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---
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comments: true
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---
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# 4.1 陣列
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<u>陣列(array)</u>是一種線性資料結構,其將相同型別的元素儲存在連續的記憶體空間中。我們將元素在陣列中的位置稱為該元素的<u>索引(index)</u>。圖 4-1 展示了陣列的主要概念和儲存方式。
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![陣列定義與儲存方式](array.assets/array_definition.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 圖 4-1 陣列定義與儲存方式 </p>
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## 4.1.1 陣列常用操作
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### 1. 初始化陣列
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我們可以根據需求選用陣列的兩種初始化方式:無初始值、給定初始值。在未指定初始值的情況下,大多數程式語言會將陣列元素初始化為 $0$ :
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=== "Python"
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```python title="array.py"
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# 初始化陣列
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arr: list[int] = [0] * 5 # [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
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nums: list[int] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="array.cpp"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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// 儲存在堆疊上
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int arr[5];
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int nums[5] = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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// 儲存在堆積上(需要手動釋放空間)
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int* arr1 = new int[5];
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int* nums1 = new int[5] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="array.java"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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int[] arr = new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
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int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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int[] arr = new int[5]; // [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
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int[] nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="array.go"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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var arr [5]int
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// 在 Go 中,指定長度時([5]int)為陣列,不指定長度時([]int)為切片
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// 由於 Go 的陣列被設計為在編譯期確定長度,因此只能使用常數來指定長度
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// 為了方便實現擴容 extend() 方法,以下將切片(Slice)看作陣列(Array)
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nums := []int{1, 3, 2, 5, 4}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="array.swift"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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let arr = Array(repeating: 0, count: 5) // [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
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let nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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var arr = new Array(5).fill(0);
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var nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="array.ts"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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let arr: number[] = new Array(5).fill(0);
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let nums: number[] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="array.dart"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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List<int> arr = List.filled(5, 0); // [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
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List<int> nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="array.rs"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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let arr: Vec<i32> = vec![0; 5]; // [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
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let nums: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="array.c"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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int arr[5] = { 0 }; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
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int nums[5] = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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=== "Kotlin"
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```kotlin title="array.kt"
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/* 初始化陣列 */
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var arr = IntArray(5) // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
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var nums = intArrayOf(1, 3, 2, 5, 4)
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```
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=== "Ruby"
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```ruby title="array.rb"
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# 初始化陣列
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arr = Array.new(5, 0)
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nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="array.zig"
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// 初始化陣列
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var arr = [_]i32{0} ** 5; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
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var nums = [_]i32{ 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
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```
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??? pythontutor "視覺化執行"
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<div style="height: 243px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0Aarr%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20%2A%205%20%20%23%20%5B%200%2C%200%2C%200%2C%200%2C%200%20%5D%0Anums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0Aarr%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20%2A%205%20%20%23%20%5B%200%2C%200%2C%200%2C%200%2C%200%20%5D%0Anums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全螢幕觀看 ></a></div>
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### 2. 訪問元素
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陣列元素被儲存在連續的記憶體空間中,這意味著計算陣列元素的記憶體位址非常容易。給定陣列記憶體位址(首元素記憶體位址)和某個元素的索引,我們可以使用圖 4-2 所示的公式計算得到該元素的記憶體位址,從而直接訪問該元素。
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![陣列元素的記憶體位址計算](array.assets/array_memory_location_calculation.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 圖 4-2 陣列元素的記憶體位址計算 </p>
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觀察圖 4-2 ,我們發現陣列首個元素的索引為 $0$ ,這似乎有些反直覺,因為從 $1$ 開始計數會更自然。但從位址計算公式的角度看,**索引本質上是記憶體位址的偏移量**。首個元素的位址偏移量是 $0$ ,因此它的索引為 $0$ 是合理的。
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在陣列中訪問元素非常高效,我們可以在 $O(1)$ 時間內隨機訪問陣列中的任意一個元素。
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=== "Python"
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```python title="array.py"
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def random_access(nums: list[int]) -> int:
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"""隨機訪問元素"""
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# 在區間 [0, len(nums)-1] 中隨機抽取一個數字
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random_index = random.randint(0, len(nums) - 1)
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# 獲取並返回隨機元素
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random_num = nums[random_index]
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return random_num
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="array.cpp"
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/* 隨機訪問元素 */
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int randomAccess(int *nums, int size) {
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// 在區間 [0, size) 中隨機抽取一個數字
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int randomIndex = rand() % size;
