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hello-algo/chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal.md

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---
comments: true
---
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# 8.2.   二叉树遍历
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从物理结构的角度来看,树是一种基于链表的数据结构,因此其遍历方式是通过指针逐个访问节点。然而,树是一种非线性数据结构,这使得遍历树比遍历链表更加复杂,需要借助搜索算法来实现。
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二叉树常见的遍历方式包括层序遍历、前序遍历、中序遍历和后序遍历等。
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## 8.2.1.   层序遍历
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「层序遍历 Level-Order Traversal」从顶部到底部逐层遍历二叉树并在每一层按照从左到右的顺序访问节点。
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层序遍历本质上属于「广度优先搜索 Breadth-First Traversal」它体现了一种“一圈一圈向外扩展”的逐层搜索方式。
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![二叉树的层序遍历](binary_tree_traversal.assets/binary_tree_bfs.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 二叉树的层序遍历 </p>
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### 算法实现
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广度优先遍历通常借助「队列」来实现。队列遵循“先进先出”的规则,而广度优先遍历则遵循“逐层推进”的规则,两者背后的思想是一致的。
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=== "Java"
```java title="binary_tree_bfs.java"
/* 层序遍历 */
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List<Integer> levelOrder(TreeNode root) {
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// 初始化队列,加入根节点
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Queue<TreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<>() {{ add(root); }};
// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
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TreeNode node = queue.poll(); // 队列出队
list.add(node.val); // 保存节点值
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if (node.left != null)
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queue.offer(node.left); // 左子节点入队
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if (node.right != null)
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queue.offer(node.right); // 右子节点入队
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}
return list;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="binary_tree_bfs.cpp"
/* 层序遍历 */
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vector<int> levelOrder(TreeNode *root) {
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// 初始化队列,加入根节点
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queue<TreeNode *> queue;
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queue.push(root);
// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
vector<int> vec;
while (!queue.empty()) {
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TreeNode *node = queue.front();
queue.pop(); // 队列出队
vec.push_back(node->val); // 保存节点值
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if (node->left != nullptr)
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queue.push(node->left); // 左子节点入队
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if (node->right != nullptr)
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queue.push(node->right); // 右子节点入队
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}
return vec;
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="binary_tree_bfs.py"
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def level_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> list[int]:
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"""层序遍历"""
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# 初始化队列,加入根节点
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queue: deque[TreeNode] = deque()
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queue.append(root)
# 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
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res: list[int] = []
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while queue:
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node: TreeNode = queue.popleft() # 队列出队
res.append(node.val) # 保存节点值
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if node.left is not None:
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queue.append(node.left) # 左子节点入队
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if node.right is not None:
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queue.append(node.right) # 右子节点入队
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return res
```
=== "Go"
```go title="binary_tree_bfs.go"
/* 层序遍历 */
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func levelOrder(root *TreeNode) []int {
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// 初始化队列,加入根节点
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queue := list.New()
queue.PushBack(root)
// 初始化一个切片,用于保存遍历序列
nums := make([]int, 0)
for queue.Len() > 0 {
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// 队列出队
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node := queue.Remove(queue.Front()).(*TreeNode)
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// 保存节点值
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nums = append(nums, node.Val)
if node.Left != nil {
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// 左子节点入队
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queue.PushBack(node.Left)
}
if node.Right != nil {
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// 右子节点入队
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queue.PushBack(node.Right)
}
}
return nums
}
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="binary_tree_bfs.js"
/* 层序遍历 */
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function levelOrder(root) {
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// 初始化队列,加入根节点
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const queue = [root];
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// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
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const list = [];
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while (queue.length) {
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let node = queue.shift(); // 队列出队
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list.push(node.val); // 保存节点值
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if (node.left)
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queue.push(node.left); // 左子节点入队
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if (node.right)
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queue.push(node.right); // 右子节点入队
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}
return list;
}
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_tree_bfs.ts"
/* 层序遍历 */
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function levelOrder(root: TreeNode | null): number[] {
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// 初始化队列,加入根节点
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const queue = [root];
// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
const list: number[] = [];
while (queue.length) {
let node = queue.shift() as TreeNode; // 队列出队
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list.push(node.val); // 保存节点值
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if (node.left) {
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queue.push(node.left); // 左子节点入队
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}
if (node.right) {
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queue.push(node.right); // 右子节点入队
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}
}
return list;
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="binary_tree_bfs.c"
