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hello-algo/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.md

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---
comments: true
---
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# 8.4.   二叉搜索树
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「二叉搜索树 Binary Search Tree」满足以下条件
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1. 对于根节点,左子树中所有节点的值 $<$ 根节点的值 $<$ 右子树中所有节点的值;
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2. 任意节点的左、右子树也是二叉搜索树,即同样满足条件 `1.`
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![二叉搜索树](binary_search_tree.assets/binary_search_tree.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 二叉搜索树 </p>
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## 8.4.1. &nbsp; 二叉搜索树的操作
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### 查找节点
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给定目标节点值 `num` ,可以根据二叉搜索树的性质来查找。我们声明一个节点 `cur` ,从二叉树的根节点 `root` 出发,循环比较节点值 `cur.val``num` 之间的大小关系
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-`cur.val < num` ,说明目标节点在 `cur` 的右子树中,因此执行 `cur = cur.right`
-`cur.val > num` ,说明目标节点在 `cur` 的左子树中,因此执行 `cur = cur.left`
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-`cur.val = num` ,说明找到目标节点,跳出循环并返回该节点;
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=== "<1>"
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![二叉搜索树查找节点示例](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_search_step1.png)
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=== "<2>"
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![bst_search_step2](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_search_step2.png)
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=== "<3>"
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![bst_search_step3](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_search_step3.png)
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=== "<4>"
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![bst_search_step4](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_search_step4.png)
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二叉搜索树的查找操作与二分查找算法的工作原理一致,都是每轮排除一半情况。循环次数最多为二叉树的高度,当二叉树平衡时,使用 $O(\log n)$ 时间。
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=== "Java"
```java title="binary_search_tree.java"
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/* 查找节点 */
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TreeNode search(int num) {
TreeNode cur = root;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur != null) {
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// 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
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if (cur.val < num)
cur = cur.right;
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// 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
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else if (cur.val > num)
cur = cur.left;
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// 找到目标节点,跳出循环
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else
break;
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}
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// 返回目标节点
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return cur;
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="binary_search_tree.cpp"
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/* 查找节点 */
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TreeNode *search(int num) {
TreeNode *cur = root;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur != nullptr) {
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// 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
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if (cur->val < num)
cur = cur->right;
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// 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
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else if (cur->val > num)
cur = cur->left;
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// 找到目标节点,跳出循环
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else
break;
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}
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// 返回目标节点
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return cur;
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="binary_search_tree.py"
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def search(self, num: int) -> TreeNode | None:
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"""查找节点"""
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cur: TreeNode | None = self.__root
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# 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while cur is not None:
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# 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
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if cur.val < num:
cur = cur.right
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# 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
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elif cur.val > num:
cur = cur.left
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# 找到目标节点,跳出循环
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else:
break
return cur
```
=== "Go"
```go title="binary_search_tree.go"
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/* 查找节点 */
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func (bst *binarySearchTree) search(num int) *TreeNode {
node := bst.root
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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for node != nil {
if node.Val < num {
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// 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
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node = node.Right
} else if node.Val > num {
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// 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
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node = node.Left
} else {
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// 找到目标节点,跳出循环
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break
}
}
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// 返回目标节点
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return node
}
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="binary_search_tree.js"
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/* 查找节点 */
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function search(num) {
let cur = root;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur !== null) {
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// 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
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if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
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// 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
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else if (cur.val > num) cur = cur.left;
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// 找到目标节点,跳出循环
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else break;
}
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// 返回目标节点
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return cur;
}
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_search_tree.ts"
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/* 查找节点 */
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function search(num: number): TreeNode | null {
