|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
comments: true
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 6.2 哈希冲突
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
上一节提到,**通常情况下哈希函数的输入空间远大于输出空间**,因此理论上哈希冲突是不可避免的。比如,输入空间为全体整数,输出空间为数组容量大小,则必然有多个整数映射至同一桶索引。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
哈希冲突会导致查询结果错误,严重影响哈希表的可用性。为解决该问题,我们可以每当遇到哈希冲突就进行哈希表扩容,直至冲突消失为止。此方法简单粗暴且有效,但效率太低,因为哈希表扩容需要进行大量的数据搬运与哈希值计算。为了提升效率,我们可以采用以下策略。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. 改良哈希表数据结构,**使得哈希表可以在出现哈希冲突时正常工作**。
|
|
|
|
|
2. 仅在必要时,即当哈希冲突比较严重时,才执行扩容操作。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
哈希表的结构改良方法主要包括“链式地址”和“开放寻址”。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 6.2.1 链式地址
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在原始哈希表中,每个桶仅能存储一个键值对。「链式地址 separate chaining」将单个元素转换为链表,将键值对作为链表节点,将所有发生冲突的键值对都存储在同一链表中。图 6-5 展示了一个链式地址哈希表的例子。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![链式地址哈希表](hash_collision.assets/hash_table_chaining.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 6-5 链式地址哈希表 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
基于链式地址实现的哈希表的操作方法发生了以下变化。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **查询元素**:输入 `key` ,经过哈希函数得到桶索引,即可访问链表头节点,然后遍历链表并对比 `key` 以查找目标键值对。
|
|
|
|
|
- **添加元素**:首先通过哈希函数访问链表头节点,然后将节点(键值对)添加到链表中。
|
|
|
|
|
- **删除元素**:根据哈希函数的结果访问链表头部,接着遍历链表以查找目标节点并将其删除。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
链式地址存在以下局限性。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **占用空间增大**,链表包含节点指针,它相比数组更加耗费内存空间。
|
|
|
|
|
- **查询效率降低**,因为需要线性遍历链表来查找对应元素。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
以下代码给出了链式地址哈希表的简单实现,需要注意两点。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 使用列表(动态数组)代替链表,从而简化代码。在这种设定下,哈希表(数组)包含多个桶,每个桶都是一个列表。
|
|
|
|
|
- 以下实现包含哈希表扩容方法。当负载因子超过 $\frac{2}{3}$ 时,我们将哈希表扩容至原先的 $2$ 倍。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="hash_map_chaining.py"
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining:
|
|
|
|
|
"""链式地址哈希表"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
|
|
|
|
"""构造方法"""
|
|
|
|
|
self.size = 0 # 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
self.capacity = 4 # 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
self.load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
self.extend_ratio = 2 # 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets = [[] for _ in range(self.capacity)] # 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def hash_func(self, key: int) -> int:
|
|
|
|
|
"""哈希函数"""
|
|
|
|
|
return key % self.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def load_factor(self) -> float:
|
|
|
|
|
"""负载因子"""
|
|
|
|
|
return self.size / self.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def get(self, key: int) -> str | None:
|
|
|
|
|
"""查询操作"""
|
|
|
|
|
index = self.hash_func(key)
|
|
|
|
|
bucket = self.buckets[index]
|
|
|
|
|
# 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket:
|
|
|
|
|
if pair.key == key:
|
|
|
|
|
return pair.val
|
|
|
|
|
# 若未找到 key 则返回 None
|
|
|
|
|
return None
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def put(self, key: int, val: str):
|
|
|
|
|
"""添加操作"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres:
|
|
|
|
|
self.extend()
|
|
|
|
|
index = self.hash_func(key)
|
|
|
|
|
bucket = self.buckets[index]
|
|
|
|
|
# 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket:
|
|
|
|
|
if pair.key == key:
|
|
|
|
|
pair.val = val
|
|
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
# 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
|
|
|
|
pair = Pair(key, val)
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.append(pair)
|
|
|
|
|
self.size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def remove(self, key: int):
|
|
|
|
|
"""删除操作"""
|
|
|
|
|
index = self.hash_func(key)
|
|
|
|
|
bucket = self.buckets[index]
|
|
|
|
|
# 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket:
|
|
|
|
|
if pair.key == key:
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.remove(pair)
|
|
|
|
|
self.size -= 1
|
|
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def extend(self):
|
|
|
|
|
"""扩容哈希表"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = self.buckets
|
|
|
|
|
# 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets = [[] for _ in range(self.capacity)]
|
|
|
|
|
self.size = 0
|
|
|
|
|
# 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for bucket in buckets:
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket:
|
|
|
|
|
self.put(pair.key, pair.val)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def print(self):
|
|
|
|
|
"""打印哈希表"""
|
|
|
|
|
for bucket in self.buckets:
|
|
|
|
|
res = []
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket:
|
|
|
|
|
res.append(str(pair.key) + " -> " + pair.val)
|
|
|
|
|
print(res)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="hash_map_chaining.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
|
|
private:
|
|
|
|
|
int size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
double loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
int extendRatio; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
vector<vector<Pair *>> buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
HashMapChaining() : size(0), capacity(4), loadThres(2.0 / 3.0), extendRatio(2) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets.resize(capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 析构方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
~HashMapChaining() {
|
|
|
|
|
for (auto &bucket : buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair *pair : bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 释放内存
|
|
|
|
|
delete pair;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
int hashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
double loadFactor() {
|
|
|
|
|
return (double)size / (double)capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
string get(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair *pair : buckets[index]) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair->key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return pair->val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回空字符串
|
|
|
|
|
return "";
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void put(int key, string val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair *pair : buckets[index]) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair->key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
pair->val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index].push_back(new Pair(key, val));
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
auto &bucket = buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < bucket.size(); i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (bucket[i]->key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
Pair *tmp = bucket[i];
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.erase(bucket.begin() + i); // 从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
delete tmp; // 释放内存
|
|
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
vector<vector<Pair *>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets.clear();
|
|
|
|
|
buckets.resize(capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (auto &bucket : bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair *pair : bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
put(pair->key, pair->val);
|
|
|
|
|
// 释放内存
|
|
|
|
|
delete pair;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void print() {
|
|
|
|
|
for (auto &bucket : buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
cout << "[";
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair *pair : bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
cout << pair->key << " -> " << pair->val << ", ";
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
cout << "]\n";
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="hash_map_chaining.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
|
|
int size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
double loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
int extendRatio; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
List<List<Pair>> buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
public HashMapChaining() {
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
capacity = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = new ArrayList<>(capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets.add(new ArrayList<>());
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
int hashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
double loadFactor() {
|
|
|
|
|
return (double) size / capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
String get(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
List<Pair> bucket = buckets.get(index);
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair : bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return pair.val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void put(int key, String val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
List<Pair> bucket = buckets.get(index);
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair : bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
pair.val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
|
|
|
|
Pair pair = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.add(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
List<Pair> bucket = buckets.get(index);
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair : bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.remove(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
List<List<Pair>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = new ArrayList<>(capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets.add(new ArrayList<>());
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (List<Pair> bucket : bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair : bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void print() {
|
|
|
|
|
for (List<Pair> bucket : buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
List<String> res = new ArrayList<>();
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair : bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
res.add(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
