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---
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comments: true
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---
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# 4.3 列表
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「列表 list」是一个抽象的数据结构概念,它表示元素的有序集合,支持元素访问、修改、添加、删除和遍历等操作,无需使用者考虑容量限制的问题。列表可以基于链表或数组实现。
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- 链表天然可以被看作是一个列表,其支持元素增删查改操作,并且可以灵活动态扩容。
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- 数组也支持元素增删查改,但由于其长度不可变,因此只能被看作是一个具有长度限制的列表。
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当使用数组实现列表时,**长度不可变的性质会导致列表的实用性降低**。这是因为我们通常无法事先确定需要存储多少数据,从而难以选择合适的列表长度。若长度过小,则很可能无法满足使用需求;若长度过大,则会造成内存空间的浪费。
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为解决此问题,我们可以使用「动态数组 dynamic array」来实现列表。它继承了数组的各项优点,并且可以在程序运行过程中进行动态扩容。
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实际上,**许多编程语言中的标准库提供的列表都是基于动态数组实现的**,例如 Python 中的 `list` 、Java 中的 `ArrayList` 、C++ 中的 `vector` 和 C# 中的 `List` 等。在接下来的讨论中,我们将把“列表”和“动态数组”视为等同的概念。
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## 4.3.1 列表常用操作
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### 1. 初始化列表
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我们通常使用“无初始值”和“有初始值”这两种初始化方法。
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=== "Python"
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```python title="list.py"
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# 初始化列表
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# 无初始值
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nums1: nums[int] = []
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# 有初始值
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nums: nums[int] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="list.cpp"
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/* 初始化列表 */
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// 需注意,C++ 中 vector 即是本文描述的 nums
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// 无初始值
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vector<int> nums1;
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// 有初始值
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vector<int> nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="list.java"
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/* 初始化列表 */
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// 无初始值
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List<Integer> nums1 = new ArrayList<>();
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// 有初始值(注意数组的元素类型需为 int[] 的包装类 Integer[])
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Integer[] numbers = new Integer[] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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List<Integer> nums = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(numbers));
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="list.cs"
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/* 初始化列表 */
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// 无初始值
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List<int> nums1 = new();
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// 有初始值
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int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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List<int> nums = numbers.ToList();
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="list_test.go"
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/* 初始化列表 */
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// 无初始值
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nums1 := []int
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// 有初始值
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nums := []int{1, 3, 2, 5, 4}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="list.swift"
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/* 初始化列表 */
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// 无初始值
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let nums1: [Int] = []
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// 有初始值
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var nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="list.js"
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/* 初始化列表 */
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// 无初始值
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const nums1 = [];
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// 有初始值
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const nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="list.ts"
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/* 初始化列表 */
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// 无初始值
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const nums1: number[] = [];
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// 有初始值
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const nums: number[] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="list.dart"
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/* 初始化列表 */
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// 无初始值
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List<int> nums1 = [];
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// 有初始值
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List<int> nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="list.rs"
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/* 初始化列表 */
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// 无初始值
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let nums1: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
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// 有初始值
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let nums: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="list.c"
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// C 未提供内置动态数组
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="list.zig"
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// 初始化列表
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var nums = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
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defer nums.deinit();
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try nums.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 });
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```
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### 2. 访问元素
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列表本质上是数组,因此可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内访问和更新元素,效率很高。
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=== "Python"
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```python title="list.py"
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# 访问元素
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num: int = nums[1] # 访问索引 1 处的元素
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# 更新元素
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nums[1] = 0 # 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="list.cpp"
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/* 访问元素 */
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int num = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="list.java"
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/* 访问元素 */
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int num = nums.get(1); // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums.set(1, 0); // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="list.cs"
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/* 访问元素 */
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int num = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="list_test.go"
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/* 访问元素 */