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// 獲取並返回隨機元素
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="array.java"
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/* 隨機訪問元素 */
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int randomAccess(int[] nums) {
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// 在區間 [0, nums.length) 中隨機抽取一個數字
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int randomIndex = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(0, nums.length);
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// 獲取並返回隨機元素
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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/* 隨機訪問元素 */
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int RandomAccess(int[] nums) {
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Random random = new();
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// 在區間 [0, nums.Length) 中隨機抽取一個數字
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int randomIndex = random.Next(nums.Length);
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// 獲取並返回隨機元素
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="array.go"
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/* 隨機訪問元素 */
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func randomAccess(nums []int) (randomNum int) {
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// 在區間 [0, nums.length) 中隨機抽取一個數字
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randomIndex := rand.Intn(len(nums))
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// 獲取並返回隨機元素
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randomNum = nums[randomIndex]
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return
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="array.swift"
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/* 隨機訪問元素 */
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func randomAccess(nums: [Int]) -> Int {
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// 在區間 [0, nums.count) 中隨機抽取一個數字
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let randomIndex = nums.indices.randomElement()!
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// 獲取並返回隨機元素
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let randomNum = nums[randomIndex]
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return randomNum
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 隨機訪問元素 */
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function randomAccess(nums) {
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// 在區間 [0, nums.length) 中隨機抽取一個數字
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const random_index = Math.floor(Math.random() * nums.length);
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// 獲取並返回隨機元素
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const random_num = nums[random_index];
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return random_num;
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="array.ts"
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/* 隨機訪問元素 */
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function randomAccess(nums: number[]): number {
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// 在區間 [0, nums.length) 中隨機抽取一個數字
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const random_index = Math.floor(Math.random() * nums.length);
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// 獲取並返回隨機元素
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const random_num = nums[random_index];
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return random_num;
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="array.dart"
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/* 隨機訪問元素 */
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int randomAccess(List<int> nums) {
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// 在區間 [0, nums.length) 中隨機抽取一個數字
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int randomIndex = Random().nextInt(nums.length);
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// 獲取並返回隨機元素
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int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
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return randomNum;
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="array.rs"
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/* 隨機訪問元素 */
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fn random_access(nums: &[i32]) -> i32 {
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// 在區間 [0, nums.len()) 中隨機抽取一個數字
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let random_index = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0..nums.len());
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// 獲取並返回隨機元素
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let random_num = nums[random_index];
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random_num
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="array.c"
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/* 隨機訪問元素 */
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int randomAccess(int *nums, int size) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 在區間 [0, size) 中隨機抽取一個數字
|
|
|
|
|
int randomIndex = rand() % size;
|
|
|
|
|
// 獲取並返回隨機元素
|
|
|
|
|
int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
|
|
|
|
|
return randomNum;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Kotlin"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```kotlin title="array.kt"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 隨機訪問元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
fun randomAccess(nums: IntArray): Int {
|
|
|
|
|
// 在區間 [0, nums.size) 中隨機抽取一個數字
|
|
|
|
|
val randomIndex = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(0, nums.size)
|
|
|
|
|
// 獲取並返回隨機元素
|
|
|
|
|
val randomNum = nums[randomIndex]
|
|
|
|
|
return randomNum
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Ruby"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```ruby title="array.rb"
|
|
|
|
|
### 隨機訪問元素 ###
|
|
|
|
|
def random_access(nums)
|
|
|
|
|
# 在區間 [0, nums.length) 中隨機抽取一個數字
|
|
|
|
|
random_index = Random.rand(0...nums.length)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 獲取並返回隨機元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[random_index]
|
|
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
// 隨機訪問元素
|
|
|
|
|
fn randomAccess(nums: []i32) i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
// 在區間 [0, nums.len) 中隨機抽取一個整數
|
|
|
|
|
var randomIndex = std.crypto.random.intRangeLessThan(usize, 0, nums.len);
|
|
|
|
|
// 獲取並返回隨機元素
|
|
|
|
|
var randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
|
|
|
|
|
return randomNum;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "視覺化執行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="height: 531px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=import%20random%0A%0Adef%20random_access%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%20%5B0%2C%20len%28nums%29-1%5D%20%E4%B8%AD%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%0A%20%20%20%20random_index%20%3D%20random.randint%280%2C%20len%28nums%29%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%8D%B2%E5%8F%96%E4%B8%A6%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20random_num%20%3D%20nums%5Brandom_index%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20random_num%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F%0A%20%20%20%20random_num%3A%20int%20%3D%20random_access%28nums%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E5%9C%A8%20nums%20%E4%B8%AD%E7%8D%B2%E5%8F%96%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%22%2C%20random_num%29%0A&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=7&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=import%20random%0A%0Adef%20random_access%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%20%5B0%2C%20len%28nums%29-1%5D%20%E4%B8%AD%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%0A%20%20%20%20random_index%20%3D%20random.randint%280%2C%20len%28nums%29%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%8D%B2%E5%8F%96%E4%B8%A6%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20random_num%20%3D%20nums%5Brandom_index%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20random_num%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F%0A%20%20%20%20random_num%3A%20int%20%3D%20random_access%28nums%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E5%9C%A8%20nums%20%E4%B8%AD%E7%8D%B2%E5%8F%96%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%22%2C%20random_num%29%0A&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=7&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全螢幕觀看 ></a></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 3. 插入元素