let cur = root;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur !== null) {
if (cur.val < num) {
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cur = cur.right; // 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
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} else if (cur.val > num) {
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cur = cur.left; // 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
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} else {
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break; // 找到目标节点,跳出循环
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}
}
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// 返回目标节点
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return cur;
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="binary_search_tree.c"
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/* 查找节点 */
TreeNode *search(binarySearchTree *bst, int num) {
TreeNode *cur = bst->root;
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
while (cur != NULL) {
if (cur->val < num) {
// 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
cur = cur->right;
} else if (cur->val > num) {
// 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
cur = cur->left;
} else {
// 找到目标节点,跳出循环
break;
}
}
// 返回目标节点
return cur;
}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="binary_search_tree.cs"
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/* 查找节点 */
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TreeNode? search(int num) {
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TreeNode? cur = root;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur != null) {
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// 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
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if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
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// 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
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else if (cur.val > num) cur = cur.left;
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// 找到目标节点,跳出循环
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else break;
}
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// 返回目标节点
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return cur;
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="binary_search_tree.swift"
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/* 查找节点 */
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func search(num: Int) -> TreeNode? {
var cur = root
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while cur != nil {
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// 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
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if cur!.val < num {
cur = cur?.right
}
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// 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
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else if cur!.val > num {
cur = cur?.left
}
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// 找到目标节点,跳出循环
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else {
break
}
}
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// 返回目标节点
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return cur
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="binary_search_tree.zig"
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// 查找节点
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fn search(self: *Self, num: T) ?*inc.TreeNode(T) {
var cur = self.root;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur != null) {
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// 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
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if (cur.?.val < num) {
cur = cur.?.right;
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// 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
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} else if (cur.?.val > num) {
cur = cur.?.left;
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// 找到目标节点,跳出循环
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} else {
break;
}
}
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// 返回目标节点
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return cur;
}
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```
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### 插入节点
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给定一个待插入元素 `num` ,为了保持二叉搜索树“左子树 < 根节点 < 右子树”的性质,插入操作分为两步:
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1. **查找插入位置**:与查找操作相似,从根节点出发,根据当前节点值和 `num` 的大小关系循环向下搜索,直到越过叶节点(遍历至 $\text{null}$ )时跳出循环;
2. **在该位置插入节点**:初始化节点 `num` ,将该节点置于 $\text{null}$ 的位置;
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二叉搜索树不允许存在重复节点,否则将违反其定义。因此,若待插入节点在树中已存在,则不执行插入,直接返回。
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![在二叉搜索树中插入节点](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_insert.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 在二叉搜索树中插入节点 </p>
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=== "Java"
```java title="binary_search_tree.java"
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/* 插入节点 */
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void insert(int num) {
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// 若树为空,直接提前返回
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if (root == null)
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return;
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TreeNode cur = root, pre = null;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur != null) {
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// 找到重复节点,直接返回
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if (cur.val == num)
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return;
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pre = cur;
// 插入位置在 cur 的右子树中
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if (cur.val < num)
cur = cur.right;
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// 插入位置在 cur 的左子树中
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else
cur = cur.left;
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}
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// 插入节点 val
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TreeNode node = new TreeNode(num);
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if (pre.val < num)
pre.right = node;
else
pre.left = node;
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}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="binary_search_tree.cpp"
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/* 插入节点 */
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void insert(int num) {
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// 若树为空,直接提前返回
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if (root == nullptr)
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return;
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TreeNode *cur = root, *pre = nullptr;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur != nullptr) {
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// 找到重复节点,直接返回
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if (cur->val == num)
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return;
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pre = cur;
// 插入位置在 cur 的右子树中