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num := nums[1] // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0 // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="list.swift"
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/* 访问元素 */
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let num = nums[1] // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0 // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="list.js"
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/* 访问元素 */
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const num = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="list.ts"
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/* 访问元素 */
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const num: number = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="list.dart"
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/* 访问元素 */
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int num = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="list.rs"
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/* 访问元素 */
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let num: i32 = nums[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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/* 更新元素 */
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nums[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="list.c"
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// C 未提供内置动态数组
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="list.zig"
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// 访问元素
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var num = nums.items[1]; // 访问索引 1 处的元素
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// 更新元素
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nums.items[1] = 0; // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
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```
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### 3. 插入与删除元素
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相较于数组,列表可以自由地添加与删除元素。在列表尾部添加元素的时间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ,但插入和删除元素的效率仍与数组相同,时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。
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=== "Python"
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```python title="list.py"
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# 清空列表
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nums.clear()
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# 尾部添加元素
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nums.append(1)
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nums.append(3)
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nums.append(2)
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nums.append(5)
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nums.append(4)
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# 中间插入元素
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nums.insert(3, 6) # 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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# 删除元素
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nums.pop(3) # 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="list.cpp"
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/* 清空列表 */
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nums.clear();
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/* 尾部添加元素 */
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nums.push_back(1);
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nums.push_back(3);
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nums.push_back(2);
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nums.push_back(5);
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nums.push_back(4);
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/* 中间插入元素 */
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nums.insert(nums.begin() + 3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums.erase(nums.begin() + 3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="list.java"
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/* 清空列表 */
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nums.clear();
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/* 尾部添加元素 */
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nums.add(1);
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nums.add(3);
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nums.add(2);
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nums.add(5);
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nums.add(4);
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/* 中间插入元素 */
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nums.add(3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
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/* 删除元素 */
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nums.remove(3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
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```
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=== "C#"
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|
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 清空列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.Clear();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.Add(1);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.Add(3);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.Add(2);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.Add(5);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.Add(4);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.Insert(3, 6);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.RemoveAt(3);
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="list_test.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 清空列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums = nil
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums = append(nums, 1)
|
|
|
|
|
nums = append(nums, 3)
|
|
|
|
|
nums = append(nums, 2)
|
|
|
|
|
nums = append(nums, 5)
|
|
|
|
|
nums = append(nums, 4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums = append(nums[:3], append([]int{6}, nums[3:]...)...) // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums = append(nums[:3], nums[4:]...) // 删除索引 3 处的元素
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="list.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 清空列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.removeAll()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.append(1)
|
|
|
|
|
nums.append(3)
|
|
|
|
|
nums.append(2)
|
|
|
|
|
nums.append(5)
|
|
|
|
|
nums.append(4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.insert(6, at: 3) // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.remove(at: 3) // 删除索引 3 处的元素
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="list.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 清空列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.length = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(1);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(3);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(2);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(5);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(4);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.splice(3, 0, 6);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.splice(3, 1);
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="list.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 清空列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.length = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(1);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(3);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(2);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(5);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(4);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.splice(3, 0, 6);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.splice(3, 1);
