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---
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comments: true
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---
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# 10.4 哈希优化策略
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在算法题中,**我们常通过将线性查找替换为哈希查找来降低算法的时间复杂度**。我们借助一个算法题来加深理解。
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!!! question
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给定一个整数数组 `nums` 和一个目标元素 `target` ,请在数组中搜索“和”为 `target` 的两个元素,并返回它们的数组索引。返回任意一个解即可。
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## 10.4.1 线性查找:以时间换空间
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考虑直接遍历所有可能的组合。如图 10-9 所示,我们开启一个两层循环,在每轮中判断两个整数的和是否为 `target` ,若是,则返回它们的索引。
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![线性查找求解两数之和](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_brute_force.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 10-9 线性查找求解两数之和 </p>
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代码如下所示:
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=== "Python"
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```python title="two_sum.py"
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def two_sum_brute_force(nums: list[int], target: int) -> list[int]:
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"""方法一:暴力枚举"""
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# 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for i in range(len(nums) - 1):
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for j in range(i + 1, len(nums)):
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if nums[i] + nums[j] == target:
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return [i, j]
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return []
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="two_sum.cpp"
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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vector<int> twoSumBruteForce(vector<int> &nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.size();
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
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for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
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return {i, j};
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}
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}
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return {};
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="two_sum.java"
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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int[] twoSumBruteForce(int[] nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.length;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
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for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
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return new int[] { i, j };
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}
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}
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return new int[0];
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="two_sum.cs"
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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int[] TwoSumBruteForce(int[] nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.Length;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
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for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
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return [i, j];
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}
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}
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return [];
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="two_sum.go"
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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func twoSumBruteForce(nums []int, target int) []int {
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size := len(nums)
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for i := 0; i < size-1; i++ {
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for j := i + 1; j < size; j++ {
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if nums[i]+nums[j] == target {
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return []int{i, j}
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}
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}
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}
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return nil
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="two_sum.swift"
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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func twoSumBruteForce(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> [Int] {
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for i in nums.indices.dropLast() {
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for j in nums.indices.dropFirst(i + 1) {
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if nums[i] + nums[j] == target {
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return [i, j]
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}
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}
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}
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return [0]
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="two_sum.js"
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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function twoSumBruteForce(nums, target) {
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const n = nums.length;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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for (let j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] === target) {
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return [i, j];
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}
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}
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}
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return [];
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="two_sum.ts"
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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function twoSumBruteForce(nums: number[], target: number): number[] {
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const n = nums.length;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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for (let j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] === target) {
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return [i, j];
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}
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}
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}
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return [];
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="two_sum.dart"
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/* 方法一: 暴力枚举 */
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List<int> twoSumBruteForce(List<int> nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.length;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for (var i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
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for (var j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target) return [i, j];
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}
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}
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return [0];
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="two_sum.rs"
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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pub fn two_sum_brute_force(nums: &Vec<i32>, target: i32) -> Option<Vec<i32>> {
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let size = nums.len();
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for i in 0..size - 1 {
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for j in i + 1..size {
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if nums[i] + nums[j] == target {
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return Some(vec![i as i32, j as i32]);
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}
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}
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}
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None
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="two_sum.c"
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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int *twoSumBruteForce(int *nums, int numsSize, int target, int *returnSize) {
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for (int i = 0; i < numsSize; ++i) {
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for (int j = i + 1; j < numsSize; ++j) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target) {
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int *res = malloc(sizeof(int) * 2);
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res[0] = i, res[1] = j;
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*returnSize = 2;
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return res;
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}
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}
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}
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*returnSize = 0;
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return NULL;
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}
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```
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=== "Kotlin"
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```kotlin title="two_sum.kt"
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/* 方法一:暴力枚举 */
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fun twoSumBruteForce(nums: IntArray, target: Int): IntArray {
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val size = nums.size
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for (i in 0..<size - 1) {
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for (j in i + 1..<size) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target) return intArrayOf(i, j)
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}
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}
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return IntArray(0)
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}
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```
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=== "Ruby"
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```ruby title="two_sum.rb"
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### 方法一:暴力枚举 ###
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def two_sum_brute_force(nums, target)
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# 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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for i in 0...(nums.length - 1)
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for j in (i + 1)...nums.length
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return [i, j] if nums[i] + nums[j] == target
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end
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end
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[]
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end
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="two_sum.zig"
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// 方法一:暴力枚举
