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---
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comments: true
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---
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# 12.3 构建二叉树问题
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!!! question
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给定一棵二叉树的前序遍历 `preorder` 和中序遍历 `inorder` ,请从中构建二叉树,返回二叉树的根节点。假设二叉树中没有值重复的节点。
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![构建二叉树的示例数据](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_example.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 12-5 构建二叉树的示例数据 </p>
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### 1. 判断是否为分治问题
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原问题定义为从 `preorder` 和 `inorder` 构建二叉树,是一个典型的分治问题。
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- **问题可以分解**:从分治的角度切入,我们可以将原问题划分为两个子问题:构建左子树、构建右子树,加上一步操作:初始化根节点。而对于每棵子树(子问题),我们仍然可以复用以上划分方法,将其划分为更小的子树(子问题),直至达到最小子问题(空子树)时终止。
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- **子问题是独立的**:左子树和右子树是相互独立的,它们之间没有交集。在构建左子树时,我们只需关注中序遍历和前序遍历中与左子树对应的部分。右子树同理。
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- **子问题的解可以合并**:一旦得到了左子树和右子树(子问题的解),我们就可以将它们链接到根节点上,得到原问题的解。
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### 2. 如何划分子树
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根据以上分析,这道题可以使用分治来求解,**但如何通过前序遍历 `preorder` 和中序遍历 `inorder` 来划分左子树和右子树呢**?
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根据定义,`preorder` 和 `inorder` 都可以划分为三个部分。
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- 前序遍历:`[ 根节点 | 左子树 | 右子树 ]` ,例如图 12-5 的树对应 `[ 3 | 9 | 2 1 7 ]` 。
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- 中序遍历:`[ 左子树 | 根节点 | 右子树 ]` ,例如图 12-5 的树对应 `[ 9 | 3 | 1 2 7 ]` 。
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以上图数据为例,我们可以通过图 12-6 所示的步骤得到划分结果。
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1. 前序遍历的首元素 3 是根节点的值。
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2. 查找根节点 3 在 `inorder` 中的索引,利用该索引可将 `inorder` 划分为 `[ 9 | 3 | 1 2 7 ]` 。
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3. 根据 `inorder` 划分结果,易得左子树和右子树的节点数量分别为 1 和 3 ,从而可将 `preorder` 划分为 `[ 3 | 9 | 2 1 7 ]` 。
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![在前序遍历和中序遍历中划分子树](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_preorder_inorder_division.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 12-6 在前序遍历和中序遍历中划分子树 </p>
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### 3. 基于变量描述子树区间
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根据以上划分方法,**我们已经得到根节点、左子树、右子树在 `preorder` 和 `inorder` 中的索引区间**。而为了描述这些索引区间,我们需要借助几个指针变量。
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- 将当前树的根节点在 `preorder` 中的索引记为 $i$ 。
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- 将当前树的根节点在 `inorder` 中的索引记为 $m$ 。
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- 将当前树在 `inorder` 中的索引区间记为 $[l, r]$ 。
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如表 12-1 所示,通过以上变量即可表示根节点在 `preorder` 中的索引,以及子树在 `inorder` 中的索引区间。
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<p align="center"> 表 12-1 根节点和子树在前序遍历和中序遍历中的索引 </p>
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
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| | 根节点在 `preorder` 中的索引 | 子树在 `inorder` 中的索引区间 |
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| ------ | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
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| 当前树 | $i$ | $[l, r]$ |
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| 左子树 | $i + 1$ | $[l, m-1]$ |
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| 右子树 | $i + 1 + (m - l)$ | $[m+1, r]$ |
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</div>
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请注意,右子树根节点索引中的 $(m-l)$ 的含义是“左子树的节点数量”,建议配合图 12-7 理解。
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![根节点和左右子树的索引区间表示](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/build_tree_division_pointers.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 12-7 根节点和左右子树的索引区间表示 </p>
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### 4. 代码实现
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为了提升查询 $m$ 的效率,我们借助一个哈希表 `hmap` 来存储数组 `inorder` 中元素到索引的映射:
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=== "Python"
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```python title="build_tree.py"
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def dfs(
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preorder: list[int],
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inorder_map: dict[int, int],
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i: int,
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l: int,
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r: int,
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) -> TreeNode | None:
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"""构建二叉树:分治"""
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# 子树区间为空时终止
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if r - l < 0:
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return None
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# 初始化根节点
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root = TreeNode(preorder[i])
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# 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
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m = inorder_map[preorder[i]]
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# 子问题:构建左子树
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root.left = dfs(preorder, inorder_map, i + 1, l, m - 1)
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# 子问题:构建右子树
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root.right = dfs(preorder, inorder_map, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r)
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# 返回根节点
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return root
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def build_tree(preorder: list[int], inorder: list[int]) -> TreeNode | None:
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"""构建二叉树"""
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# 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
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inorder_map = {val: i for i, val in enumerate(inorder)}
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root = dfs(preorder, inorder_map, 0, 0, len(inorder) - 1)
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return root
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="build_tree.cpp"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
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TreeNode *dfs(vector<int> &preorder, unordered_map<int, int> &inorderMap, int i, int l, int r) {
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// 子树区间为空时终止
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if (r - l < 0)
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return NULL;
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// 初始化根节点
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TreeNode *root = new TreeNode(preorder[i]);
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// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
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int m = inorderMap[preorder[i]];
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// 子问题:构建左子树
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root->left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
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// 子问题:构建右子树
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root->right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
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// 返回根节点
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return root;
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}
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/* 构建二叉树 */
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TreeNode *buildTree(vector<int> &preorder, vector<int> &inorder) {