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="list.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 清空列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.clear();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.add(1);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.add(3);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.add(2);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.add(5);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.add(4);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.insert(3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.removeAt(3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="list.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 清空列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.clear();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(1);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(3);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(2);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(5);
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(4);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.insert(3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.remove(3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
// C 未提供内置动态数组
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="list.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
// 清空列表
|
|
|
|
|
nums.clearRetainingCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 尾部添加元素
|
|
|
|
|
try nums.append(1);
|
|
|
|
|
try nums.append(3);
|
|
|
|
|
try nums.append(2);
|
|
|
|
|
try nums.append(5);
|
|
|
|
|
try nums.append(4);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 中间插入元素
|
|
|
|
|
try nums.insert(3, 6); // 在索引 3 处插入数字 6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
_ = nums.orderedRemove(3); // 删除索引 3 处的元素
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 4. 遍历列表
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
与数组一样,列表可以根据索引遍历,也可以直接遍历各元素。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="list.py"
|
|
|
|
|
# 通过索引遍历列表
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 直接遍历列表元素
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0
|
|
|
|
|
for num in nums:
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="list.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.size(); i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int num : nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.size(); i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int num : nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Count; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
foreach (int num in nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="list_test.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
count := 0
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < len(nums); i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
count++
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0
|
|
|
|
|
for range nums {
|
|
|
|
|
count++
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="list.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
var count = 0
|
|
|
|
|
for _ in nums.indices {
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0
|
|
|
|
|
for _ in nums {
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="list.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
let count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (const num of nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="list.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
let count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (const num of nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="list.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (int num in nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="list.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
let mut count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (index, value) in nums.iter().enumerate() {
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
let mut count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for value in nums.iter() {
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
// C 未提供内置动态数组
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="list.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历列表
|
|
|
|
|
var count: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
var i: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
while (i < nums.items.len) : (i += 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历列表元素
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
for (nums.items) |_| {
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 5. 拼接列表
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
给定一个新列表 `nums1` ,我们可以将该列表拼接到原列表的尾部。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="list.py"
|
|
|
|
|
# 拼接两个列表
|
|
|
|
|
nums1: nums[int] = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9]
|
|
|
|
|
nums += nums1 # 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="list.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
vector<int> nums1 = { 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 };
|
|
|
|
|
// 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
|
|
|
|
|
nums.insert(nums.end(), nums1.begin(), nums1.end());
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
List<Integer> nums1 = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(new Integer[] { 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 }));
|
|
|
|
|
nums.addAll(nums1); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
List<int> nums1 = new() { 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 };
|
|
|
|
|
nums.AddRange(nums1); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="list_test.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums1 := []int{6, 8, 7, 10, 9}
|
|
|
|
|
nums = append(nums, nums1...) // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="list.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
let nums1 = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9]
|
|
|
|
|
nums.append(contentsOf: nums1) // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="list.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
const nums1 = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(...nums1); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="list.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
const nums1: number[] = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
|
|
|
|
|
nums.push(...nums1); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="list.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
List<int> nums1 = [6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
|
|
|
|
|
nums.addAll(nums1); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="list.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 拼接两个列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
let nums1: Vec<i32> = vec![6, 8, 7, 10, 9];
|
|
|
|
|
nums.extend(nums1);
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
// C 未提供内置动态数组
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="list.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
// 拼接两个列表
|
|
|
|
|
var nums1 = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
|
|
|
|
defer nums1.deinit();
|
|
|
|
|
try nums1.appendSlice(&[_]i32{ 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 });
|
|
|
|
|
try nums.insertSlice(nums.items.len, nums1.items); // 将列表 nums1 拼接到 nums 之后
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 6. 排序列表
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
完成列表排序后,我们便可以使用在数组类算法题中经常考察的“二分查找”和“双指针”算法。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="list.py"
|
|
|
|
|
# 排序列表
|
|
|
|
|