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
陣列元素在記憶體中是“緊挨著的”,它們之間沒有空間再存放任何資料。如圖 4-3 所示,如果想在陣列中間插入一個元素,則需要將該元素之後的所有元素都向後移動一位,之後再把元素賦值給該索引。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![陣列插入元素示例](array.assets/array_insert_element.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 圖 4-3 陣列插入元素示例 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
值得注意的是,由於陣列的長度是固定的,因此插入一個元素必定會導致陣列尾部元素“丟失”。我們將這個問題的解決方案留在“串列”章節中討論。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
|
|
|
|
def insert(nums: list[int], num: int, index: int):
|
|
|
|
|
"""在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums) - 1, index, -1):
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
|
|
|
|
|
# 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int *nums, int size, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int[] nums, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = nums.length - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void Insert(int[] nums, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
func insert(nums []int, num int, index int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i := len(nums) - 1; i > index; i-- {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i-1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="array.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
func insert(nums: inout [Int], num: Int, index: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in nums.indices.dropFirst(index).reversed() {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
function insert(nums, num, index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = nums.length - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
function insert(nums: number[], num: number, index: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = nums.length - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="array.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 _num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(List<int> nums, int _num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (var i = nums.length - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 _num 賦給 index 處元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = _num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="array.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
fn insert(nums: &mut Vec<i32>, num: i32, index: usize) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in (index + 1..nums.len()).rev() {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int *nums, int size, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Kotlin"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```kotlin title="array.kt"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
fun insert(nums: IntArray, num: Int, index: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (i in nums.size - 1 downTo index + 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Ruby"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```ruby title="array.rb"
|
|
|
|
|
### 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num ###
|
|
|
|
|
def insert(nums, num, index)
|
|
|
|
|
# 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in (nums.length - 1).downto(index + 1)
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
|
|
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
// 在陣列的索引 index 處插入元素 num
|
|
|
|
|
fn insert(nums: []i32, num: i32, index: usize) void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之後的所有元素向後移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
var i = nums.len - 1;
|
|
|
|
|
while (i > index) : (i -= 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 將 num 賦給 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "視覺化執行"
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
<div style="height: 495px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20insert%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%2C%20num%3A%20int%2C%20index%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%9C%A8%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20index%20%E8%99%95%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%20num%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8A%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20index%20%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E4%B9%8B%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%90%91%E5%BE%8C%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%8D%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%20-%201%2C%20index%2C%20-1%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20nums%5Bi%5D%20%3D%20nums%5Bi%20-%201%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B0%87%20num%20%E8%B3%A6%E7%B5%A6%20index%20%E8%99%95%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20nums%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20num%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20insert%28nums%2C%206%2C%203%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E5%9C%A8%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%203%20%E8%99%95%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%206%20%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20insert%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%2C%20num%3A%20int%2C%20index%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%9C%A8%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20index%20%E8%99%95%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%20num%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8A%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20index%20%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E4%B9%8B%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%90%91%E5%BE%8C%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%8D%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%20-%201%2C%20index%2C%20-1%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20nums%5Bi%5D%20%3D%20nums%5Bi%20-%201%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B0%87%20num%20%E8%B3%A6%E7%B5%A6%20index%20%E8%99%95%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20nums%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20num%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20insert%28nums%2C%206%2C%203%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E5%9C%A8%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%203%20%E8%99%95%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%206%20%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全螢幕觀看 ></a></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 4. 刪除元素
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
同理,如圖 4-4 所示,若想刪除索引 $i$ 處的元素,則需要把索引 $i$ 之後的元素都向前移動一位。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![陣列刪除元素示例](array.assets/array_remove_element.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 圖 4-4 陣列刪除元素示例 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
請注意,刪除元素完成後,原先末尾的元素變得“無意義”了,所以我們無須特意去修改它。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
|
|
|
|
def remove(nums: list[int], index: int):
|
|
|
|
|
"""刪除索引 index 處的元素"""
|
|
|
|
|
# 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(index, len(nums) - 1):
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int *nums, int size, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < size - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int[] nums, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void Remove(int[] nums, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < nums.Length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func remove(nums []int, index int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i := index; i < len(nums)-1; i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i+1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="array.swift"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