System.out.println(res);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="hash_map_chaining.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
|
|
int size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
double loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
int extendRatio; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
List<List<Pair>> buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
public HashMapChaining() {
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
capacity = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = new List<List<Pair>>(capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets.Add([]);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
int HashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
double LoadFactor() {
|
|
|
|
|
return (double)size / capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
public string? Get(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = HashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index]) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return pair.val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void Put(int key, string val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (LoadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
Extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
int index = HashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index]) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
pair.val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index].Add(new Pair(key, val));
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void Remove(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = HashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index].ToList()) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index].Remove(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void Extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
List<List<Pair>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = new List<List<Pair>>(capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets.Add([]);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (List<Pair> bucket in bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
Put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void Print() {
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (List<Pair> bucket in buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
List<string> res = [];
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
res.Add(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (string kv in res) {
|
|
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine(kv);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="hash_map_chaining.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
type hashMapChaining struct {
|
|
|
|
|
size int // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
capacity int // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
loadThres float64 // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio int // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
buckets [][]pair // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
func newHashMapChaining() *hashMapChaining {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets := make([][]pair, 4)
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[i] = make([]pair, 0)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return &hashMapChaining{
|
|
|
|
|
size: 0,
|
|
|
|
|
capacity: 4,
|
|
|
|
|
loadThres: 2.0 / 3.0,
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio: 2,
|
|
|
|
|
buckets: buckets,
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) hashFunc(key int) int {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % m.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) loadFactor() float64 {
|
|
|
|
|
return float64(m.size) / float64(m.capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) get(key int) string {
|
|
|
|
|
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
|
|
bucket := m.buckets[idx]
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
for _, p := range bucket {
|
|
|
|
|
if p.key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
return p.val
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回空字符串
|
|
|
|
|
return ""
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) put(key int, val string) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if m.loadFactor() > m.loadThres {
|
|
|
|
|
m.extend()
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
for i := range m.buckets[idx] {
|
|
|
|
|
if m.buckets[idx][i].key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
m.buckets[idx][i].val = val
|
|
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
|
|
|
|
p := pair{
|
|
|
|
|
key: key,
|
|
|
|
|
val: val,
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
m.buckets[idx] = append(m.buckets[idx], p)
|
|
|
|
|
m.size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) remove(key int) {
|
|
|
|
|
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
for i, p := range m.buckets[idx] {
|
|
|
|
|
if p.key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
// 切片删除
|
|
|
|
|
m.buckets[idx] = append(m.buckets[idx][:i], m.buckets[idx][i+1:]...)
|
|
|
|
|
m.size -= 1
|
|
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
tmpBuckets := make([][]pair, len(m.buckets))
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < len(m.buckets); i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
tmpBuckets[i] = make([]pair, len(m.buckets[i]))
|
|
|
|
|
copy(tmpBuckets[i], m.buckets[i])
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
m.capacity *= m.extendRatio
|
|
|
|
|
m.buckets = make([][]pair, m.capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < m.capacity; i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
m.buckets[i] = make([]pair, 0)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
m.size = 0
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for _, bucket := range tmpBuckets {
|
|
|
|
|
for _, p := range bucket {
|
|
|
|
|
m.put(p.key, p.val)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) print() {
|
|
|
|
|
var builder strings.Builder
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for _, bucket := range m.buckets {
|
|
|
|
|
builder.WriteString("[")
|
|
|
|
|
for _, p := range bucket {
|
|
|
|
|
builder.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(p.key) + " -> " + p.val + " ")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
builder.WriteString("]")
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Println(builder.String())
|
|
|
|
|
builder.Reset()
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="hash_map_chaining.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
|
|
var size: Int // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
var capacity: Int // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
var loadThres: Double // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
var extendRatio: Int // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
var buckets: [[Pair]] // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
init() {
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
|
|
capacity = 4
|
|
|
|
|
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio = 2
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = Array(repeating: [], count: capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
func hashFunc(key: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
|
|
key % capacity
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
func loadFactor() -> Double {
|
|
|
|
|
Double(size / capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func get(key: Int) -> String? {
|
|
|
|
|
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
|
|
|
|
let bucket = buckets[index]
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
|
|
if pair.key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
return pair.val
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回 nil
|
|
|
|
|
return nil
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func put(key: Int, val: String) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if loadFactor() > loadThres {
|
|
|
|
|
extend()
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
|
|
|
|
let bucket = buckets[index]
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
|
|
if pair.key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
pair.val = val
|
|
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
|
|
|
|
let pair = Pair(key: key, val: val)
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index].append(pair)
|
|
|
|
|
size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func remove(key: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
|
|
|
|
let bucket = buckets[index]
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
for (pairIndex, pair) in bucket.enumerated() {
|
|
|
|
|
if pair.key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index].remove(at: pairIndex)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
size -= 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
func extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
let bucketsTmp = buckets
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = Array(repeating: [], count: capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for bucket in bucketsTmp {
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
|
|
put(key: pair.key, val: pair.val)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
func print() {
|
|
|
|
|
for bucket in buckets {
|
|
|
|
|
let res = bucket.map { "\($0.key) -> \($0.val)" }
|
|
|
|
|
Swift.print(res)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="hash_map_chaining.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
|
|
#size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
#capacity; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
#loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
#extendRatio; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
#buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#capacity = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
#hashFunc(key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % this.#capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
#loadFactor() {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.#size / this.#capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