nums.sort() # 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="list.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
sort(nums.begin(), nums.end()); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
Collections.sort(nums); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.Sort(); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="list_test.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
sort.Ints(nums) // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="list.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.sort() // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="list.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.sort((a, b) => a - b); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="list.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.sort((a, b) => a - b); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="list.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.sort(); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="list.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 排序列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
nums.sort(); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
// C 未提供内置动态数组
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="list.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
// 排序列表
|
|
|
|
|
std.sort.sort(i32, nums.items, {}, comptime std.sort.asc(i32));
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 4.3.2 列表实现
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
许多编程语言都提供内置的列表,例如 Java、C++、Python 等。它们的实现比较复杂,各个参数的设定也非常有考究,例如初始容量、扩容倍数等。感兴趣的读者可以查阅源码进行学习。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
为了加深对列表工作原理的理解,我们尝试实现一个简易版列表,包括以下三个重点设计。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **初始容量**:选取一个合理的数组初始容量。在本示例中,我们选择 10 作为初始容量。
|
|
|
|
|
- **数量记录**:声明一个变量 `size` ,用于记录列表当前元素数量,并随着元素插入和删除实时更新。根据此变量,我们可以定位列表尾部,以及判断是否需要扩容。
|
|
|
|
|
- **扩容机制**:若插入元素时列表容量已满,则需要进行扩容。首先根据扩容倍数创建一个更大的数组,再将当前数组的所有元素依次移动至新数组。在本示例中,我们规定每次将数组扩容至之前的 2 倍。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="my_list.py"
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList:
|
|
|
|
|
"""列表类简易实现"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
|
|
|
|
"""构造方法"""
|
|
|
|
|
self._capacity: int = 10 # 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
self._arr: list[int] = [0] * self._capacity # 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
self._size: int = 0 # 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
self._extend_ratio: int = 2 # 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def size(self) -> int:
|
|
|
|
|
"""获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)"""
|
|
|
|
|
return self._size
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def capacity(self) -> int:
|
|
|
|
|
"""获取列表容量"""
|
|
|
|
|
return self._capacity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def get(self, index: int) -> int:
|
|
|
|
|
"""访问元素"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 or index >= self._size:
|
|
|
|
|
raise IndexError("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
return self._arr[index]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def set(self, num: int, index: int):
|
|
|
|
|
"""更新元素"""
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 or index >= self._size:
|
|
|
|
|
raise IndexError("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
self._arr[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def add(self, num: int):
|
|
|
|
|
"""尾部添加元素"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if self.size() == self.capacity():
|
|
|
|
|
self.extend_capacity()
|
|
|
|
|
self._arr[self._size] = num
|
|
|
|
|
self._size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def insert(self, num: int, index: int):
|
|
|
|
|
"""中间插入元素"""
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 or index >= self._size:
|
|
|
|
|
raise IndexError("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
# 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if self._size == self.capacity():
|
|
|
|
|
self.extend_capacity()
|
|
|
|
|
# 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for j in range(self._size - 1, index - 1, -1):
|
|
|
|
|
self._arr[j + 1] = self._arr[j]
|
|
|
|
|
self._arr[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
# 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
self._size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def remove(self, index: int) -> int:
|
|
|
|
|
"""删除元素"""
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 or index >= self._size:
|
|
|
|
|
raise IndexError("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
num = self._arr[index]
|
|
|
|
|
# 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for j in range(index, self._size - 1):
|
|
|
|
|
self._arr[j] = self._arr[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
# 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
self._size -= 1
|
|
|
|
|
# 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def extend_capacity(self):
|
|
|
|
|
"""列表扩容"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 新建一个长度为原数组 __extend_ratio 倍的新数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
self._arr = self._arr + [0] * self.capacity() * (self._extend_ratio - 1)
|
|
|
|
|
# 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
self._capacity = len(self._arr)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def to_array(self) -> list[int]:
|
|
|
|
|
"""返回有效长度的列表"""
|
|
|
|
|
return self._arr[: self._size]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="my_list.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
private:
|
|
|
|
|
int *arr; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
int arrCapacity = 10; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
int arrSize = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
MyList() {
|
|
|
|
|
arr = new int[arrCapacity];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 析构方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
~MyList() {
|
|
|
|
|
delete[] arr;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
|
|
|
|
int size() {
|
|
|
|
|
return arrSize;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
return arrCapacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int get(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= size())
|
|
|
|
|
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
return arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void set(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= size())
|
|
|
|
|
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void add(int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (size() == capacity())
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
arr[size()] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
arrSize++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= size())
|
|
|
|
|
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (size() == capacity())
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = size() - 1; j >= index; j--) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
arrSize++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int remove(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= size())
|
|
|
|
|
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
int num = arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = index; j < size() - 1; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
arrSize--;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extendCapacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
int newCapacity = capacity() * extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
int *tmp = arr;
|
|
|
|
|
arr = new int[newCapacity];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[i] = tmp[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 释放内存
|
|
|
|
|
delete[] tmp;
|
|
|
|
|
arrCapacity = newCapacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将列表转换为 Vector 用于打印 */