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if (cur->val < num)
cur = cur->right;
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// 插入位置在 cur 的左子树中
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else
cur = cur->left;
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}
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// 插入节点 val
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TreeNode *node = new TreeNode(num);
if (pre->val < num)
pre->right = node;
else
pre->left = node;
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}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="binary_search_tree.py"
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def insert(self, num: int) -> None:
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"""插入节点"""
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# 若树为空,直接提前返回
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if self.__root is None:
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return
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# 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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cur, pre = self.__root, None
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while cur is not None:
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# 找到重复节点,直接返回
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if cur.val == num:
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return
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pre = cur
# 插入位置在 cur 的右子树中
if cur.val < num:
cur = cur.right
# 插入位置在 cur 的左子树中
else:
cur = cur.left
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# 插入节点 val
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node = TreeNode(num)
if pre.val < num:
pre.right = node
else:
pre.left = node
```
=== "Go"
```go title="binary_search_tree.go"
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/* 插入节点 */
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func (bst *binarySearchTree) insert(num int) {
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cur := bst.root
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if cur == nil {
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return
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}
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// 待插入节点之前的节点位置
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var pre *TreeNode = nil
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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for cur != nil {
if cur.Val == num {
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return
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}
pre = cur
if cur.Val < num {
cur = cur.Right
} else {
cur = cur.Left
}
}
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// 插入节点
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node := NewTreeNode(num)
if pre.Val < num {
pre.Right = node
} else {
pre.Left = node
}
}
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="binary_search_tree.js"
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/* 插入节点 */
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function insert(num) {
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
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if (root === null) return;
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let cur = root,
pre = null;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur !== null) {
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// 找到重复节点,直接返回
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if (cur.val === num) return;
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pre = cur;
// 插入位置在 cur 的右子树中
if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
// 插入位置在 cur 的左子树中
else cur = cur.left;
}
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// 插入节点 val
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let node = new TreeNode(num);
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if (pre.val < num) pre.right = node;
else pre.left = node;
}
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_search_tree.ts"
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/* 插入节点 */
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function insert(num: number): void {
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// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if (root === null) {
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return;
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}
let cur = root,
pre: TreeNode | null = null;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur !== null) {
if (cur.val === num) {
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return; // 找到重复节点,直接返回
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}
pre = cur;
if (cur.val < num) {
cur = cur.right as TreeNode; // 插入位置在 cur 的右子树中
} else {
cur = cur.left as TreeNode; // 插入位置在 cur 的左子树中
}
}
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// 插入节点 val
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let node = new TreeNode(num);
if (pre!.val < num) {
pre!.right = node;
} else {
pre!.left = node;
}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="binary_search_tree.c"
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/* 插入节点 */
void insert(binarySearchTree *bst, int num) {
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if (bst->root == NULL)
return;
TreeNode *cur = bst->root, *pre = NULL;
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
while (cur != NULL) {
// 找到重复节点,直接返回
if (cur->val == num) {
return;
}
pre = cur;
if (cur->val < num) {
// 插入位置在 cur 的右子树中
cur = cur->right;
} else {
// 插入位置在 cur 的左子树中
cur = cur->left;
}
}
// 插入节点 val
TreeNode *node = newTreeNode(num);
if (pre->val < num) {
pre->right = node;
} else {
pre->left = node;
}
}
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```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="binary_search_tree.cs"
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/* 插入节点 */
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void insert(int num) {
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// 若树为空,直接提前返回
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if (root == null) return;
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TreeNode? cur = root, pre = null;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur != null) {
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// 找到重复节点,直接返回
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if (cur.val == num) return;
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pre = cur;
// 插入位置在 cur 的右子树中
if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
// 插入位置在 cur 的左子树中
else cur = cur.left;
}
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// 插入节点 val
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TreeNode node = new TreeNode(num);
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if (pre != null) {
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if (pre.val < num) pre.right = node;
else pre.left = node;
}
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="binary_search_tree.swift"
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/* 插入节点 */
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func insert(num: Int) {
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// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if root == nil {
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return
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}
var cur = root
var pre: TreeNode?