func remove(nums: inout [Int], index: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in nums.indices.dropFirst(index).dropLast() {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function remove(nums, index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function remove(nums: number[], index: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="array.dart"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(List<int> nums, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (var i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="array.rs"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
fn remove(nums: &mut Vec<i32>, index: usize) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in index..nums.len() - 1 {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
// 注意:stdio.h 佔用了 remove 關鍵詞
|
|
|
|
|
void removeItem(int *nums, int size, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < size - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Kotlin"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```kotlin title="array.kt"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除索引 index 處的元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
fun remove(nums: IntArray, index: Int) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (i in index..<nums.size - 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Ruby"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```ruby title="array.rb"
|
|
|
|
|
### 刪除索引 index 處的元素 ###
|
|
|
|
|
def remove(nums, index)
|
|
|
|
|
# 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in index...(nums.length - 1)
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
// 刪除索引 index 處的元素
|
|
|
|
|
fn remove(nums: []i32, index: usize) void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之後的所有元素向前移動一位
|
|
|
|
|
var i = index;
|
|
|
|
|
while (i < nums.len - 1) : (i += 1) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "視覺化執行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="height: 459px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20remove%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%2C%20index%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20index%20%E8%99%95%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8A%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20index%20%E4%B9%8B%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%90%91%E5%89%8D%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%8D%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28index%2C%20len%28nums%29%20-%201%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20nums%5Bi%5D%20%3D%20nums%5Bi%20%2B%201%5D%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20remove%28nums%2C%202%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%202%20%E8%99%95%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20remove%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%2C%20index%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20index%20%E8%99%95%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8A%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20index%20%E4%B9%8B%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%90%91%E5%89%8D%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%8D%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28index%2C%20len%28nums%29%20-%201%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20nums%5Bi%5D%20%3D%20nums%5Bi%20%2B%201%5D%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20remove%28nums%2C%202%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%202%20%E8%99%95%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全螢幕觀看 ></a></div>
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總的來看,陣列的插入與刪除操作有以下缺點。
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- **時間複雜度高**:陣列的插入和刪除的平均時間複雜度均為 $O(n)$ ,其中 $n$ 為陣列長度。
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- **丟失元素**:由於陣列的長度不可變,因此在插入元素後,超出陣列長度範圍的元素會丟失。
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- **記憶體浪費**:我們可以初始化一個比較長的陣列,只用前面一部分,這樣在插入資料時,丟失的末尾元素都是“無意義”的,但這樣做會造成部分記憶體空間浪費。
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### 5. 走訪陣列
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在大多數程式語言中,我們既可以透過索引走訪陣列,也可以直接走訪獲取陣列中的每個元素:
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=== "Python"
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```python title="array.py"
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def traverse(nums: list[int]):
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"""走訪陣列"""
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count = 0
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# 透過索引走訪陣列
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for i in range(len(nums)):
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count += nums[i]
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# 直接走訪陣列元素
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for num in nums:
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count += num
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# 同時走訪資料索引和元素
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for i, num in enumerate(nums):
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count += nums[i]
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count += num
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="array.cpp"
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/* 走訪陣列 */
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void traverse(int *nums, int size) {
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int count = 0;
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="array.java"
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/* 走訪陣列 */
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void traverse(int[] nums) {
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int count = 0;
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
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// 直接走訪陣列元素
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for (int num : nums) {
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count += num;
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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/* 走訪陣列 */
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void Traverse(int[] nums) {
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int count = 0;
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
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// 直接走訪陣列元素
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foreach (int num in nums) {
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count += num;
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="array.go"
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/* 走訪陣列 */
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func traverse(nums []int) {
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count := 0
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for i := 0; i < len(nums); i++ {
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count += nums[i]
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}
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count = 0
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// 直接走訪陣列元素
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for _, num := range nums {
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count += num
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}
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// 同時走訪資料索引和元素
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for i, num := range nums {
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count += nums[i]
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count += num
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="array.swift"
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/* 走訪陣列 */
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func traverse(nums: [Int]) {
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var count = 0
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for i in nums.indices {
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count += nums[i]
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}
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// 直接走訪陣列元素
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for num in nums {
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count += num
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}
