20%20%20n2.left%20%3D%20n4%0A%20%20%20%20n2.right%20%3D%20n5%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%8E%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20p%20%3D%20TreeNode%280%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%9C%A8%20n1%20-%3E%20n2%20%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%20P%0A%20%20%20%20n1.left%20%3D%20p%0A%20%20%20%20p.left%20%3D%20n2%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%20P%0A%20%20%20%20n1.left%20%3D%20n2&cumulative=false&curInstr=37&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false
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!!! note
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需要注意的是,插入节点可能会改变二叉树的原有逻辑结构,而删除节点通常意味着删除该节点及其所有子树。因此,在二叉树中,插入与删除通常是由一套操作配合完成的,以实现有实际意义的操作。
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## 常见二叉树类型
|
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|
### 完美二叉树
|
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如下图所示,<u>完美二叉树(perfect binary tree)</u>所有层的节点都被完全填满。在完美二叉树中,叶节点的度为 $0$ ,其余所有节点的度都为 $2$ ;若树的高度为 $h$ ,则节点总数为 $2^{h+1} - 1$ ,呈现标准的指数级关系,反映了自然界中常见的细胞分裂现象。
|
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|
|
!!! tip
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
请注意,在中文社区中,完美二叉树常被称为<u>满二叉树</u>。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![完美二叉树](binary_tree.assets/perfect_binary_tree.png)
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
### 完全二叉树
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如下图所示,<u>完全二叉树(complete binary tree)</u>只有最底层的节点未被填满,且最底层节点尽量靠左填充。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![完全二叉树](binary_tree.assets/complete_binary_tree.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 完满二叉树
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如下图所示,<u>完满二叉树(full binary tree)</u>除了叶节点之外,其余所有节点都有两个子节点。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![完满二叉树](binary_tree.assets/full_binary_tree.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 平衡二叉树
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如下图所示,<u>平衡二叉树(balanced binary tree)</u>中任意节点的左子树和右子树的高度之差的绝对值不超过 1 。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![平衡二叉树](binary_tree.assets/balanced_binary_tree.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 二叉树的退化
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
下图展示了二叉树的理想结构与退化结构。当二叉树的每层节点都被填满时,达到“完美二叉树”;而当所有节点都偏向一侧时,二叉树退化为“链表”。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 完美二叉树是理想情况,可以充分发挥二叉树“分治”的优势。
|
|
|
|
|
- 链表则是另一个极端,各项操作都变为线性操作,时间复杂度退化至 $O(n)$ 。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![二叉树的最佳结构与最差结构](binary_tree.assets/binary_tree_best_worst_cases.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如下表所示,在最佳结构和最差结构下,二叉树的叶节点数量、节点总数、高度等达到极大值或极小值。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 表 <id> 二叉树的最佳结构与最差结构 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | 完美二叉树 | 链表 |
|
|
|
|
|
| --------------------------- | ------------------ | ------- |
|
|
|
|
|
| 第 $i$ 层的节点数量 | $2^{i-1}$ | $1$ |
|
|
|
|
|
| 高度为 $h$ 的树的叶节点数量 | $2^h$ | $1$ |
|
|
|
|
|
| 高度为 $h$ 的树的节点总数 | $2^{h+1} - 1$ | $h + 1$ |
|
|
|
|
|
| 节点总数为 $n$ 的树的高度 | $\log_2 (n+1) - 1$ | $n - 1$ |
|