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while cur != nil {
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// 找到重复节点,直接返回
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if cur!.val == num {
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return
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}
pre = cur
// 插入位置在 cur 的右子树中
if cur!.val < num {
cur = cur?.right
}
// 插入位置在 cur 的左子树中
else {
cur = cur?.left
}
}
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// 插入节点 val
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let node = TreeNode(x: num)
if pre!.val < num {
pre?.right = node
} else {
pre?.left = node
}
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="binary_search_tree.zig"
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// 插入节点
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fn insert(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
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// 若树为空,直接提前返回
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if (self.root == null) return;
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var cur = self.root;
var pre: ?*inc.TreeNode(T) = null;
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// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
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while (cur != null) {
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// 找到重复节点,直接返回
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if (cur.?.val == num) return;
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pre = cur;
// 插入位置在 cur 的右子树中
if (cur.?.val < num) {
cur = cur.?.right;
// 插入位置在 cur 的左子树中
} else {
cur = cur.?.left;
}
}
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// 插入节点 val
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var node = try self.mem_allocator.create(inc.TreeNode(T));
node.init(num);
if (pre.?.val < num) {
pre.?.right = node;
} else {
pre.?.left = node;
}
}
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```
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为了插入节点,我们需要利用辅助节点 `pre` 保存上一轮循环的节点,这样在遍历至 $\text{null}$ 时,我们可以获取到其父节点,从而完成节点插入操作。
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与查找节点相同,插入节点使用 $O(\log n)$ 时间。
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### 删除节点
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与插入节点类似,我们需要在删除操作后维持二叉搜索树的“左子树 < 根节点 < 右子树”的性质。首先,我们需要在二叉树中执行查找操作,获取待删除节点。接下来,根据待删除节点的子节点数量,删除操作需分为三种情况:
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当待删除节点的子节点数量 $= 0$ 时,表示待删除节点是叶节点,可以直接删除。
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![在二叉搜索树中删除节点(度为 0](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_remove_case1.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 在二叉搜索树中删除节点(度为 0 </p>
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当待删除节点的子节点数量 $= 1$ 时,将待删除节点替换为其子节点即可。
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![在二叉搜索树中删除节点(度为 1](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_remove_case2.png)
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2 years ago
<p align="center"> Fig. 在二叉搜索树中删除节点(度为 1 </p>
2 years ago
2 years ago
当待删除节点的子节点数量 $= 2$ 时,删除操作分为三步:
2 years ago
2 years ago
1. 找到待删除节点在“中序遍历序列”中的下一个节点,记为 `tmp`
2. 在树中递归删除节点 `tmp`
3.`tmp` 的值覆盖待删除节点的值;
2 years ago
2 years ago
=== "<1>"
2 years ago
![二叉搜索树删除节点示例](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_remove_case3_step1.png)
2 years ago
2 years ago
=== "<2>"
2 years ago
![bst_remove_case3_step2](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_remove_case3_step2.png)
2 years ago
2 years ago
=== "<3>"
2 years ago
![bst_remove_case3_step3](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_remove_case3_step3.png)
2 years ago
2 years ago
=== "<4>"
2 years ago
![bst_remove_case3_step4](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_remove_case3_step4.png)
2 years ago
2 years ago