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// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
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unordered_map<int, int> inorderMap;
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for (int i = 0; i < inorder.size(); i++) {
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inorderMap[inorder[i]] = i;
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}
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TreeNode *root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.size() - 1);
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return root;
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="build_tree.java"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
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TreeNode dfs(int[] preorder, Map<Integer, Integer> inorderMap, int i, int l, int r) {
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// 子树区间为空时终止
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if (r - l < 0)
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return null;
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// 初始化根节点
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TreeNode root = new TreeNode(preorder[i]);
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// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
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int m = inorderMap.get(preorder[i]);
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// 子问题:构建左子树
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root.left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
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// 子问题:构建右子树
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root.right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
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// 返回根节点
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return root;
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}
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/* 构建二叉树 */
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TreeNode buildTree(int[] preorder, int[] inorder) {
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// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
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Map<Integer, Integer> inorderMap = new HashMap<>();
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for (int i = 0; i < inorder.length; i++) {
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inorderMap.put(inorder[i], i);
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}
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TreeNode root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.length - 1);
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return root;
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="build_tree.cs"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
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TreeNode? DFS(int[] preorder, Dictionary<int, int> inorderMap, int i, int l, int r) {
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// 子树区间为空时终止
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if (r - l < 0)
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return null;
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// 初始化根节点
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TreeNode root = new(preorder[i]);
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// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
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int m = inorderMap[preorder[i]];
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// 子问题:构建左子树
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root.left = DFS(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
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// 子问题:构建右子树
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root.right = DFS(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
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// 返回根节点
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return root;
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}
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/* 构建二叉树 */
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TreeNode? BuildTree(int[] preorder, int[] inorder) {
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// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
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Dictionary<int, int> inorderMap = [];
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for (int i = 0; i < inorder.Length; i++) {
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inorderMap.TryAdd(inorder[i], i);
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}
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TreeNode? root = DFS(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.Length - 1);
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return root;
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="build_tree.go"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
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func dfsBuildTree(preorder []int, inorderMap map[int]int, i, l, r int) *TreeNode {
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// 子树区间为空时终止
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if r-l < 0 {
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return nil
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}
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// 初始化根节点
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root := NewTreeNode(preorder[i])
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// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
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m := inorderMap[preorder[i]]
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// 子问题:构建左子树
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root.Left = dfsBuildTree(preorder, inorderMap, i+1, l, m-1)
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// 子问题:构建右子树
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root.Right = dfsBuildTree(preorder, inorderMap, i+1+m-l, m+1, r)
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// 返回根节点
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return root
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}
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/* 构建二叉树 */
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func buildTree(preorder, inorder []int) *TreeNode {
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// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
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inorderMap := make(map[int]int, len(inorder))
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for i := 0; i < len(inorder); i++ {
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inorderMap[inorder[i]] = i
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}
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root := dfsBuildTree(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, len(inorder)-1)
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return root
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="build_tree.swift"
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/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
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func dfs(preorder: [Int], inorderMap: [Int: Int], i: Int, l: Int, r: Int) -> TreeNode? {
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// 子树区间为空时终止
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if r - l < 0 {
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return nil
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}
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// 初始化根节点
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let root = TreeNode(x: preorder[i])
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// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
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let m = inorderMap[preorder[i]]!