get(key) {
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key === key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return pair.val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
put(key, val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.#loadFactor() > this.#loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key === key) {
|
|
|
|
|
pair.val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
|
|
|
|
const pair = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.push(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
remove(key) {
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
let bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (bucket[i].key === key) {
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.splice(i, 1);
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size--;
|
|
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
#extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
const bucketsTmp = this.#buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
this.#capacity *= this.#extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (const bucket of bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
print() {
|
|
|
|
|
for (const bucket of this.#buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
let res = [];
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
res.push(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
console.log(res);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="hash_map_chaining.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
|
|
#size: number; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
#capacity: number; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
#loadThres: number; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
#extendRatio: number; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
#buckets: Pair[][]; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#capacity = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
#hashFunc(key: number): number {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % this.#capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
#loadFactor(): number {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.#size / this.#capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
get(key: number): string | null {
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key === key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return pair.val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
put(key: number, val: string): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.#loadFactor() > this.#loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key === key) {
|
|
|
|
|
pair.val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
|
|
|
|
const pair = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.push(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
remove(key: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
let bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (bucket[i].key === key) {
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.splice(i, 1);
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size--;
|
|
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
#extend(): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
const bucketsTmp = this.#buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
this.#capacity *= this.#extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (const bucket of bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
print(): void {
|
|
|
|
|
for (const bucket of this.#buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
let res = [];
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
res.push(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
console.log(res);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="hash_map_chaining.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
|
|
late int size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
late int capacity; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
late double loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
late int extendRatio; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
late List<List<Pair>> buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
HashMapChaining() {
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
capacity = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = List.generate(capacity, (_) => []);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
int hashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
double loadFactor() {
|
|
|
|
|
return size / capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
String? get(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
List<Pair> bucket = buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return pair.val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void put(int key, String val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
List<Pair> bucket = buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
pair.val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
|
|
|
|
Pair pair = Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.add(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
List<Pair> bucket = buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.remove(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
List<List<Pair>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = List.generate(capacity, (_) => []);
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (List<Pair> bucket in bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void printHashMap() {
|
|
|
|
|
for (List<Pair> bucket in buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
List<String> res = [];
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
|
|
res.add("${pair.key} -> ${pair.val}");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
print(res);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="hash_map_chaining.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
struct HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
|
|
size: i32,
|
|
|
|
|
capacity: i32,
|
|
|
|
|
load_thres: f32,
|
|
|
|
|
extend_ratio: i32,
|
|
|
|
|
buckets: Vec<Vec<Pair>>,
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
impl HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn new() -> Self {
|
|
|
|
|
Self {
|
|
|
|
|
size: 0,
|
|
|
|
|
capacity: 4,
|
|
|
|
|
load_thres: 2.0 / 3.0,
|
|
|
|
|
extend_ratio: 2,
|
|
|
|
|
buckets: vec![vec![]; 4],
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn hash_func(&self, key: i32) -> usize {
|
|
|
|
|
key as usize % self.capacity as usize
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn load_factor(&self) -> f32 {
|
|
|
|
|
self.size as f32 / self.capacity as f32
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn remove(&mut self, key: i32) -> Option<String> {
|
|
|
|
|
let index = self.hash_func(key);
|
|
|
|
|
let bucket = &mut self.buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
for i in 0..bucket.len() {
|
|
|
|
|
if bucket[i].key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
let pair = bucket.remove(i);
|
|
|
|
|
self.size -= 1;
|
|
|
|
|
return Some(pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回 None
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn extend(&mut self) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
let buckets_tmp = std::mem::replace(&mut self.buckets, vec![]);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio;
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets = vec![Vec::new(); self.capacity as usize];
|
|
|
|
|
self.size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for bucket in buckets_tmp {
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
|
|
self.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn print(&self) {
|
|
|
|
|
for bucket in &self.buckets {
|
|
|
|
|
let mut res = Vec::new();
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
|
|
res.push(format!("{} -> {}", pair.key, pair.val));
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
println!("{:?}", res);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn put(&mut self, key: i32, val: String) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres {
|
|
|
|
|
self.extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
let index = self.hash_func(key);
|
|
|
|
|
let bucket = &mut self.buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
|
|
if pair.key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
pair.val = val.clone();
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
let bucket = &mut self.buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
|
|
|
|
let pair = Pair {
|
|
|
|
|
key,
|
|
|
|
|
val: val.clone(),
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
bucket.push(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
self.size += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn get(&self, key: i32) -> Option<&str> {
|
|
|
|
|
let index = self.hash_func(key);
|
|
|
|
|
let bucket = &self.buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
|
|
if pair.key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
return Some(&pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回 None
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="hash_map_chaining.c"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链表节点 */
|
|
|
|
|
typedef struct Node {
|
|
|
|
|
Pair *pair;
|
|
|
|
|
struct Node *next;
|
|
|
|
|
} Node;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 链式地址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
typedef struct {
|
|
|
|
|
int size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
double loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
int extendRatio; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
Node **buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
} HashMapChaining;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
HashMapChaining *newHashMapChaining() {
|
|
|
|
|
HashMapChaining *hashMap = (HashMapChaining *)malloc(sizeof(HashMapChaining));
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->capacity = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets = (Node **)malloc(hashMap->capacity * sizeof(Node *));