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[class]{}-[func]{levelOrder}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="binary_tree_bfs.cs"
/* 层序遍历 */
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List<int> levelOrder(TreeNode root)
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{
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// 初始化队列,加入根节点
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Queue<TreeNode> queue = new();
queue.Enqueue(root);
// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
List<int> list = new();
while (queue.Count != 0)
{
TreeNode node = queue.Dequeue(); // 队列出队
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list.Add(node.val); // 保存节点值
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if (node.left != null)
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queue.Enqueue(node.left); // 左子节点入队
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if (node.right != null)
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queue.Enqueue(node.right); // 右子节点入队
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}
return list;
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="binary_tree_bfs.swift"
/* 层序遍历 */
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func levelOrder(root: TreeNode) -> [Int] {
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// 初始化队列,加入根节点
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var queue: [TreeNode] = [root]
// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
var list: [Int] = []
while !queue.isEmpty {
let node = queue.removeFirst() // 队列出队
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list.append(node.val) // 保存节点值
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if let left = node.left {
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queue.append(left) // 左子节点入队
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}
if let right = node.right {
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queue.append(right) // 右子节点入队
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}
}
return list
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="binary_tree_bfs.zig"
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// 层序遍历
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fn levelOrder(comptime T: type, mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, root: *inc.TreeNode(T)) !std.ArrayList(T) {
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// 初始化队列,加入根节点
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const L = std.TailQueue(*inc.TreeNode(T));
var queue = L{};
var root_node = try mem_allocator.create(L.Node);
root_node.data = root;
queue.append(root_node);
// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
var list = std.ArrayList(T).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
while (queue.len > 0) {
var queue_node = queue.popFirst().?; // 队列出队
var node = queue_node.data;
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try list.append(node.val); // 保存节点值
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if (node.left != null) {
var tmp_node = try mem_allocator.create(L.Node);
tmp_node.data = node.left.?;
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queue.append(tmp_node); // 左子节点入队
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}
if (node.right != null) {
var tmp_node = try mem_allocator.create(L.Node);
tmp_node.data = node.right.?;
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queue.append(tmp_node); // 右子节点入队
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}
}
return list;
}
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```
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### 复杂度分析
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**时间复杂度**:所有节点被访问一次,使用 $O(n)$ 时间,其中 $n$ 为节点数量。
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**空间复杂度**:在最差情况下,即满二叉树时,遍历到最底层之前,队列中最多同时存在 $\frac{n + 1}{2}$ 个节点,占用 $O(n)$ 空间。
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## 8.2.2. &nbsp; 前序、中序、后序遍历
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相应地,前序、中序和后序遍历都属于「深度优先遍历 Depth-First Traversal」它体现了一种“先走到尽头再回溯继续”的遍历方式。
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如下图所示,左侧是深度优先遍历的示意图,右上方是对应的递归实现代码。深度优先遍历就像是绕着整个二叉树的外围“走”一圈,在这个过程中,在每个节点都会遇到三个位置,分别对应前序遍历、中序遍历和后序遍历。
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![二叉搜索树的前、中、后序遍历](binary_tree_traversal.assets/binary_tree_dfs.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 二叉搜索树的前、中、后序遍历 </p>
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
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| 位置 | 含义 | 此处访问节点时对应 |
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| ---------- | ------------------------------------ | ----------------------------- |
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| 橙色圆圈处 | 刚进入此节点,即将访问该节点的左子树 | 前序遍历 Pre-Order Traversal |
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| 蓝色圆圈处 | 已访问完左子树,即将访问右子树 | 中序遍历 In-Order Traversal |
| 紫色圆圈处 | 已访问完左子树和右子树,即将返回 | 后序遍历 Post-Order Traversal |
</div>
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### 算法实现
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=== "Java"
```java title="binary_tree_dfs.java"
/* 前序遍历 */
void preOrder(TreeNode root) {
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if (root == null)
return;
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// 访问优先级:根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
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list.add(root.val);
preOrder(root.left);
preOrder(root.right);
}
/* 中序遍历 */
void inOrder(TreeNode root) {
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if (root == null)
return;
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
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inOrder(root.left);
list.add(root.val);
inOrder(root.right);
}
/* 后序遍历 */
void postOrder(TreeNode root) {
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if (root == null)
return;
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点
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postOrder(root.left);
postOrder(root.right);
list.add(root.val);
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="binary_tree_dfs.cpp"
/* 前序遍历 */
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void preOrder(TreeNode *root) {
if (root == nullptr)
return;
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// 访问优先级:根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
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vec.push_back(root->val);
preOrder(root->left);
preOrder(root->right);
}
/* 中序遍历 */
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void inOrder(TreeNode *root) {
if (root == nullptr)
return;
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
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inOrder(root->left);
vec.push_back(root->val);
inOrder(root->right);
}
/* 后序遍历 */
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void postOrder(TreeNode *root) {
if (root == nullptr)
return;
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点
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postOrder(root->left);
postOrder(root->right);
vec.push_back(root->val);
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="binary_tree_dfs.py"
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def pre_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
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"""前序遍历"""
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if root is None:
return
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# 访问优先级:根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
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res.append(root.val)