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fn twoSumBruteForce(nums: []i32, target: i32) ?[2]i32 {
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var size: usize = nums.len;
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var i: usize = 0;
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// 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
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while (i < size - 1) : (i += 1) {
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var j = i + 1;
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while (j < size) : (j += 1) {
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if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target) {
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return [_]i32{@intCast(i), @intCast(j)};
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}
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}
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}
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return null;
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}
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```
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??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
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<div style="height: 441px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20two_sum_brute_force%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20target%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20list%5Bint%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%9A%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%9E%9A%E4%B8%BE%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E4%B8%A4%E5%B1%82%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%EF%BC%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20O%28n%5E2%29%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%20-%201%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20j%20in%20range%28i%20%2B%201,%20len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20nums%5Bi%5D%20%2B%20nums%5Bj%5D%20%3D%3D%20target%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20%5Bi,%20j%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20%5B%5D%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B2,%207,%2011,%2015%5D%0A%20%20%20%20target%20%3D%2013%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20two_sum_brute_force%28nums,%20target%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=5&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20two_sum_brute_force%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20target%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20list%5Bint%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%9A%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%9E%9A%E4%B8%BE%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E4%B8%A4%E5%B1%82%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%EF%BC%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20O%28n%5E2%29%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%20-%201%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20j%20in%20range%28i%20%2B%201,%20len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20nums%5Bi%5D%20%2B%20nums%5Bj%5D%20%3D%3D%20target%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20%5Bi,%20j%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20%5B%5D%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B2,%207,%2011,%2015%5D%0A%20%20%20%20target%20%3D%2013%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20two_sum_brute_force%28nums,%20target%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=5&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div>
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此方法的时间复杂度为 $O(n^2)$ ,空间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ,在大数据量下非常耗时。
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## 10.4.2 哈希查找:以空间换时间
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考虑借助一个哈希表,键值对分别为数组元素和元素索引。循环遍历数组,每轮执行图 10-10 所示的步骤。
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1. 判断数字 `target - nums[i]` 是否在哈希表中,若是,则直接返回这两个元素的索引。
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2. 将键值对 `nums[i]` 和索引 `i` 添加进哈希表。
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=== "<1>"
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![辅助哈希表求解两数之和](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_hashtable_step1.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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=== "<2>"
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![two_sum_hashtable_step2](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_hashtable_step2.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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=== "<3>"
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![two_sum_hashtable_step3](replace_linear_by_hashing.assets/two_sum_hashtable_step3.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 10-10 辅助哈希表求解两数之和 </p>
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实现代码如下所示,仅需单层循环即可:
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=== "Python"
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```python title="two_sum.py"
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def two_sum_hash_table(nums: list[int], target: int) -> list[int]:
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"""方法二:辅助哈希表"""
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# 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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dic = {}
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# 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for i in range(len(nums)):
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if target - nums[i] in dic:
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return [dic[target - nums[i]], i]
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dic[nums[i]] = i
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return []
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="two_sum.cpp"
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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vector<int> twoSumHashTable(vector<int> &nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.size();
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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unordered_map<int, int> dic;
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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if (dic.find(target - nums[i]) != dic.end()) {
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return {dic[target - nums[i]], i};
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}
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dic.emplace(nums[i], i);
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}
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return {};
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="two_sum.java"
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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int[] twoSumHashTable(int[] nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.length;
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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Map<Integer, Integer> dic = new HashMap<>();
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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if (dic.containsKey(target - nums[i])) {
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return new int[] { dic.get(target - nums[i]), i };
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}
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dic.put(nums[i], i);
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}
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return new int[0];
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="two_sum.cs"
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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int[] TwoSumHashTable(int[] nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.Length;
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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Dictionary<int, int> dic = [];
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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if (dic.ContainsKey(target - nums[i])) {
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return [dic[target - nums[i]], i];
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}
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dic.Add(nums[i], i);
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}
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return [];
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="two_sum.go"
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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func twoSumHashTable(nums []int, target int) []int {
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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hashTable := map[int]int{}
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for idx, val := range nums {
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if preIdx, ok := hashTable[target-val]; ok {
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return []int{preIdx, idx}
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}
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hashTable[val] = idx
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}
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return nil
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="two_sum.swift"
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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func twoSumHashTable(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> [Int] {
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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var dic: [Int: Int] = [:]
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for i in nums.indices {
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if let j = dic[target - nums[i]] {
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return [j, i]
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}
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dic[nums[i]] = i
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}
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return [0]
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="two_sum.js"
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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function twoSumHashTable(nums, target) {
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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let m = {};
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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if (m[target - nums[i]] !== undefined) {
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return [m[target - nums[i]], i];
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} else {
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m[nums[i]] = i;
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}
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}
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return [];
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="two_sum.ts"
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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function twoSumHashTable(nums: number[], target: number): number[] {
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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let m: Map<number, number> = new Map();
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
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let index = m.get(target - nums[i]);