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[i] = NULL;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return hashMap;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 析构函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
void delHashMapChaining(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[i];
|
|
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
|
|
Node *tmp = cur;
|
|
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
|
|
free(tmp->pair);
|
|
|
|
|
free(tmp);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
free(hashMap->buckets);
|
|
|
|
|
free(hashMap);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
int hashFunc(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
double loadFactor(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
|
|
|
|
|
return (double)hashMap->size / (double)hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
char *get(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若找到 key 则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (cur->pair->key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return cur->pair->val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return ""; // 若未找到 key 则返回空字符串
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void put(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key, const char *val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (loadFactor(hashMap) > hashMap->loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
extend(hashMap);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (cur->pair->key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
strcpy(cur->pair->val, val); // 若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至链表头部
|
|
|
|
|
Pair *newPair = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair));
|
|
|
|
|
newPair->key = key;
|
|
|
|
|
strcpy(newPair->val, val);
|
|
|
|
|
Node *newNode = (Node *)malloc(sizeof(Node));
|
|
|
|
|
newNode->pair = newPair;
|
|
|
|
|
newNode->next = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index] = newNode;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extend(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
int oldCapacity = hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
Node **oldBuckets = hashMap->buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->capacity *= hashMap->extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets = (Node **)malloc(hashMap->capacity * sizeof(Node *));
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[i] = NULL;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
Node *cur = oldBuckets[i];
|
|
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
|
|
put(hashMap, cur->pair->key, cur->pair->val);
|
|
|
|
|
Node *temp = cur;
|
|
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
|
|
// 释放内存
|
|
|
|
|
free(temp->pair);
|
|
|
|
|
free(temp);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
free(oldBuckets);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void removeItem(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
|
|
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
Node *pre = NULL;
|
|
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (cur->pair->key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
if (pre) {
|
|
|
|
|
pre->next = cur->next;
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index] = cur->next;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 释放内存
|
|
|
|
|
free(cur->pair);
|
|
|
|
|
free(cur);
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->size--;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
pre = cur;
|
|
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void print(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[i];
|
|
|
|
|
printf("[");
|
|
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
|
|
printf("%d -> %s, ", cur->pair->key, cur->pair->val);
|
|
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
printf("]\n");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="hash_map_chaining.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
值得注意的是,当链表很长时,查询效率 $O(n)$ 很差。**此时可以将链表转换为“AVL 树”或“红黑树”**,从而将查询操作的时间复杂度优化至 $O(\log n)$ 。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 6.2.2 开放寻址
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
「开放寻址 open addressing」不引入额外的数据结构,而是通过“多次探测”来处理哈希冲突,探测方式主要包括线性探测、平方探测、多次哈希等。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
下面以线性探测为例,介绍开放寻址哈希表的工作机制。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 1. 线性探测
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
线性探测采用固定步长的线性搜索来进行探测,其操作方法与普通哈希表有所不同。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **插入元素**:通过哈希函数计算桶索引,若发现桶内已有元素,则从冲突位置向后线性遍历(步长通常为 $1$ ),直至找到空桶,将元素插入其中。
|
|
|
|
|
- **查找元素**:若发现哈希冲突,则使用相同步长向后线性遍历,直到找到对应元素,返回 `value` 即可;如果遇到空桶,说明目标元素不在哈希表中,返回 $\text{None}$ 。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
图 6-6 展示了开放寻址(线性探测)哈希表的键值对分布。根据此哈希函数,最后两位相同的 `key` 都会被映射到相同的桶。而通过线性探测,它们被依次存储在该桶以及之下的桶中。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![开放寻址和线性探测](hash_collision.assets/hash_table_linear_probing.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 6-6 开放寻址和线性探测 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
然而,**线性探测容易产生“聚集现象”**。具体来说,数组中连续被占用的位置越长,这些连续位置发生哈希冲突的可能性越大,从而进一步促使该位置的聚堆生长,形成恶性循环,最终导致增删查改操作效率劣化。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
值得注意的是,**我们不能在开放寻址哈希表中直接删除元素**。这是因为删除元素会在数组内产生一个空桶 $\text{None}$ ,而当查询元素时,线性探测到该空桶就会返回,因此在该空桶之下的元素都无法再被访问到,程序可能误判这些元素不存在。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![在开放寻址中删除元素导致的查询问题](hash_collision.assets/hash_table_open_addressing_deletion.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 6-7 在开放寻址中删除元素导致的查询问题 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
为了解决该问题,我们可以采用「懒删除 lazy deletion」机制:它不直接从哈希表中移除元素,**而是利用一个常量 `TOMBSTONE` 来标记这个桶**。在该机制下,$\text{None}$ 和 `TOMBSTONE` 都代表空桶,都可以放置键值对。但不同的是,线性探测到 `TOMBSTONE` 时应该继续遍历,因为其之下可能还存在键值对。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
然而,**懒删除可能会加速哈希表的性能退化**。这是因为每次删除操作都会产生一个删除标记,随着 `TOMBSTONE` 的增加,搜索时间也会增加,因为线性探测可能需要跳过多个 `TOMBSTONE` 才能找到目标元素。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
为此,考虑在线性探测中记录遇到的首个 `TOMBSTONE` 的索引,并将搜索到的目标元素与该 `TOMBSTONE` 交换位置。这样做的好处是当每次查询或添加元素时,元素会被移动至距离理想位置(探测起始点)更近的桶,从而优化查询效率。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
以下代码实现了一个包含懒删除的开放寻址(线性探测)哈希表。为了更加充分地使用哈希表的空间,我们将哈希表看作一个“环形数组”,当越过数组尾部时,回到头部继续遍历。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="hash_map_open_addressing.py"
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing:
|
|
|
|
|
"""开放寻址哈希表"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
|
|
|
|
"""构造方法"""
|
|
|
|
|
self.size = 0 # 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
self.capacity = 4 # 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
self.load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
self.extend_ratio = 2 # 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets: list[Pair | None] = [None] * self.capacity # 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
self.TOMBSTONE = Pair(-1, "-1") # 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def hash_func(self, key: int) -> int:
|
|
|
|
|
"""哈希函数"""
|
|
|
|
|
return key % self.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def load_factor(self) -> float:
|
|
|
|
|
"""负载因子"""
|
|
|
|
|
return self.size / self.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def find_bucket(self, key: int) -> int:
|
|
|
|
|
"""搜索 key 对应的桶索引"""
|
|
|
|
|
index = self.hash_func(key)
|
|
|
|
|
first_tombstone = -1
|
|
|
|
|
# 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
|
|
|
|
while self.buckets[index] is not None:
|
|
|
|
|
# 若遇到 key ,返回对应桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index].key == key:
|
|
|
|
|
# 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引
|
|
|
|
|
if first_tombstone != -1:
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets[first_tombstone] = self.buckets[index]
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
return first_tombstone # 返回移动后的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
return index # 返回桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
# 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
if first_tombstone == -1 and self.buckets[index] is self.TOMBSTONE:
|
|
|
|
|
first_tombstone = index
|
|
|
|
|
# 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % self.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
# 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
|
|
|
|
return index if first_tombstone == -1 else first_tombstone
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def get(self, key: int) -> str:
|
|
|
|
|
"""查询操作"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
index = self.find_bucket(key)
|
|
|
|
|
# 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index] not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
|
|
|
|
|
return self.buckets[index].val
|
|
|
|
|
# 若键值对不存在,则返回 None
|
|
|
|
|
return None
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def put(self, key: int, val: str):
|
|
|
|
|
"""添加操作"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres:
|
|
|
|
|
self.extend()
|
|
|
|
|
# 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
index = self.find_bucket(key)
|
|
|
|
|
# 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index] not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets[index].val = val
|
|
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
# 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets[index] = Pair(key, val)
|
|
|
|
|
self.size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def remove(self, key: int):
|
|
|
|
|
"""删除操作"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
index = self.find_bucket(key)
|
|
|
|
|
# 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
|
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index] not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
self.size -= 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def extend(self):
|
|
|
|
|
"""扩容哈希表"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
buckets_tmp = self.buckets
|
|
|
|
|
# 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets = [None] * self.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
self.size = 0
|
|
|
|
|
# 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in buckets_tmp:
|
|
|
|
|
if pair not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
|
|
|
|
|
self.put(pair.key, pair.val)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def print(self):