删除节点操作同样使用 $O(\log n)$ 时间,其中查找待删除节点需要 $O(\log n)$ 时间,获取中序遍历后继节点需要 $O(\log n)$ 时间。
2 years ago
=== "Java"
```java title="binary_search_tree.java"
2 years ago
/* 删除节点 */
2 years ago
void remove(int num) {
2 years ago
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
2 years ago
if (root == null)
2 years ago
return;
2 years ago
TreeNode cur = root, pre = null;
2 years ago
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
2 years ago
while (cur != null) {
2 years ago
// 找到待删除节点,跳出循环
2 years ago
if (cur.val == num)
break;
2 years ago
pre = cur;
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的右子树中
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if (cur.val < num)
cur = cur.right;
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的左子树中
2 years ago
else
cur = cur.left;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
// 若无待删除节点,则直接返回
2 years ago
if (cur == null)
2 years ago
return;
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 0 or 1
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if (cur.left == null || cur.right == null) {
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// 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子节点
2 years ago
TreeNode child = cur.left != null ? cur.left : cur.right;
2 years ago
// 删除节点 cur
2 years ago
if (pre.left == cur)
pre.left = child;
else
pre.right = child;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 2
2 years ago
else {
2 years ago
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个节点
2 years ago
TreeNode tmp = cur.right;
while (tmp.left != null) {
tmp = tmp.left;
}
// 递归删除节点 tmp
remove(tmp.val);
// 用 tmp 覆盖 cur
cur.val = tmp.val;
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="binary_search_tree.cpp"
2 years ago
/* 删除节点 */
2 years ago
void remove(int num) {
2 years ago
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
2 years ago
if (root == nullptr)
2 years ago
return;
2 years ago
TreeNode *cur = root, *pre = nullptr;
2 years ago
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
2 years ago
while (cur != nullptr) {
2 years ago
// 找到待删除节点,跳出循环
2 years ago
if (cur->val == num)
break;
2 years ago
pre = cur;
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的右子树中
2 years ago
if (cur->val < num)
cur = cur->right;
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的左子树中
2 years ago
else
cur = cur->left;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
// 若无待删除节点,则直接返回
2 years ago
if (cur == nullptr)
2 years ago
return;
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 0 or 1
2 years ago
if (cur->left == nullptr || cur->right == nullptr) {
2 years ago
// 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = nullptr / 该子节点
2 years ago
TreeNode *child = cur->left != nullptr ? cur->left : cur->right;
2 years ago
// 删除节点 cur
2 years ago
if (pre->left == cur)
pre->left = child;
else
pre->right = child;
2 years ago
// 释放内存
delete cur;
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 2
2 years ago
else {
2 years ago
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个节点
2 years ago
TreeNode *tmp = cur->right;
while (tmp->left != nullptr) {
tmp = tmp->left;
}
int tmpVal = tmp->val;
// 递归删除节点 tmp
remove(tmp->val);
// 用 tmp 覆盖 cur
cur->val = tmpVal;
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "Python"
```python title="binary_search_tree.py"
2 years ago
def remove(self, num: int) -> None:
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"""删除节点"""
2 years ago
# 若树为空,直接提前返回
2 years ago
if self.__root is None:
2 years ago
return
2 years ago
2 years ago
# 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
2 years ago
cur, pre = self.__root, None
2 years ago
while cur is not None:
2 years ago
# 找到待删除节点,跳出循环
2 years ago
if cur.val == num:
break
pre = cur
2 years ago
# 待删除节点在 cur 的右子树中
if cur.val < num:
2 years ago
cur = cur.right
2 years ago
# 待删除节点在 cur 的左子树中
else:
2 years ago
cur = cur.left
2 years ago
# 若无待删除节点,则直接返回
2 years ago
if cur is None:
2 years ago
return
2 years ago
2 years ago
# 子节点数量 = 0 or 1
2 years ago
if cur.left is None or cur.right is None:
2 years ago
# 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子节点
2 years ago
child = cur.left or cur.right
2 years ago
# 删除节点 cur
2 years ago
if pre.left == cur:
pre.left = child
else:
pre.right = child
2 years ago
# 子节点数量 = 2
2 years ago
else:
2 years ago
# 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个节点
2 years ago
tmp: TreeNode = cur.right
while tmp.left is not None:
tmp = tmp.left
# 递归删除节点 tmp
self.remove(tmp.val)
# 用 tmp 覆盖 cur
cur.val = tmp.val
2 years ago
```
=== "Go"
```go title="binary_search_tree.go"
2 years ago
/* 删除节点 */
2 years ago
func (bst *binarySearchTree) remove(num int) {
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cur := bst.root
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if cur == nil {
2 years ago
return
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
// 待删除节点之前的节点位置
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var pre *TreeNode = nil
2 years ago
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
2 years ago
for cur != nil {
if cur.Val == num {
break
}
pre = cur
if cur.Val < num {
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// 待删除节点在右子树中
2 years ago
cur = cur.Right
} else {
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// 待删除节点在左子树中
2 years ago
cur = cur.Left
}
}
2 years ago
// 若无待删除节点,则直接返回
2 years ago
if cur == nil {
2 years ago
return
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数为 0 或 1
2 years ago
if cur.Left == nil || cur.Right == nil {
var child *TreeNode = nil
2 years ago
// 取出待删除节点的子节点
2 years ago
if cur.Left != nil {
child = cur.Left
} else {
child = cur.Right
}
2 years ago
// 将子节点替换为待删除节点
2 years ago
if pre.Left == cur {
pre.Left = child
} else {
pre.Right = child
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数为 2
2 years ago
} else {
2 years ago
// 获取中序遍历中待删除节点 cur 的下一个节点
2 years ago
tmp := cur.Right
for tmp.Left != nil {
tmp = tmp.Left
}
// 递归删除节点 tmp
bst.remove(tmp.Val)
// 用 tmp 覆盖 cur
cur.Val = tmp.Val
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "JavaScript"
```javascript title="binary_search_tree.js"
2 years ago
/* 删除节点 */
2 years ago
function remove(num) {
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
2 years ago
if (root === null) return;
2 years ago
let cur = root,
pre = null;
2 years ago
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
2 years ago
while (cur !== null) {
2 years ago
// 找到待删除节点,跳出循环
2 years ago
if (cur.val === num) break;
pre = cur;
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的右子树中
2 years ago
if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的左子树中
2 years ago
else cur = cur.left;
}
2 years ago
// 若无待删除节点,则直接返回
2 years ago
if (cur === null) return;
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 0 or 1
2 years ago
if (cur.left === null || cur.right === null) {
2 years ago
// 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子节点
2 years ago
let child = cur.left !== null ? cur.left : cur.right;
2 years ago
// 删除节点 cur
2 years ago
if (pre.left === cur) pre.left = child;
else pre.right = child;
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 2
2 years ago
else {
2 years ago
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个节点
2 years ago
let tmp = cur.right;
while (tmp.left !== null) {
tmp = tmp.left;
}
// 递归删除节点 tmp
remove(tmp.val);
// 用 tmp 覆盖 cur
cur.val = tmp.val;
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_search_tree.ts"
2 years ago
/* 删除节点 */
2 years ago
function remove(num: number): void {
2 years ago
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if (root === null) {
2 years ago
return;
2 years ago
}
let cur = root,
pre: TreeNode | null = null;
2 years ago
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
2 years ago
while (cur !== null) {
2 years ago
// 找到待删除节点,跳出循环
2 years ago
if (cur.val === num) {
break;
}