|
|
|
|
|
vector<int> toVector() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
|
|
vector<int> vec(size());
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
vec[i] = arr[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return vec;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="my_list.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
private int[] arr; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
private int capacity = 10; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
private int size = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
private int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
public MyList() {
|
|
|
|
|
arr = new int[capacity];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量) */
|
|
|
|
|
public int size() {
|
|
|
|
|
return size;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
public int capacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
return capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public int get(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
return arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void set(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void add(int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (size == capacity())
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
arr[size] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void insert(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (size == capacity())
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public int remove(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
int num = arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = index; j < size - 1; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void extendCapacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
arr = Arrays.copyOf(arr, capacity() * extendRatio);
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
capacity = arr.length;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
public int[] toArray() {
|
|
|
|
|
int size = size();
|
|
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
|
|
int[] arr = new int[size];
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[i] = get(i);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return arr;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="my_list.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
private int[] arr; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
private int arrCapacity = 10; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
private int arrSize = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
private readonly int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
public MyList() {
|
|
|
|
|
arr = new int[arrCapacity];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
|
|
|
|
public int Size() {
|
|
|
|
|
return arrSize;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
public int Capacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
return arrCapacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public int Get(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= arrSize)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
return arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void Set(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= arrSize)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void Add(int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (arrSize == arrCapacity)
|
|
|
|
|
ExtendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
arr[arrSize] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
arrSize++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void Insert(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= arrSize)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (arrSize == arrCapacity)
|
|
|
|
|
ExtendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = arrSize - 1; j >= index; j--) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
arrSize++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public int Remove(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= arrSize)
|
|
|
|
|
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
int num = arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int j = index; j < arrSize - 1; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
arrSize--;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
public void ExtendCapacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为 arrCapacity * extendRatio 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
Array.Resize(ref arr, arrCapacity * extendRatio);
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
arrCapacity = arr.Length;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
public int[] ToArray() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
|
|
int[] arr = new int[arrSize];
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < arrSize; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[i] = Get(i);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return arr;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="my_list.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
type myList struct {
|
|
|
|
|
arrCapacity int
|
|
|
|
|
arr []int
|
|
|
|
|
arrSize int
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio int
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
func newMyList() *myList {
|
|
|
|
|
return &myList{
|
|
|
|
|
arrCapacity: 10, // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
arr: make([]int, 10), // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
arrSize: 0, // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
extendRatio: 2, // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量) */
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *myList) size() int {
|
|
|
|
|
return l.arrSize
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *myList) capacity() int {
|
|
|
|
|
return l.arrCapacity
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *myList) get(index int) int {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= l.arrSize {
|
|
|
|
|
panic("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return l.arr[index]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *myList) set(num, index int) {
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= l.arrSize {
|
|
|
|
|
panic("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
l.arr[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *myList) add(num int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if l.arrSize == l.arrCapacity {
|
|
|
|
|
l.extendCapacity()
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
l.arr[l.arrSize] = num
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
l.arrSize++
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *myList) insert(num, index int) {
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= l.arrSize {
|
|
|
|
|
panic("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if l.arrSize == l.arrCapacity {
|
|
|
|
|
l.extendCapacity()
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for j := l.arrSize - 1; j >= index; j-- {
|
|
|
|
|
l.arr[j+1] = l.arr[j]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
l.arr[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
l.arrSize++
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *myList) remove(index int) int {
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= l.arrSize {
|
|
|
|
|
panic("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
num := l.arr[index]
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for j := index; j < l.arrSize-1; j++ {
|
|
|
|
|
l.arr[j] = l.arr[j+1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
l.arrSize--
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *myList) extendCapacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
l.arr = append(l.arr, make([]int, l.arrCapacity*(l.extendRatio-1))...)