|
|
|
|
|
"""打印哈希表"""
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in self.buckets:
|
|
|
|
|
if pair is None:
|
|
|
|
|
print("None")
|
|
|
|
|
elif pair is self.TOMBSTONE:
|
|
|
|
|
print("TOMBSTONE")
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
|
|
print(pair.key, "->", pair.val)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="hash_map_open_addressing.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
|
|
private:
|
|
|
|
|
int size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity = 4; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
const double loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
const int extendRatio = 2; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
vector<Pair *> buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
Pair *TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, "-1"); // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
HashMapOpenAddressing() : size(0), buckets(capacity, nullptr) {
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 析构方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
~HashMapOpenAddressing() {
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair *pair : buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair != nullptr && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
delete pair;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
delete TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
int hashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
double loadFactor() {
|
|
|
|
|
return (double)size / capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 */
|
|
|
|
|
int findBucket(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
int firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
|
|
|
|
while (buckets[index] != nullptr) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回对应桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index]->key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移动后的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
string get(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != nullptr && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
return buckets[index]->val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则返回空字符串
|
|
|
|
|
return "";
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void put(int key, string val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != nullptr && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index]->val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != nullptr && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
delete buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
vector<Pair *> bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = vector<Pair *>(capacity, nullptr);
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair *pair : bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair != nullptr && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
put(pair->key, pair->val);
|
|
|
|
|
delete pair;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void print() {
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair *pair : buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair == nullptr) {
|
|
|
|
|
cout << "nullptr" << endl;
|
|
|
|
|
} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
cout << "TOMBSTONE" << endl;
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
cout << pair->key << " -> " << pair->val << endl;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="hash_map_open_addressing.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
|
|
private int size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
private int capacity = 4; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
private final double loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
private final int extendRatio = 2; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
private Pair[] buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
private final Pair TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, "-1"); // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
public HashMapOpenAddressing() {
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
private int hashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
private double loadFactor() {
|
|
|
|
|
return (double) size / capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 */
|
|
|
|
|
private int findBucket(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
int firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
|
|
|
|
while (buckets[index] != null) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回对应桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index].key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移动后的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
public String get(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
return buckets[index].val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void put(int key, String val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index].val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void remove(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
private void extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
Pair[] bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair : bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair != null && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void print() {
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair pair : buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair == null) {
|
|
|
|
|
System.out.println("null");
|
|
|
|
|
} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
System.out.println("TOMBSTONE");
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
System.out.println(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="hash_map_open_addressing.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
|
|
int size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity = 4; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
double loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
int extendRatio = 2; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
Pair[] buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
Pair TOMBSTONE = new(-1, "-1"); // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
public HashMapOpenAddressing() {
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
int HashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
double LoadFactor() {
|
|
|
|
|
return (double)size / capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 */
|
|
|
|
|
int FindBucket(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = HashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
int firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
|
|
|
|
while (buckets[index] != null) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回对应桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index].key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移动后的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
public string? Get(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = FindBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
return buckets[index].val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void Put(int key, string val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (LoadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
Extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = FindBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index].val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void Remove(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = FindBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
|
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void Extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
Pair[] bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair != null && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
Put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void Print() {
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair == null) {
|
|
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine("null");
|
|
|
|
|
} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine("TOMBSTONE");
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="hash_map_open_addressing.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
type hashMapOpenAddressing struct {
|
|
|
|
|
size int // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
capacity int // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
loadThres float64 // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio int // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
buckets []pair // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
removed pair // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
func newHashMapOpenAddressing() *hashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets := make([]pair, 4)
|
|
|
|
|
return &hashMapOpenAddressing{
|
|
|
|
|
size: 0,
|
|
|
|
|
capacity: 4,
|
|
|
|
|
loadThres: 2.0 / 3.0,
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio: 2,
|
|
|
|
|
buckets: buckets,
|
|
|
|
|
removed: pair{
|
|
|
|
|
key: -1,
|
|
|
|
|
val: "-1",
|
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapOpenAddressing) hashFunc(key int) int {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % m.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapOpenAddressing) loadFactor() float64 {
|
|
|
|
|
return float64(m.size) / float64(m.capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapOpenAddressing) get(key int) string {
|
|
|
|
|
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,从 index 开始向后遍历
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < m.capacity; i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
j := (idx + i) % m.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到空桶,说明无此 key ,则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
if m.buckets[j] == (pair{}) {
|
|
|
|
|
return ""
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到指定 key ,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if m.buckets[j].key == key && m.buckets[j] != m.removed {
|
|
|
|
|
return m.buckets[j].val
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key 则返回空字符串
|
|
|
|
|
return ""