pre_order(root=root.left)
pre_order(root=root.right)
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def in_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
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"""中序遍历"""
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if root is None:
return
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# 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
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in_order(root=root.left)
res.append(root.val)
in_order(root=root.right)
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def post_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
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"""后序遍历"""
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if root is None:
return
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# 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点
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post_order(root=root.left)
post_order(root=root.right)
res.append(root.val)
```
=== "Go"
```go title="binary_tree_dfs.go"
/* 前序遍历 */
func preOrder(node *TreeNode) {
if node == nil {
return
}
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// 访问优先级:根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
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nums = append(nums, node.Val)
preOrder(node.Left)
preOrder(node.Right)
}
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/* 中序遍历 */
func inOrder(node *TreeNode) {
if node == nil {
return
}
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
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inOrder(node.Left)
nums = append(nums, node.Val)
inOrder(node.Right)
}
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/* 后序遍历 */
func postOrder(node *TreeNode) {
if node == nil {
return
}
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点
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postOrder(node.Left)
postOrder(node.Right)
nums = append(nums, node.Val)
}
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="binary_tree_dfs.js"
/* 前序遍历 */
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function preOrder(root) {
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if (root === null) return;
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// 访问优先级:根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
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list.push(root.val);
preOrder(root.left);
preOrder(root.right);
}
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/* 中序遍历 */
function inOrder(root) {
if (root === null) return;
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
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inOrder(root.left);
list.push(root.val);
inOrder(root.right);
}
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/* 后序遍历 */
function postOrder(root) {
if (root === null) return;
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点
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postOrder(root.left);
postOrder(root.right);
list.push(root.val);
}
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_tree_dfs.ts"
/* 前序遍历 */
function preOrder(root: TreeNode | null): void {
if (root === null) {
return;
}
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// 访问优先级:根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
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list.push(root.val);
preOrder(root.left);
preOrder(root.right);
}
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/* 中序遍历 */
function inOrder(root: TreeNode | null): void {
if (root === null) {
return;
}
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
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inOrder(root.left);
list.push(root.val);
inOrder(root.right);
}
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/* 后序遍历 */
function postOrder(root: TreeNode | null): void {
if (root === null) {
return;
}
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点
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postOrder(root.left);
postOrder(root.right);
list.push(root.val);
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="binary_tree_dfs.c"
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[class]{}-[func]{preOrder}
[class]{}-[func]{inOrder}
[class]{}-[func]{postOrder}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="binary_tree_dfs.cs"
/* 前序遍历 */
void preOrder(TreeNode? root)
{
if (root == null) return;
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// 访问优先级:根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
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list.Add(root.val);
preOrder(root.left);
preOrder(root.right);
}
/* 中序遍历 */
void inOrder(TreeNode? root)
{
if (root == null) return;
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
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inOrder(root.left);
list.Add(root.val);
inOrder(root.right);
}
/* 后序遍历 */
void postOrder(TreeNode? root)
{
if (root == null) return;
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点
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postOrder(root.left);
postOrder(root.right);
list.Add(root.val);
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="binary_tree_dfs.swift"
/* 前序遍历 */
func preOrder(root: TreeNode?) {
guard let root = root else {
return
}
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// 访问优先级:根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
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list.append(root.val)
preOrder(root: root.left)
preOrder(root: root.right)
}
/* 中序遍历 */
func inOrder(root: TreeNode?) {
guard let root = root else {
return
}
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
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inOrder(root: root.left)
list.append(root.val)
inOrder(root: root.right)
}
/* 后序遍历 */
func postOrder(root: TreeNode?) {
guard let root = root else {
return
}
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点
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postOrder(root: root.left)
postOrder(root: root.right)
list.append(root.val)
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="binary_tree_dfs.zig"
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// 前序遍历
fn preOrder(comptime T: type, root: ?*inc.TreeNode(T)) !void {
if (root == null) return;
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// 访问优先级:根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
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try list.append(root.?.val);
try preOrder(T, root.?.left);
try preOrder(T, root.?.right);
}
// 中序遍历
fn inOrder(comptime T: type, root: ?*inc.TreeNode(T)) !void {
if (root == null) return;
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
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try inOrder(T, root.?.left);
try list.append(root.?.val);
try inOrder(T, root.?.right);
}
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// 后序遍历
fn postOrder(comptime T: type, root: ?*inc.TreeNode(T)) !void {
if (root == null) return;
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// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点
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try postOrder(T, root.?.left);
try postOrder(T, root.?.right);
try list.append(root.?.val);
}
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```
!!! note
使用循环一样可以实现前、中、后序遍历,但代码相对繁琐,有兴趣的同学可以自行实现。
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### 复杂度分析
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**时间复杂度**:所有节点被访问一次,使用 $O(n)$ 时间,其中 $n$ 为节点数量。
2 years ago
2 years ago
**空间复杂度**:在最差情况下,即树退化为链表时,递归深度达到 $n$ ,系统占用 $O(n)$ 栈帧空间。