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
l.arrCapacity = len(l.arr)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 返回有效长度的列表 */
|
|
|
|
|
func (l *myList) toArray() []int {
|
|
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
|
|
return l.arr[:l.arrSize]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="my_list.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
private var arr: [Int] // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
private var _capacity = 10 // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
private var _size = 0 // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
private let extendRatio = 2 // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
init() {
|
|
|
|
|
arr = Array(repeating: 0, count: _capacity)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
|
|
|
|
func size() -> Int {
|
|
|
|
|
_size
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
func capacity() -> Int {
|
|
|
|
|
_capacity
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func get(index: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出错误,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= _size {
|
|
|
|
|
fatalError("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return arr[index]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func set(index: Int, num: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= _size {
|
|
|
|
|
fatalError("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
arr[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func add(num: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if _size == _capacity {
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity()
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
arr[_size] = num
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
_size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func insert(index: Int, num: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= _size {
|
|
|
|
|
fatalError("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if _size == _capacity {
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity()
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for j in sequence(first: _size - 1, next: { $0 >= index + 1 ? $0 - 1 : nil }) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[j + 1] = arr[j]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
arr[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
_size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
@discardableResult
|
|
|
|
|
func remove(index: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= _size {
|
|
|
|
|
fatalError("索引越界")
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
let num = arr[index]
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for j in index ..< (_size - 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[j] = arr[j + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
_size -= 1
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
func extendCapacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
arr = arr + Array(repeating: 0, count: _capacity * (extendRatio - 1))
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
_capacity = arr.count
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
func toArray() -> [Int] {
|
|
|
|
|
var arr = Array(repeating: 0, count: _size)
|
|
|
|
|
for i in 0 ..< _size {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[i] = get(index: i)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return arr
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="my_list.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
#arr = new Array(); // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
#capacity = 10; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
#size = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
#extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#arr = new Array(this.#capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
|
|
|
|
size() {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.#size;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
capacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
return this.#capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
get(index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= this.#size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
return this.#arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
set(index, num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= this.#size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
this.#arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
add(num) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 如果长度等于容量,则需要扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.#size === this.#capacity) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将新元素添加到列表尾部
|
|
|
|
|
this.#arr[this.#size] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
insert(index, num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= this.#size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.#size === this.#capacity) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let j = this.#size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#arr[j + 1] = this.#arr[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
this.#arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
remove(index) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= this.#size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
let num = this.#arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let j = index; j < this.#size - 1; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.#arr[j] = this.#arr[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
this.#size--;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为原数组 extendRatio 倍的新数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
this.#arr = this.#arr.concat(
|
|
|
|
|
new Array(this.capacity() * (this.#extendRatio - 1))
|
|
|
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
this.#capacity = this.#arr.length;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
toArray() {
|
|
|
|
|
let size = this.size();
|
|
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
|
|
const arr = new Array(size);
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[i] = this.get(i);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return arr;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="my_list.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
private arr: Array<number>; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
private _capacity: number = 10; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
private _size: number = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
private extendRatio: number = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
|
|
this.arr = new Array(this._capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
|
|
|
|
public size(): number {
|
|
|
|
|
return this._size;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
public capacity(): number {
|
|
|
|
|
return this._capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public get(index: number): number {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
return this.arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public set(index: number, num: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
this.arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public add(num: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 如果长度等于容量,则需要扩容
|
|
|
|
|
if (this._size === this._capacity) this.extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
// 将新元素添加到列表尾部
|
|
|
|
|
this.arr[this._size] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
this._size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public insert(index: number, num: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (this._size === this._capacity) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let j = this._size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.arr[j + 1] = this.arr[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
this.arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
this._size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
public remove(index: number): number {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 || index >= this._size) throw new Error('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
let num = this.arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let j = index; j < this._size - 1; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.arr[j] = this.arr[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
this._size--;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
public extendCapacity(): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为 size 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
this.arr = this.arr.concat(
|
|
|
|
|