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapOpenAddressing) put(key int, val string) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if m.loadFactor() > m.loadThres {
|
|
|
|
|
m.extend()
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,从 index 开始向后遍历
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < m.capacity; i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
j := (idx + i) % m.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到空桶、或带有删除标记的桶,则将键值对放入该桶
|
|
|
|
|
if m.buckets[j] == (pair{}) || m.buckets[j] == m.removed {
|
|
|
|
|
m.buckets[j] = pair{
|
|
|
|
|
key: key,
|
|
|
|
|
val: val,
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
m.size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if m.buckets[j].key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
m.buckets[j].val = val
|
|
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapOpenAddressing) remove(key int) {
|
|
|
|
|
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
|
|
// 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,从 index 开始向后遍历
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < m.capacity; i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
j := (idx + i) % m.capacity
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到空桶,说明无此 key ,则直接返回
|
|
|
|
|
if m.buckets[j] == (pair{}) {
|
|
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到指定 key ,则标记删除并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if m.buckets[j].key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
m.buckets[j] = m.removed
|
|
|
|
|
m.size -= 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapOpenAddressing) extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
tmpBuckets := make([]pair, len(m.buckets))
|
|
|
|
|
copy(tmpBuckets, m.buckets)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
m.capacity *= m.extendRatio
|
|
|
|
|
m.buckets = make([]pair, m.capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
m.size = 0
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for _, p := range tmpBuckets {
|
|
|
|
|
if p != (pair{}) && p != m.removed {
|
|
|
|
|
m.put(p.key, p.val)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapOpenAddressing) print() {
|
|
|
|
|
for _, p := range m.buckets {
|
|
|
|
|
if p != (pair{}) {
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Println(strconv.Itoa(p.key) + " -> " + p.val)
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Println("nil")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="hash_map_open_addressing.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
|
|
var size: Int // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
var capacity: Int // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
var loadThres: Double // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
var extendRatio: Int // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
var buckets: [Pair?] // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
var TOMBSTONE: Pair // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
init() {
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
|
|
capacity = 4
|
|
|
|
|
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio = 2
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = Array(repeating: nil, count: capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
TOMBSTONE = Pair(key: -1, val: "-1")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
func hashFunc(key: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
|
|
key % capacity
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
func loadFactor() -> Double {
|
|
|
|
|
Double(size / capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 */
|
|
|
|
|
func findBucket(key: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
|
|
var index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
|
|
|
|
var firstTombstone = -1
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
|
|
|
|
while buckets[index] != nil {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回对应桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
if buckets[index]!.key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引
|
|
|
|
|
if firstTombstone != -1 {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index]
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone // 返回移动后的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return index // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
if firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % capacity
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func get(key: Int) -> String? {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
let index = findBucket(key: key)
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if buckets[index] != nil, buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
return buckets[index]!.val
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return nil
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func put(key: Int, val: String) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if loadFactor() > loadThres {
|
|
|
|
|
extend()
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
let index = findBucket(key: key)
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if buckets[index] != nil, buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index]!.val = val
|
|
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = Pair(key: key, val: val)
|
|
|
|
|
size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
func remove(key: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
let index = findBucket(key: key)
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
|
|
|
|
if buckets[index] != nil, buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
size -= 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
func extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
let bucketsTmp = buckets
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio
|
|
|
|
|
buckets = Array(repeating: nil, count: capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in bucketsTmp {
|
|
|
|
|
if let pair, pair != TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
put(key: pair.key, val: pair.val)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
func print() {
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in buckets {
|
|
|
|
|
if pair == nil {
|
|
|
|
|
Swift.print("null")
|
|
|
|
|
} else if pair == TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
Swift.print("TOMBSTONE")
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
Swift.print("\(pair!.key) -> \(pair!.val)")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="hash_map_open_addressing.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
|
|
#size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
#capacity; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
#loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
#extendRatio; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
#buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
#TOMBSTONE; // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size = 0; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
this.#capacity = 4; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
this.#loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
this.#extendRatio = 2; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets = Array(this.#capacity).fill(null); // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
this.#TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, '-1'); // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
#hashFunc(key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % this.#capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
#loadFactor() {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.#size / this.#capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 */
|
|
|
|
|
#findBucket(key) {
|
|
|
|
|
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
let firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
|
|
|
|
while (this.#buckets[index] !== null) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回对应桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.#buckets[index].key === key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone !== -1) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[firstTombstone] = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] = this.#TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移动后的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
|
|
firstTombstone === -1 &&
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] === this.#TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % this.#capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone === -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
get(key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.#findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== this.#TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.#buckets[index].val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
put(key, val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.#loadFactor() > this.#loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.#findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== this.#TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index].val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
remove(key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.#findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== this.#TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] = this.#TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size--;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
#extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
const bucketsTmp = this.#buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
this.#capacity *= this.#extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#buckets = Array(this.#capacity).fill(null);
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair !== null && pair !== this.#TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
print() {
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of this.#buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair === null) {
|
|
|
|
|
console.log('null');
|
|
|
|
|
} else if (pair === this.#TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
console.log('TOMBSTONE');
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