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// 同時走訪資料索引和元素
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for (i, num) in nums.enumerated() {
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count += nums[i]
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count += num
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}
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 走訪陣列 */
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function traverse(nums) {
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let count = 0;
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
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// 直接走訪陣列元素
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for (const num of nums) {
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count += num;
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}
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="array.ts"
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/* 走訪陣列 */
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function traverse(nums: number[]): void {
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let count = 0;
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
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// 直接走訪陣列元素
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for (const num of nums) {
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count += num;
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="array.dart"
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/* 走訪陣列元素 */
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void traverse(List<int> nums) {
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int count = 0;
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for (var i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
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// 直接走訪陣列元素
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for (int _num in nums) {
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count += _num;
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}
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// 透過 forEach 方法走訪陣列
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nums.forEach((_num) {
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count += _num;
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});
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="array.rs"
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/* 走訪陣列 */
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fn traverse(nums: &[i32]) {
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let mut _count = 0;
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for i in 0..nums.len() {
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_count += nums[i];
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}
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// 直接走訪陣列元素
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for num in nums {
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_count += num;
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="array.c"
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/* 走訪陣列 */
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void traverse(int *nums, int size) {
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int count = 0;
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Kotlin"
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```kotlin title="array.kt"
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/* 走訪陣列 */
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fun traverse(nums: IntArray) {
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var count = 0
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
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for (i in nums.indices) {
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count += nums[i]
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}
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// 直接走訪陣列元素
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for (j in nums) {
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count += j
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Ruby"
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|
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```ruby title="array.rb"
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### 走訪陣列 ###
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|
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def traverse(nums)
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count = 0
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|
|
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# 透過索引走訪陣列
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for i in 0...nums.length
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count += nums[i]
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end
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
# 直接走訪陣列元素
|
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for num in nums
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count += num
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end
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end
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```
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=== "Zig"
|
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|
|
```zig title="array.zig"
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|
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// 走訪陣列
|
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|
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fn traverse(nums: []i32) void {
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|
var count: i32 = 0;
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// 透過索引走訪陣列
|
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var i: i32 = 0;
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while (i < nums.len) : (i += 1) {
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count += nums[i];
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}
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count = 0;
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|
|
// 直接走訪陣列元素
|
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for (nums) |num| {
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count += num;
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}
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}
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```
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??? pythontutor "視覺化執行"
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<div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20traverse%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E8%B5%B0%E8%A8%AA%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20count%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%80%8F%E9%81%8E%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E8%B5%B0%E8%A8%AA%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20nums%5Bi%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%B5%B0%E8%A8%AA%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20for%20num%20in%20nums%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20num%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%90%8C%E6%99%82%E8%B5%B0%E8%A8%AA%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E5%92%8C%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%2C%20num%20in%20enumerate%28nums%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20nums%5Bi%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20num%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%B5%B0%E8%A8%AA%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20traverse%28nums%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20traverse%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E8%B5%B0%E8%A8%AA%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20count%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%80%8F%E9%81%8E%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E8%B5%B0%E8%A8%AA%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20nums%5Bi%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%B5%B0%E8%A8%AA%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20for%20num%20in%20nums%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20num%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%90%8C%E6%99%82%E8%B5%B0%E8%A8%AA%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E5%92%8C%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%2C%20num%20in%20enumerate%28nums%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20nums%5Bi%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20count%20%2B%3D%20num%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%B5%B0%E8%A8%AA%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20traverse%28nums%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全螢幕觀看 ></a></div>