pre = cur;
if (cur.val < num) {
2 years ago
cur = cur.right as TreeNode; // 待删除节点在 cur 的右子树中
2 years ago
} else {
2 years ago
cur = cur.left as TreeNode; // 待删除节点在 cur 的左子树中
2 years ago
}
}
2 years ago
// 若无待删除节点,则直接返回
2 years ago
if (cur === null) {
2 years ago
return;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 0 or 1
2 years ago
if (cur.left === null || cur.right === null) {
2 years ago
// 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子节点
2 years ago
let child = cur.left !== null ? cur.left : cur.right;
2 years ago
// 删除节点 cur
2 years ago
if (pre!.left === cur) {
pre!.left = child;
} else {
pre!.right = child;
}
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 2
2 years ago
else {
2 years ago
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个节点
2 years ago
let tmp = cur.right;
while (tmp.left !== null) {
tmp = tmp.left;
}
// 递归删除节点 tmp
remove(tmp!.val);
// 用 tmp 覆盖 cur
cur.val = tmp.val;
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="binary_search_tree.c"
2 years ago
/* 删除节点 */
// 由于引入了 stdio.h ,此处无法使用 remove 关键词
void removeNode(binarySearchTree *bst, int num) {
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if (bst->root == NULL)
return;
TreeNode *cur = bst->root, *pre = NULL;
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
while (cur != NULL) {
// 找到待删除节点,跳出循环
if (cur->val == num)
break;
pre = cur;
if (cur->val < num) {
// 待删除节点在 root 的右子树中
cur = cur->right;
} else {
// 待删除节点在 root 的左子树中
cur = cur->left;
}
}
// 若无待删除节点,则直接返回
if (cur == NULL)
return;
// 判断待删除节点是否存在子节点
if (cur->left == NULL || cur->right == NULL) {
/* 子节点数量 = 0 or 1 */
// 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = nullptr / 该子节点
TreeNode *child = cur->left != NULL ? cur->left : cur->right;
// 删除节点 cur
if (pre->left == cur) {
pre->left = child;
} else {
pre->right = child;
}
} else {
/* 子节点数量 = 2 */
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个节点
TreeNode *tmp = cur->right;
while (tmp->left != NULL) {
tmp = tmp->left;
}
int tmpVal = tmp->val;
// 递归删除节点 tmp
removeNode(bst, tmp->val);
// 用 tmp 覆盖 cur
cur->val = tmpVal;
}
}
2 years ago
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="binary_search_tree.cs"
2 years ago
/* 删除节点 */
2 years ago
void remove(int num) {
2 years ago
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
2 years ago
if (root == null) return;
2 years ago
TreeNode? cur = root, pre = null;
2 years ago
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
2 years ago
while (cur != null) {
2 years ago
// 找到待删除节点,跳出循环
2 years ago
if (cur.val == num) break;
pre = cur;
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的右子树中
2 years ago
if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的左子树中
2 years ago
else cur = cur.left;
}
2 years ago
// 若无待删除节点,则直接返回
2 years ago
if (cur == null || pre == null) return;
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 0 or 1
2 years ago
if (cur.left == null || cur.right == null) {
2 years ago
// 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子节点
2 years ago
TreeNode? child = cur.left != null ? cur.left : cur.right;
2 years ago
// 删除节点 cur
2 years ago
if (pre.left == cur) {
2 years ago
pre.left = child;
2 years ago
} else {
2 years ago
pre.right = child;
}
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 2
2 years ago
else {
2 years ago
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个节点
2 years ago
TreeNode? tmp = cur.right;
2 years ago
while (tmp.left != null) {
2 years ago
tmp = tmp.left;
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
// 递归删除节点 tmp
remove(tmp.val);
// 用 tmp 覆盖 cur
cur.val = tmp.val;
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="binary_search_tree.swift"
2 years ago
/* 删除节点 */
2 years ago
@discardableResult
2 years ago
func remove(num: Int) {
2 years ago
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if root == nil {
2 years ago
return
2 years ago
}
var cur = root
var pre: TreeNode?