console.log(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="hash_map_open_addressing.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
|
|
private size: number; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
private capacity: number; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
private loadThres: number; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
private extendRatio: number; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
private buckets: Array<Pair | null>; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
private TOMBSTONE: Pair; // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
|
|
this.size = 0; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
this.capacity = 4; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
this.loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
this.extendRatio = 2; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets = Array(this.capacity).fill(null); // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
this.TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, '-1'); // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
private hashFunc(key: number): number {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % this.capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
private loadFactor(): number {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.size / this.capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 */
|
|
|
|
|
private findBucket(key: number): number {
|
|
|
|
|
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
let firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
|
|
|
|
while (this.buckets[index] !== null) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回对应桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.buckets[index]!.key === key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone !== -1) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[firstTombstone] = this.buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] = this.TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移动后的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
|
|
firstTombstone === -1 &&
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] === this.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % this.capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone === -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
get(key: number): string | null {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== this.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.buckets[index]!.val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
put(key: number, val: string): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.loadFactor() > this.loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== this.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index]!.val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
|
|
this.size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
remove(key: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
const index = this.findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== this.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] = this.TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
this.size--;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
private extend(): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
const bucketsTmp = this.buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
this.capacity *= this.extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
this.buckets = Array(this.capacity).fill(null);
|
|
|
|
|
this.size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair !== null && pair !== this.TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
print(): void {
|
|
|
|
|
for (const pair of this.buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair === null) {
|
|
|
|
|
console.log('null');
|
|
|
|
|
} else if (pair === this.TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
console.log('TOMBSTONE');
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
console.log(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="hash_map_open_addressing.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
|
|
late int _size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
int _capacity = 4; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
double _loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
int _extendRatio = 2; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
late List<Pair?> _buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
Pair _TOMBSTONE = Pair(-1, "-1"); // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
HashMapOpenAddressing() {
|
|
|
|
|
_size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
_buckets = List.generate(_capacity, (index) => null);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
int hashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % _capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
double loadFactor() {
|
|
|
|
|
return _size / _capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 */
|
|
|
|
|
int findBucket(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
|
|
int firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
|
|
|
|
while (_buckets[index] != null) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回对应桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (_buckets[index]!.key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
|
|
|
|
|
_buckets[firstTombstone] = _buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
_buckets[index] = _TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移动后的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone == -1 && _buckets[index] == _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % _capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
String? get(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if (_buckets[index] != null && _buckets[index] != _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
return _buckets[index]!.val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void put(int key, String val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (loadFactor() > _loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if (_buckets[index] != null && _buckets[index] != _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
_buckets[index]!.val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
|
|
|
|
_buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
|
|
_size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
|
|
|
|
if (_buckets[index] != null && _buckets[index] != _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
_buckets[index] = _TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
_size--;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extend() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
List<Pair?> bucketsTmp = _buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
_capacity *= _extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
_buckets = List.generate(_capacity, (index) => null);
|
|
|
|
|
_size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair? pair in bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair != null && pair != _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void printHashMap() {
|
|
|
|
|
for (Pair? pair in _buckets) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair == null) {
|
|
|
|
|
print("null");
|
|
|
|
|
} else if (pair == _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
print("TOMBSTONE");
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
print("${pair.key} -> ${pair.val}");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="hash_map_open_addressing.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
struct HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
|
|
size: usize, // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
capacity: usize, // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
load_thres: f64, // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
extend_ratio: usize, // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
buckets: Vec<Option<Pair>>, // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
TOMBSTONE: Option<Pair>, // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
impl HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn new() -> Self {
|
|
|
|
|
Self {
|
|
|
|
|
size: 0,
|
|
|
|
|
capacity: 4,
|
|
|
|
|
load_thres: 2.0 / 3.0,
|
|
|
|
|
extend_ratio: 2,
|
|
|
|
|
buckets: vec![None; 4],
|
|
|
|
|
TOMBSTONE: Some(Pair {key: -1, val: "-1".to_string()}),
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn hash_func(&self, key: i32) -> usize {
|
|
|
|
|
(key % self.capacity as i32) as usize
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn load_factor(&self) -> f64 {
|
|
|
|
|
self.size as f64 / self.capacity as f64
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn find_bucket(&mut self, key: i32) -> usize {
|
|
|
|
|
let mut index = self.hash_func(key);
|
|
|
|
|
let mut first_tombstone = -1;
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
|
|
|
|
while self.buckets[index].is_some() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key,返回对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index].as_ref().unwrap().key == key {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将建值对移动至该索引
|
|
|
|
|
if first_tombstone != -1 {
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets[first_tombstone as usize] = self.buckets[index].take();
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE.clone();
|
|
|
|
|
return first_tombstone as usize; // 返回移动后的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
if first_tombstone == -1 && self.buckets[index] == self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
first_tombstone = index as i32;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % self.capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
|
|
|
|
if first_tombstone == -1 { index } else { first_tombstone as usize }
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn get(&mut self, key: i32) -> Option<&str> {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
let index = self.find_bucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index].is_some() && self.buckets[index] != self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
return self.buckets[index].as_ref().map(|pair| &pair.val as &str);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则返回 null