new Array(this.capacity() * (this.extendRatio - 1))
|
|
|
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
this._capacity = this.arr.length;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
public toArray(): number[] {
|
|
|
|
|
let size = this.size();
|
|
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
|
|
const arr = new Array(size);
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr[i] = this.get(i);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return arr;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="my_list.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
class MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
late List<int> _arr; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
int _capacity = 10; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
int _size = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
int _extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
MyList() {
|
|
|
|
|
_arr = List.filled(_capacity, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
|
|
|
|
int size() => _size;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity() => _capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int get(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= _size) throw RangeError('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
return _arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void set(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= _size) throw RangeError('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
_arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void add(int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (_size == _capacity) extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
_arr[_size] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
_size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= _size) throw RangeError('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (_size == _capacity) extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (var j = _size - 1; j >= index; j--) {
|
|
|
|
|
_arr[j + 1] = _arr[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
_arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
_size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int remove(int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index >= _size) throw RangeError('索引越界');
|
|
|
|
|
int num = _arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (var j = index; j < _size - 1; j++) {
|
|
|
|
|
_arr[j] = _arr[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
_size--;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extendCapacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为原数组 _extendRatio 倍的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
final _newNums = List.filled(_capacity * _extendRatio, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
List.copyRange(_newNums, 0, _arr);
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新 _arr 的引用
|
|
|
|
|
_arr = _newNums;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
_capacity = _arr.length;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
List<int> toArray() {
|
|
|
|
|
List<int> arr = [];
|
|
|
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < _size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
arr.add(get(i));
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return arr;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="my_list.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
#[allow(dead_code)]
|
|
|
|
|
struct MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
arr: Vec<i32>, // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
capacity: usize, // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
size: usize, // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
|
|
|
|
|
extend_ratio: usize, // 每次列表扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#[allow(unused,unused_comparisons)]
|
|
|
|
|
impl MyList {
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn new(capacity: usize) -> Self {
|
|
|
|
|
let mut vec = Vec::new();
|
|
|
|
|
vec.resize(capacity, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
Self {
|
|
|
|
|
arr: vec,
|
|
|
|
|
capacity,
|
|
|
|
|
size: 0,
|
|
|
|
|
extend_ratio: 2,
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
|
|
|
|
|
return self.size;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
|
|
|
|
|
return self.capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn get(&self, index: usize) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= self.size {panic!("索引越界")};
|
|
|
|
|
return self.arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn set(&mut self, index: usize, num: i32) {
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= self.size {panic!("索引越界")};
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn add(&mut self, num: i32) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if self.size == self.capacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
self.extend_capacity();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr[self.size] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
self.size += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn insert(&mut self, index: usize, num: i32) {
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= self.size() {panic!("索引越界")};
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if self.size == self.capacity() {
|
|
|
|
|
self.extend_capacity();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for j in (index..self.size).rev() {
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr[j + 1] = self.arr[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
self.size += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
if index < 0 || index >= self.size() {panic!("索引越界")};
|
|
|
|
|
let num = self.arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for j in (index..self.size - 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr[j] = self.arr[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
self.size -= 1;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn extend_capacity(&mut self) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为原数组 extend_ratio 倍的新数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
let new_capacity = self.capacity * self.extend_ratio;
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr.resize(new_capacity, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
self.capacity = new_capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn to_array(&mut self) -> Vec<i32> {
|
|
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
|
|
let mut arr = Vec::new();
|
|
|
|
|
for i in 0..self.size {
|
|
|
|
|
arr.push(self.get(i));
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
arr
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="my_list.c"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表类简易实现 */
|
|
|
|
|
struct myList {
|
|
|
|
|
int *arr; // 数组(存储列表元素)
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity; // 列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
int size; // 列表大小
|
|
|
|
|
int extendRatio; // 列表每次扩容的倍数
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
typedef struct myList myList;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
myList *newMyList() {
|
|
|
|
|
myList *nums = malloc(sizeof(myList));
|
|
|
|
|
nums->capacity = 10;
|
|
|
|
|
nums->arr = malloc(sizeof(int) * nums->capacity);
|
|
|
|
|
nums->size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
nums->extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
|
|
return nums;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 析构函数 */
|
|
|
|
|
void delMyList(myList *nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
free(nums->arr);
|
|
|
|
|
free(nums);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
int size(myList *nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
return nums->size;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取列表容量 */
|
|
|
|
|
int capacity(myList *nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
return nums->capacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int get(myList *nums, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
assert(index >= 0 && index < nums->size);
|
|
|
|
|
return nums->arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 更新元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void set(myList *nums, int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
assert(index >= 0 && index < nums->size);
|
|
|
|
|
nums->arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 尾部添加元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void add(myList *nums, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (size(nums) == capacity(nums)) {
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity(nums); // 扩容
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