2 years ago
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
2 years ago
while cur != nil {
2 years ago
// 找到待删除节点,跳出循环
2 years ago
if cur!.val == num {
break
}
pre = cur
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的右子树中
2 years ago
if cur!.val < num {
cur = cur?.right
}
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的左子树中
2 years ago
else {
cur = cur?.left
}
}
2 years ago
// 若无待删除节点,则直接返回
2 years ago
if cur == nil {
2 years ago
return
2 years ago
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 0 or 1
2 years ago
if cur?.left == nil || cur?.right == nil {
2 years ago
// 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子节点
2 years ago
let child = cur?.left != nil ? cur?.left : cur?.right
2 years ago
// 删除节点 cur
2 years ago
if pre?.left === cur {
pre?.left = child
} else {
pre?.right = child
}
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 2
2 years ago
else {
2 years ago
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个节点
2 years ago
var tmp = cur?.right
2 years ago
while tmp?.left != nil {
tmp = tmp?.left
}
// 递归删除节点 tmp
remove(num: tmp!.val)
// 用 tmp 覆盖 cur
cur?.val = tmp!.val
2 years ago
}
}
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="binary_search_tree.zig"
2 years ago
// 删除节点
2 years ago
fn remove(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
2 years ago
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
2 years ago
if (self.root == null) return;
2 years ago
var cur = self.root;
var pre: ?*inc.TreeNode(T) = null;
2 years ago
// 循环查找,越过叶节点后跳出
2 years ago
while (cur != null) {
2 years ago
// 找到待删除节点,跳出循环
2 years ago
if (cur.?.val == num) break;
pre = cur;
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的右子树中
2 years ago
if (cur.?.val < num) {
cur = cur.?.right;
2 years ago
// 待删除节点在 cur 的左子树中
2 years ago
} else {
cur = cur.?.left;
}
}
2 years ago
// 若无待删除节点,则直接返回
2 years ago
if (cur == null) return;
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 0 or 1
2 years ago
if (cur.?.left == null or cur.?.right == null) {
2 years ago
// 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子节点
2 years ago
var child = if (cur.?.left != null) cur.?.left else cur.?.right;
2 years ago
// 删除节点 cur
2 years ago
if (pre.?.left == cur) {
pre.?.left = child;
} else {
pre.?.right = child;
}
2 years ago
// 子节点数量 = 2
2 years ago
} else {
2 years ago
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个节点
2 years ago
var tmp = cur.?.right;
while (tmp.?.left != null) {
tmp = tmp.?.left;
}
var tmpVal = tmp.?.val;
// 递归删除节点 tmp
_ = self.remove(tmp.?.val);
// 用 tmp 覆盖 cur
cur.?.val = tmpVal;
2 years ago
}
}
2 years ago
```
### 排序
2 years ago
我们知道,二叉树的中序遍历遵循“左 $\rightarrow$ 根 $\rightarrow$ 右”的遍历顺序,而二叉搜索树满足“左子节点 $<$ 根节点 $<$ 右子节点”的大小关系。因此,在二叉搜索树中进行中序遍历时,总是会优先遍历下一个最小节点,从而得出一个重要性质:**二叉搜索树的中序遍历序列是升序的**。
2 years ago
2 years ago
利用中序遍历升序的性质,我们在二叉搜索树中获取有序数据仅需 $O(n)$ 时间,无需额外排序,非常高效。
2 years ago
2 years ago
![二叉搜索树的中序遍历序列](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_inorder_traversal.png)
2 years ago
2 years ago
<p align="center"> Fig. 二叉搜索树的中序遍历序列 </p>
2 years ago
## 8.4.2. &nbsp; 二叉搜索树的效率
2 years ago
2 years ago
给定一组数据,我们考虑使用数组或二叉搜索树存储。
2 years ago
2 years ago
观察可知,二叉搜索树的各项操作的时间复杂度都是对数阶,具有稳定且高效的性能表现。只有在高频添加、低频查找删除的数据适用场景下,数组比二叉搜索树的效率更高。
2 years ago
<div class="center-table" markdown>
2 years ago
| | 无序数组 | 二叉搜索树 |
| -------- | -------- | ----------- |
| 查找元素 | $O(n)$ | $O(\log n)$ |
| 插入元素 | $O(1)$ | $O(\log n)$ |
| 删除元素 | $O(n)$ | $O(\log n)$ |
2 years ago
</div>
2 years ago
在理想情况下,二叉搜索树是“平衡”的,这样就可以在 $\log n$ 轮循环内查找任意节点。
2 years ago
2 years ago
然而,如果我们在二叉搜索树中不断地插入和删除节点,可能导致二叉树退化为链表,这时各种操作的时间复杂度也会退化为 $O(n)$ 。
2 years ago
2 years ago
![二叉搜索树的平衡与退化](binary_search_tree.assets/bst_degradation.png)
2 years ago
2 years ago
<p align="center"> Fig. 二叉搜索树的平衡与退化 </p>
2 years ago
## 8.4.3. &nbsp; 二叉搜索树常见应用
2 years ago
2 years ago
- 用作系统中的多级索引,实现高效的查找、插入、删除操作。
- 作为某些搜索算法的底层数据结构。
- 用于存储数据流,以保持其有序状态。