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn put(&mut self, key: i32, val: String) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres {
|
|
|
|
|
self.extend();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
let index = self.find_bucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index].is_some() && self.buckets[index] != self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets[index].as_mut().unwrap().val = val;
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets[index] = Some(Pair { key, val });
|
|
|
|
|
self.size += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn remove(&mut self, key: i32) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
let index = self.find_bucket(key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
|
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index].is_some() && self.buckets[index] != self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE.clone();
|
|
|
|
|
self.size -= 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn extend(&mut self) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
let buckets_tmp = self.buckets.clone();
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio;
|
|
|
|
|
self.buckets = vec![None; self.capacity];
|
|
|
|
|
self.size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in buckets_tmp {
|
|
|
|
|
if pair.is_none() || pair == self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
continue;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
let pair = pair.unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
self.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn print(&self) {
|
|
|
|
|
for pair in &self.buckets {
|
|
|
|
|
if pair.is_none() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("null");
|
|
|
|
|
} else if pair == &self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("TOMBSTONE");
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
let pair = pair.as_ref().unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
println!("{} -> {}", pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="hash_map_open_addressing.c"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 开放寻址哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
typedef struct {
|
|
|
|
|
int size; // 键值对数量
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity; // 哈希表容量
|
|
|
|
|
double loadThres; // 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
|
|
|
|
int extendRatio; // 扩容倍数
|
|
|
|
|
Pair **buckets; // 桶数组
|
|
|
|
|
Pair *TOMBSTONE; // 删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
} HashMapOpenAddressing;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
HashMapOpenAddressing *newHashMapOpenAddressing() {
|
|
|
|
|
HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap = (HashMapOpenAddressing *)malloc(sizeof(HashMapOpenAddressing));
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->capacity = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets = (Pair **)malloc(sizeof(Pair *) * hashMap->capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->TOMBSTONE = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair));
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->TOMBSTONE->key = -1;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->TOMBSTONE->val = "-1";
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return hashMap;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 析构函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
void delHashMapOpenAddressing(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
Pair *pair = hashMap->buckets[i];
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair != NULL && pair != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
free(pair->val);
|
|
|
|
|
free(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 哈希函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
int hashFunc(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
return key % hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 负载因子 */
|
|
|
|
|
double loadFactor(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
|
|
|
|
|
return (double)hashMap->size / (double)hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 */
|
|
|
|
|
int findBucket(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
|
|
int firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
|
|
// 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
|
|
|
|
while (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回对应桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (hashMap->buckets[index]->key == key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[firstTombstone] = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index] = hashMap->TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移动后的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
|
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone == -1 && hashMap->buckets[index] == hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 计算桶索引,越过尾部返回头部
|
|
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
|
|
|
|
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查询操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
char *get(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
|
|
|
|
if (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL && hashMap->buckets[index] != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
return hashMap->buckets[index]->val;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则返回空字符串
|
|
|
|
|
return "";
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 添加操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void put(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key, char *val) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (loadFactor(hashMap) > hashMap->loadThres) {
|
|
|
|
|
extend(hashMap);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 并返回
|
|
|
|
|
if (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL && hashMap->buckets[index] != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
free(hashMap->buckets[index]->val);
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index]->val = (char *)malloc(sizeof(strlen(val + 1)));
|
|
|
|
|
strcpy(hashMap->buckets[index]->val, val);
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index]->val[strlen(val)] = '\0';
|
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
|
|
|
|
Pair *pair = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair));
|
|
|
|
|
pair->key = key;
|
|
|
|
|
pair->val = (char *)malloc(sizeof(strlen(val + 1)));
|
|
|
|
|
strcpy(pair->val, val);
|
|
|
|
|
pair->val[strlen(val)] = '\0';
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index] = pair;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除操作 */
|
|
|
|
|
void removeItem(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
|
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
|
|
// 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
|
|
|
|
if (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL && hashMap->buckets[index] != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
Pair *pair = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
free(pair->val);
|
|
|
|
|
free(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index] = hashMap->TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->size--;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩容哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extend(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 暂存原哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
Pair **bucketsTmp = hashMap->buckets;
|
|
|
|
|
int oldCapacity = hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->capacity *= hashMap->extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets = (Pair **)malloc(sizeof(Pair *) * hashMap->capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
Pair *pair = bucketsTmp[i];
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair != NULL && pair != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
put(hashMap, pair->key, pair->val);
|
|
|
|
|
free(pair->val);
|
|
|
|
|
free(pair);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
free(bucketsTmp);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印哈希表 */
|
|
|
|
|
void print(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
Pair *pair = hashMap->buckets[i];
|
|
|
|
|
if (pair == NULL) {
|
|
|
|
|
printf("NULL\n");
|
|
|
|
|
} else if (pair == hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
|
|
printf("TOMBSTONE\n");
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
printf("%d -> %s\n", pair->key, pair->val);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="hash_map_open_addressing.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 2. 平方探测
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
平方探测与线性探测类似,都是开放寻址的常见策略之一。当发生冲突时,平方探测不是简单地跳过一个固定的步数,而是跳过“探测次数的平方”的步数,即 $1, 4, 9, \dots$ 步。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
平方探测主要具有以下优势。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 平方探测通过跳过探测次数平方的距离,试图缓解线性探测的聚集效应。
|
|
|
|
|
- 平方探测会跳过更大的距离来寻找空位置,有助于数据分布得更加均匀。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
然而,平方探测并不是完美的。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 仍然存在聚集现象,即某些位置比其他位置更容易被占用。
|
|
|
|
|
- 由于平方的增长,平方探测可能不会探测整个哈希表,这意味着即使哈希表中有空桶,平方探测也可能无法访问到它。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 3. 多次哈希
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
顾名思义,多次哈希方法使用多个哈希函数 $f_1(x)$、$f_2(x)$、$f_3(x)$、$\dots$ 进行探测。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **插入元素**:若哈希函数 $f_1(x)$ 出现冲突,则尝试 $f_2(x)$ ,以此类推,直到找到空桶后插入元素。
|
|
|
|
|
- **查找元素**:在相同的哈希函数顺序下进行查找,直到找到目标元素时返回;若遇到空桶或已尝试所有哈希函数,说明哈希表中不存在该元素,则返回 $\text{None}$ 。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
与线性探测相比,多次哈希方法不易产生聚集,但多个哈希函数会带来额外的计算量。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!!! tip
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
请注意,开放寻址(线性探测、平方探测和多次哈希)哈希表都存在“不能直接删除元素”的问题。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 6.2.3 编程语言的选择
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
各种编程语言采取了不同的哈希表实现策略,下面举几个例子。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Python 采用开放寻址。字典 dict 使用伪随机数进行探测。
|
|
|
|
|
- Java 采用链式地址。自 JDK 1.8 以来,当 HashMap 内数组长度达到 64 且链表长度达到 8 时,链表会转换为红黑树以提升查找性能。
|
|
|
|
|
- Go 采用链式地址。Go 规定每个桶最多存储 8 个键值对,超出容量则连接一个溢出桶。当溢出桶过多时,会执行一次特殊的等量扩容操作,以确保性能。
|