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### 6. 查詢元素
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在陣列中查詢指定元素需要走訪陣列,每輪判斷元素值是否匹配,若匹配則輸出對應索引。
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因為陣列是線性資料結構,所以上述查詢操作被稱為“線性查詢”。
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=== "Python"
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```python title="array.py"
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def find(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int:
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"""在陣列中查詢指定元素"""
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for i in range(len(nums)):
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if nums[i] == target:
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return i
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return -1
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="array.cpp"
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/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
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int find(int *nums, int size, int target) {
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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if (nums[i] == target)
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return i;
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}
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return -1;
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="array.java"
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/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
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int find(int[] nums, int target) {
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for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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if (nums[i] == target)
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return i;
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}
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return -1;
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
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int Find(int[] nums, int target) {
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for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
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if (nums[i] == target)
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return i;
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}
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return -1;
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="array.go"
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/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
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func find(nums []int, target int) (index int) {
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index = -1
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for i := 0; i < len(nums); i++ {
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if nums[i] == target {
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index = i
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break
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}
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}
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return
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="array.swift"
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/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
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func find(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
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for i in nums.indices {
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if nums[i] == target {
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return i
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}
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}
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return -1
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
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function find(nums, target) {
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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if (nums[i] === target) return i;
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}
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return -1;
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
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/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
|
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|
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function find(nums: number[], target: number): number {
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|
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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|
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if (nums[i] === target) {
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return i;
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}
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}
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|
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return -1;
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|
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}
|
|
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|
|
```
|
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|
|
=== "Dart"
|
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|
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```dart title="array.dart"
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|
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/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
|
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int find(List<int> nums, int target) {
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|
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for (var i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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if (nums[i] == target) return i;
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|
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}
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return -1;
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}
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|
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```
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|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
```rust title="array.rs"
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|
|
/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
|
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|
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fn find(nums: &[i32], target: i32) -> Option<usize> {
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|
|
for i in 0..nums.len() {
|
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|
|
if nums[i] == target {
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|
|
return Some(i);
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|
|
}
|
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|
|
}
|
|
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|
|
None
|
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|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int find(int *nums, int size, int target) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Kotlin"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```kotlin title="array.kt"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在陣列中查詢指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