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if (index !== undefined) {
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return [index, i];
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} else {
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m.set(nums[i], i);
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}
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}
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return [];
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="two_sum.dart"
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/* 方法二: 辅助哈希表 */
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List<int> twoSumHashTable(List<int> nums, int target) {
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int size = nums.length;
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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Map<int, int> dic = HashMap();
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) {
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if (dic.containsKey(target - nums[i])) {
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return [dic[target - nums[i]]!, i];
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}
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dic.putIfAbsent(nums[i], () => i);
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}
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return [0];
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="two_sum.rs"
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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pub fn two_sum_hash_table(nums: &Vec<i32>, target: i32) -> Option<Vec<i32>> {
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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let mut dic = HashMap::new();
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for (i, num) in nums.iter().enumerate() {
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match dic.get(&(target - num)) {
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Some(v) => return Some(vec![*v as i32, i as i32]),
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None => dic.insert(num, i as i32),
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};
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}
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None
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="two_sum.c"
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/* 哈希表 */
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typedef struct {
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int key;
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int val;
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UT_hash_handle hh; // 基于 uthash.h 实现
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} HashTable;
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/* 哈希表查询 */
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HashTable *find(HashTable *h, int key) {
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HashTable *tmp;
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HASH_FIND_INT(h, &key, tmp);
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return tmp;
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}
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/* 哈希表元素插入 */
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void insert(HashTable *h, int key, int val) {
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HashTable *t = find(h, key);
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if (t == NULL) {
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HashTable *tmp = malloc(sizeof(HashTable));
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tmp->key = key, tmp->val = val;
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HASH_ADD_INT(h, key, tmp);
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} else {
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t->val = val;
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}
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}
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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int *twoSumHashTable(int *nums, int numsSize, int target, int *returnSize) {
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HashTable *hashtable = NULL;
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for (int i = 0; i < numsSize; i++) {
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HashTable *t = find(hashtable, target - nums[i]);
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if (t != NULL) {
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int *res = malloc(sizeof(int) * 2);
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res[0] = t->val, res[1] = i;
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*returnSize = 2;
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return res;
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}
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insert(hashtable, nums[i], i);
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}
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*returnSize = 0;
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return NULL;
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}
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```
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=== "Kotlin"
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```kotlin title="two_sum.kt"
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/* 方法二:辅助哈希表 */
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fun twoSumHashTable(nums: IntArray, target: Int): IntArray {
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val size = nums.size
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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val dic = HashMap<Int, Int>()
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for (i in 0..<size) {
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if (dic.containsKey(target - nums[i])) {
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return intArrayOf(dic[target - nums[i]]!!, i)
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}
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dic[nums[i]] = i
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}
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return IntArray(0)
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}
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```
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=== "Ruby"
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```ruby title="two_sum.rb"
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### 方法二:辅助哈希表 ###
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def two_sum_hash_table(nums, target)
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# 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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dic = {}
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# 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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for i in 0...nums.length
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return [dic[target - nums[i]], i] if dic.has_key?(target - nums[i])
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dic[nums[i]] = i
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end
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[]
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end
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="two_sum.zig"
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// 方法二:辅助哈希表
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fn twoSumHashTable(nums: []i32, target: i32) !?[2]i32 {
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var size: usize = nums.len;
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// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
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var dic = std.AutoHashMap(i32, i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
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defer dic.deinit();
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var i: usize = 0;
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// 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
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while (i < size) : (i += 1) {
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if (dic.contains(target - nums[i])) {
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return [_]i32{dic.get(target - nums[i]).?, @intCast(i)};
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}
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try dic.put(nums[i], @intCast(i));
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}
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return null;
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}
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```
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??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
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<div style="height: 477px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20two_sum_hash_table%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20target%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20list%5Bint%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%9A%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20O%28n%29%0A%20%20%20%20dic%20%3D%20%7B%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%8D%95%E5%B1%82%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%EF%BC%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20O%28n%29%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20target%20-%20nums%5Bi%5D%20in%20dic%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20%5Bdic%5Btarget%20-%20nums%5Bi%5D%5D,%20i%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20dic%5Bnums%5Bi%5D%5D%20%3D%20i%0A%20%20%20%20return%20%5B%5D%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B2,%207,%2011,%2015%5D%0A%20%20%20%20target%20%3D%2013%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20two_sum_hash_table%28nums,%20target%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=5&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20two_sum_hash_table%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20target%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20list%5Bint%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%9A%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20O%28n%29%0A%20%20%20%20dic%20%3D%20%7B%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%8D%95%E5%B1%82%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%EF%BC%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20O%28n%29%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28len%28nums%29%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20target%20-%20nums%5Bi%5D%20in%20dic%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20%5Bdic%5Btarget%20-%20nums%5Bi%5D%5D,%20i%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20dic%5Bnums%5Bi%5D%5D%20%3D%20i%0A%20%20%20%20return%20%5B%5D%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B2,%207,%2011,%2015%5D%0A%20%20%20%20target%20%3D%2013%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20two_sum_hash_table%28nums,%20target%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=5&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div>
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此方法通过哈希查找将时间复杂度从 $O(n^2)$ 降至 $O(n)$ ,大幅提升运行效率。
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由于需要维护一个额外的哈希表,因此空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。**尽管如此,该方法的整体时空效率更为均衡,因此它是本题的最优解法**。
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