nums->arr[size(nums)] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
nums->size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 中间插入元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(myList *nums, int index, int num) {
|
|
|
|
|
assert(index >= 0 && index < size(nums));
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (size(nums) == capacity(nums)) {
|
|
|
|
|
extendCapacity(nums); // 扩容
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = size(nums); i > index; --i) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums->arr[i] = nums->arr[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
nums->arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
nums->size++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 注意:stdio.h 占用了 remove 关键词
|
|
|
|
|
int removeNum(myList *nums, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
assert(index >= 0 && index < size(nums));
|
|
|
|
|
int num = nums->arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < size(nums) - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums->arr[i] = nums->arr[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
nums->size--;
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列表扩容 */
|
|
|
|
|
void extendCapacity(myList *nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 先分配空间
|
|
|
|
|
int newCapacity = capacity(nums) * nums->extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
int *extend = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * newCapacity);
|
|
|
|
|
int *temp = nums->arr;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 拷贝旧数据到新数据
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size(nums); i++)
|
|
|
|
|
extend[i] = nums->arr[i];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 释放旧数据
|
|
|
|
|
free(temp);
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// 更新新数据
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nums->arr = extend;
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nums->capacity = newCapacity;
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}
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/* 将列表转换为 Array 用于打印 */
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int *toArray(myList *nums) {
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|
return nums->arr;
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}
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|
```
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=== "Zig"
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|
```zig title="my_list.zig"
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// 列表类简易实现
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|
fn MyList(comptime T: type) type {
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return struct {
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const Self = @This();
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arr: []T = undefined, // 数组(存储列表元素)
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arrCapacity: usize = 10, // 列表容量
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numSize: usize = 0, // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
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extendRatio: usize = 2, // 每次列表扩容的倍数
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mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
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mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined, // 内存分配器
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// 构造函数(分配内存+初始化列表)
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|
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
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|
|
if (self.mem_arena == null) {
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|
|
self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
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|
|
self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
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|
|
}
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|
|
self.arr = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.arrCapacity);
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|
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@memset(self.arr, @as(T, 0));
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|
}
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|
|
// 析构函数(释放内存)
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|
|
pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
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|
|
if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
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|
|
self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
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|
|
}
|
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|
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|
|
// 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)
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|
|
|
|
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
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|
|
return self.numSize;
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|
|
}
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
// 获取列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn capacity(self: *Self) usize {
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|
|
return self.arrCapacity;
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|
|
}
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|
|
// 访问元素
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|
|
|
|
pub fn get(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
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|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
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|
|
|
if (index < 0 or index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
return self.arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
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|
|
// 更新元素
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn set(self: *Self, index: usize, num: T) void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 or index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
// 尾部添加元素
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn add(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr[self.size()] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
self.numSize += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 中间插入元素
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn insert(self: *Self, index: usize, num: T) !void {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 or index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
|
|
|
|
|
if (self.size() == self.capacity()) try self.extendCapacity();
|
|
|
|
|
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
var j = self.size() - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
while (j >= index) : (j -= 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr[j + 1] = self.arr[j];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
self.numSize += 1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn remove(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
|
|
|
|
|
if (index < 0 or index >= self.size()) @panic("索引越界");
|
|
|
|
|
var num = self.arr[index];
|
|
|
|
|
// 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
var j = index;
|
|
|
|
|
while (j < self.size() - 1) : (j += 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr[j] = self.arr[j + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新元素数量
|
|
|
|
|
self.numSize -= 1;
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回被删除元素
|
|
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 列表扩容
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn extendCapacity(self: *Self) !void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 新建一个长度为 size * extendRatio 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
var newCapacity = self.capacity() * self.extendRatio;
|
|
|
|
|
var extend = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, newCapacity);
|
|
|
|
|
@memset(extend, @as(T, 0));
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
std.mem.copy(T, extend, self.arr);
|
|
|
|
|
self.arr = extend;
|
|
|
|
|
// 更新列表容量
|
|
|
|
|
self.arrCapacity = newCapacity;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 将列表转换为数组
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
|
|
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
|
|
var arr = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
|
|
|
|
|
@memset(arr, @as(T, 0));
|
|
|
|
|
for (arr, 0..) |*num, i| {
|
|
|
|
|
num.* = self.get(i);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return arr;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|