fun find(nums: IntArray, target: Int): Int {
|
|
|
|
|
for (i in nums.indices) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Ruby"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```ruby title="array.rb"
|
|
|
|
|
### 在陣列中查詢指定元素 ###
|
|
|
|
|
def find(nums, target)
|
|
|
|
|
for i in 0...nums.length
|
|
|
|
|
return i if nums[i] == target
|
|
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-1
|
|
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
// 在陣列中查詢指定元素
|
|
|
|
|
fn find(nums: []i32, target: i32) i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
for (nums, 0..) |num, i| {
|
|
|
|
|
if (num == target) return @intCast(i);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "視覺化執行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="height: 477px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20find%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%2C%20target%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%9C%A8%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E4%B8%AD%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20nums%5Bi%5D%20%3D%3D%20target%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20i%0A%20%20%20%20return%20-1%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20index%3A%20int%20%3D%20find%28nums%2C%203%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E5%9C%A8%20nums%20%E4%B8%AD%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%203%20%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20%3D%22%2C%20index%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20find%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%2C%20target%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%9C%A8%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E4%B8%AD%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20nums%5Bi%5D%20%3D%3D%20target%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20i%0A%20%20%20%20return%20-1%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%0A%20%20%20%20index%3A%20int%20%3D%20find%28nums%2C%203%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E5%9C%A8%20nums%20%E4%B8%AD%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%203%20%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20%3D%22%2C%20index%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全螢幕觀看 ></a></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 7. 擴容陣列
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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在複雜的系統環境中,程式難以保證陣列之後的記憶體空間是可用的,從而無法安全地擴展陣列容量。因此在大多數程式語言中,**陣列的長度是不可變的**。
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如果我們希望擴容陣列,則需重新建立一個更大的陣列,然後把原陣列元素依次複製到新陣列。這是一個 $O(n)$ 的操作,在陣列很大的情況下非常耗時。程式碼如下所示:
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=== "Python"
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```python title="array.py"
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def extend(nums: list[int], enlarge: int) -> list[int]:
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"""擴展陣列長度"""
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# 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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res = [0] * (len(nums) + enlarge)
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# 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for i in range(len(nums)):
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res[i] = nums[i]
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# 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="array.cpp"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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int *extend(int *nums, int size, int enlarge) {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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int *res = new int[size + enlarge];
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 釋放記憶體
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delete[] nums;
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res;
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="array.java"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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int[] extend(int[] nums, int enlarge) {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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int[] res = new int[nums.length + enlarge];
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res;
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="array.cs"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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int[] Extend(int[] nums, int enlarge) {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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int[] res = new int[nums.Length + enlarge];
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res;
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="array.go"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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func extend(nums []int, enlarge int) []int {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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res := make([]int, len(nums)+enlarge)
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for i, num := range nums {
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res[i] = num
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}
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="array.swift"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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func extend(nums: [Int], enlarge: Int) -> [Int] {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: nums.count + enlarge)
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for i in nums.indices {
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res[i] = nums[i]
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}
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="array.js"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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// 請注意,JavaScript 的 Array 是動態陣列,可以直接擴展
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// 為了方便學習,本函式將 Array 看作長度不可變的陣列
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function extend(nums, enlarge) {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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const res = new Array(nums.length + enlarge).fill(0);
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res;
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="array.ts"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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// 請注意,TypeScript 的 Array 是動態陣列,可以直接擴展
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// 為了方便學習,本函式將 Array 看作長度不可變的陣列
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function extend(nums: number[], enlarge: number): number[] {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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const res = new Array(nums.length + enlarge).fill(0);
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res;
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="array.dart"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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List<int> extend(List<int> nums, int enlarge) {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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List<int> res = List.filled(nums.length + enlarge, 0);
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for (var i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res;
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="array.rs"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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fn extend(nums: Vec<i32>, enlarge: usize) -> Vec<i32> {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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let mut res: Vec<i32> = vec![0; nums.len() + enlarge];
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新
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for i in 0..nums.len() {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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res