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// 子问题:构建左子树
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root.left = dfs(preorder: preorder, inorderMap: inorderMap, i: i + 1, l: l, r: m - 1)
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// 子问题:构建右子树
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root.right = dfs(preorder: preorder, inorderMap: inorderMap, i: i + 1 + m - l, l: m + 1, r: r)
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// 返回根节点
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return root
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}
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/* 构建二叉树 */
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func buildTree(preorder: [Int], inorder: [Int]) -> TreeNode? {
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// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
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let inorderMap = inorder.enumerated().reduce(into: [:]) { $0[$1.element] = $1.offset }
|
|
|
|
|
return dfs(preorder: preorder, inorderMap: inorderMap, i: 0, l: 0, r: inorder.count - 1)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="build_tree.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
|
|
|
|
|
function dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i, l, r) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 子树区间为空时终止
|
|
|
|
|
if (r - l < 0) return null;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化根节点
|
|
|
|
|
const root = new TreeNode(preorder[i]);
|
|
|
|
|
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
|
|
|
|
|
const m = inorderMap.get(preorder[i]);
|
|
|
|
|
// 子问题:构建左子树
|
|
|
|
|
root.left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
|
|
|
|
|
// 子问题:构建右子树
|
|
|
|
|
root.right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回根节点
|
|
|
|
|
return root;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构建二叉树 */
|
|
|
|
|
function buildTree(preorder, inorder) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
|
|
|
|
|
let inorderMap = new Map();
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < inorder.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
inorderMap.set(inorder[i], i);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
const root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.length - 1);
|
|
|
|
|
return root;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="build_tree.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
|
|
|
|
|
function dfs(
|
|
|
|
|
preorder: number[],
|
|
|
|
|
inorderMap: Map<number, number>,
|
|
|
|
|
i: number,
|
|
|
|
|
l: number,
|
|
|
|
|
r: number
|
|
|
|
|
): TreeNode | null {
|
|
|
|
|
// 子树区间为空时终止
|
|
|
|
|
if (r - l < 0) return null;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化根节点
|
|
|
|
|
const root: TreeNode = new TreeNode(preorder[i]);
|
|
|
|
|
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
|
|
|
|
|
const m = inorderMap.get(preorder[i]);
|
|
|
|
|
// 子问题:构建左子树
|
|
|
|
|
root.left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
|
|
|
|
|
// 子问题:构建右子树
|
|
|
|
|
root.right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回根节点
|
|
|
|
|
return root;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构建二叉树 */
|
|
|
|
|
function buildTree(preorder: number[], inorder: number[]): TreeNode | null {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
|
|
|
|
|
let inorderMap = new Map<number, number>();
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < inorder.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
inorderMap.set(inorder[i], i);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
const root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.length - 1);
|
|
|
|
|
return root;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="build_tree.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode? dfs(
|
|
|
|
|
List<int> preorder,
|
|
|
|
|
Map<int, int> inorderMap,
|
|
|
|
|
int i,
|
|
|
|
|
int l,
|
|
|
|
|
int r,
|
|
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 子树区间为空时终止
|
|
|
|
|
if (r - l < 0) {
|
|
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化根节点
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode? root = TreeNode(preorder[i]);
|
|
|
|
|
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
|
|
|
|
|
int m = inorderMap[preorder[i]]!;
|
|
|
|
|
// 子问题:构建左子树
|
|
|
|
|
root.left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1);
|
|
|
|
|
// 子问题:构建右子树
|
|
|
|
|
root.right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回根节点
|
|
|
|
|
return root;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构建二叉树 */
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode? buildTree(List<int> preorder, List<int> inorder) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
|
|
|
|
|
Map<int, int> inorderMap = {};
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < inorder.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
inorderMap[inorder[i]] = i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode? root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorder.length - 1);
|
|
|
|
|
return root;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="build_tree.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn dfs(preorder: &[i32], inorder_map: &HashMap<i32, i32>, i: i32, l: i32, r: i32) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>> {