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="array.c"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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int *extend(int *nums, int size, int enlarge) {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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int *res = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * (size + enlarge));
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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res[i] = nums[i];
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}
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// 初始化擴展後的空間
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for (int i = size; i < size + enlarge; i++) {
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res[i] = 0;
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}
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res;
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}
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```
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=== "Kotlin"
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```kotlin title="array.kt"
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/* 擴展陣列長度 */
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fun extend(nums: IntArray, enlarge: Int): IntArray {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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val res = IntArray(nums.size + enlarge)
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for (i in nums.indices) {
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res[i] = nums[i]
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}
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res
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}
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```
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=== "Ruby"
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```ruby title="array.rb"
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### 擴展陣列長度 ###
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# 請注意,Ruby 的 Array 是動態陣列,可以直接擴展
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# 為了方便學習,本函式將 Array 看作長度不可變的陣列
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def extend(nums, enlarge)
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# 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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res = Array.new(nums.length + enlarge, 0)
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# 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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for i in 0...nums.length
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res[i] = nums[i]
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end
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# 返回擴展後的新陣列
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res
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end
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="array.zig"
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// 擴展陣列長度
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fn extend(mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, nums: []i32, enlarge: usize) ![]i32 {
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// 初始化一個擴展長度後的陣列
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var res = try mem_allocator.alloc(i32, nums.len + enlarge);
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@memset(res, 0);
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// 將原陣列中的所有元素複製到新陣列
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std.mem.copy(i32, res, nums);
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// 返回擴展後的新陣列
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return res;
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}
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```
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??? pythontutor "視覺化執行"
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<div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%23%20%E8%AB%8B%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%EF%BC%8CPython%20%E7%9A%84%20list%20%E6%98%AF%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%0A%23%20%E7%82%BA%E4%BA%86%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%AC%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E5%B0%87%20list%20%E7%9C%8B%E4%BD%9C%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0Adef%20extend%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%2C%20enlarge%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20list%5Bint%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20%2A%20%28len%28nums%29%20%2B%20enlarge%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B0%87%E5%8E%9F%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%E5%88%B0%E6%96%B0%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20res%5Bi%5D%20%3D%20nums%5Bi%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20return%20res%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20extend%28nums%2C%203%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E5%B0%87%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E8%87%B3%208%20%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=%23%20%E8%AB%8B%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%EF%BC%8CPython%20%E7%9A%84%20list%20%E6%98%AF%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%0A%23%20%E7%82%BA%E4%BA%86%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%AC%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E5%B0%87%20list%20%E7%9C%8B%E4%BD%9C%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0Adef%20extend%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%2C%20enlarge%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20list%5Bint%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20%2A%20%28len%28nums%29%20%2B%20enlarge%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B0%87%E5%8E%9F%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%E5%88%B0%E6%96%B0%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20res%5Bi%5D%20%3D%20nums%5Bi%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20return%20res%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1%2C%203%2C%202%2C%205%2C%204%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20extend%28nums%2C%203%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E5%B0%87%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E8%87%B3%208%20%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%20nums%20%3D%22%2C%20nums%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全螢幕觀看 ></a></div>
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## 4.1.2 陣列的優點與侷限性
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陣列儲存在連續的記憶體空間內,且元素型別相同。這種做法包含豐富的先驗資訊,系統可以利用這些資訊來最佳化資料結構的操作效率。
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- **空間效率高**:陣列為資料分配了連續的記憶體塊,無須額外的結構開銷。
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- **支持隨機訪問**:陣列允許在 $O(1)$ 時間內訪問任何元素。
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- **快取區域性**:當訪問陣列元素時,計算機不僅會載入它,還會快取其周圍的其他資料,從而藉助高速快取來提升後續操作的執行速度。
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連續空間儲存是一把雙刃劍,其存在以下侷限性。
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- **插入與刪除效率低**:當陣列中元素較多時,插入與刪除操作需要移動大量的元素。
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- **長度不可變**:陣列在初始化後長度就固定了,擴容陣列需要將所有資料複製到新陣列,開銷很大。
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- **空間浪費**:如果陣列分配的大小超過實際所需,那麼多餘的空間就被浪費了。
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## 4.1.3 陣列典型應用
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陣列是一種基礎且常見的資料結構,既頻繁應用在各類演算法之中,也可用於實現各種複雜資料結構。
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- **隨機訪問**:如果我們想隨機抽取一些樣本,那麼可以用陣列儲存,並生成一個隨機序列,根據索引實現隨機抽樣。
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- **排序和搜尋**:陣列是排序和搜尋演算法最常用的資料結構。快速排序、合併排序、二分搜尋等都主要在陣列上進行。
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- **查詢表**:當需要快速查詢一個元素或其對應關係時,可以使用陣列作為查詢表。假如我們想實現字元到 ASCII 碼的對映,則可以將字元的 ASCII 碼值作為索引,對應的元素存放在陣列中的對應位置。
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- **機器學習**:神經網路中大量使用了向量、矩陣、張量之間的線性代數運算,這些資料都是以陣列的形式構建的。陣列是神經網路程式設計中最常使用的資料結構。
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- **資料結構實現**:陣列可以用於實現堆疊、佇列、雜湊表、堆積、圖等資料結構。例如,圖的鄰接矩陣表示實際上是一個二維陣列。
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