|
|
|
|
|
// 子树区间为空时终止
|
|
|
|
|
if r - l < 0 { return None; }
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化根节点
|
|
|
|
|
let root = TreeNode::new(preorder[i as usize]);
|
|
|
|
|
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
|
|
|
|
|
let m = inorder_map.get(&preorder[i as usize]).unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
// 子问题:构建左子树
|
|
|
|
|
root.borrow_mut().left = dfs(preorder, inorder_map, i + 1, l, m - 1);
|
|
|
|
|
// 子问题:构建右子树
|
|
|
|
|
root.borrow_mut().right = dfs(preorder, inorder_map, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r);
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回根节点
|
|
|
|
|
Some(root)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构建二叉树 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn build_tree(preorder: &[i32], inorder: &[i32]) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>> {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
|
|
|
|
|
let mut inorder_map: HashMap<i32, i32> = HashMap::new();
|
|
|
|
|
for i in 0..inorder.len() {
|
|
|
|
|
inorder_map.insert(inorder[i], i as i32);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
let root = dfs(preorder, &inorder_map, 0, 0, inorder.len() as i32 - 1);
|
|
|
|
|
root
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="build_tree.c"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构建二叉树:分治 */
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode *dfs(int *preorder, int *inorderMap, int i, int l, int r, int size) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 子树区间为空时终止
|
|
|
|
|
if (r - l < 0)
|
|
|
|
|
return NULL;
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化根节点
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode *root = (TreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(TreeNode));
|
|
|
|
|
root->val = preorder[i];
|
|
|
|
|
root->left = NULL;
|
|
|
|
|
root->right = NULL;
|
|
|
|
|
// 查询 m ,从而划分左右子树
|
|
|
|
|
int m = inorderMap[preorder[i]];
|
|
|
|
|
// 子问题:构建左子树
|
|
|
|
|
root->left = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1, l, m - 1, size);
|
|
|
|
|
// 子问题:构建右子树
|
|
|
|
|
root->right = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, i + 1 + m - l, m + 1, r, size);
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回根节点
|
|
|
|
|
return root;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构建二叉树 */
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode *buildTree(int *preorder, int preorderSize, int *inorder, int inorderSize) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化哈希表,存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
|
|
|
|
|
int *inorderMap = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * MAX_SIZE);
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < inorderSize; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
inorderMap[inorder[i]] = i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
TreeNode *root = dfs(preorder, inorderMap, 0, 0, inorderSize - 1, inorderSize);
|
|
|
|
|
free(inorderMap);
|
|
|
|
|
return root;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="build_tree.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{dfs}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{buildTree}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
图 12-8 展示了构建二叉树的递归过程,各个节点是在向下“递”的过程中建立的,而各条边(引用)是在向上“归”的过程中建立的。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<1>"
|
|
|
|
|
![构建二叉树的递归过程](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step1.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<2>"
|
|
|
|
|
![built_tree_step2](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step2.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<3>"
|
|
|
|
|
![built_tree_step3](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step3.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<4>"
|
|
|
|
|
![built_tree_step4](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step4.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<5>"
|
|
|
|
|
![built_tree_step5](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step5.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<6>"
|
|
|
|
|
![built_tree_step6](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step6.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<7>"
|
|
|
|
|
![built_tree_step7](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step7.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<8>"
|
|
|
|
|
![built_tree_step8](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step8.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "<9>"
|
|
|
|
|
![built_tree_step9](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_step9.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 12-8 构建二叉树的递归过程 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
每个递归函数内的前序遍历 `preorder` 和中序遍历 `inorder` 的划分结果如图 12-9 所示。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![每个递归函数中的划分结果](build_binary_tree_problem.assets/built_tree_overall.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 12-9 每个递归函数中的划分结果 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
设树的节点数量为 $n$ ,初始化每一个节点(执行一个递归函数 `dfs()` )使用 $O(1)$ 时间。**因此总体时间复杂度为 $O(n)$** 。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
哈希表存储 `inorder` 元素到索引的映射,空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。在最差情况下,即二叉树退化为链表时,递归深度达到 $n$ ,使用 $O(n)$ 的栈帧空间。**因此总体空间复杂度为 $O(n)$** 。
|