You can not select more than 25 topics Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
hello-algo/zh-Hant/docs/chapter_hashing/hash_collision.md

3335 lines
123 KiB

8 months ago
---
comments: true
---
# 6.2   雜湊衝突
上一節提到,**通常情況下雜湊函式的輸入空間遠大於輸出空間**,因此理論上雜湊衝突是不可避免的。比如,輸入空間為全體整數,輸出空間為陣列容量大小,則必然有多個整數對映至同一桶索引。
雜湊衝突會導致查詢結果錯誤,嚴重影響雜湊表的可用性。為了解決該問題,每當遇到雜湊衝突時,我們就進行雜湊表擴容,直至衝突消失為止。此方法簡單粗暴且有效,但效率太低,因為雜湊表擴容需要進行大量的資料搬運與雜湊值計算。為了提升效率,我們可以採用以下策略。
1. 改良雜湊表資料結構,**使得雜湊表可以在出現雜湊衝突時正常工作**。
2. 僅在必要時,即當雜湊衝突比較嚴重時,才執行擴容操作。
雜湊表的結構改良方法主要包括“鏈式位址”和“開放定址”。
## 6.2.1   鏈式位址
在原始雜湊表中,每個桶僅能儲存一個鍵值對。<u>鏈式位址separate chaining</u>將單個元素轉換為鏈結串列,將鍵值對作為鏈結串列節點,將所有發生衝突的鍵值對都儲存在同一鏈結串列中。圖 6-5 展示了一個鏈式位址雜湊表的例子。
![鏈式位址雜湊表](hash_collision.assets/hash_table_chaining.png){ class="animation-figure" }
<p align="center"> 圖 6-5 &nbsp; 鏈式位址雜湊表 </p>
基於鏈式位址實現的雜湊表的操作方法發生了以下變化。
- **查詢元素**:輸入 `key` ,經過雜湊函式得到桶索引,即可訪問鏈結串列頭節點,然後走訪鏈結串列並對比 `key` 以查詢目標鍵值對。
- **新增元素**:首先透過雜湊函式訪問鏈結串列頭節點,然後將節點(鍵值對)新增到鏈結串列中。
- **刪除元素**:根據雜湊函式的結果訪問鏈結串列頭部,接著走訪鏈結串列以查詢目標節點並將其刪除。
鏈式位址存在以下侷限性。
- **佔用空間增大**:鏈結串列包含節點指標,它相比陣列更加耗費記憶體空間。
- **查詢效率降低**:因為需要線性走訪鏈結串列來查詢對應元素。
以下程式碼給出了鏈式位址雜湊表的簡單實現,需要注意兩點。
- 使用串列(動態陣列)代替鏈結串列,從而簡化程式碼。在這種設定下,雜湊表(陣列)包含多個桶,每個桶都是一個串列。
- 以下實現包含雜湊表擴容方法。當負載因子超過 $\frac{2}{3}$ 時,我們將雜湊表擴容至原先的 $2$ 倍。
=== "Python"
```python title="hash_map_chaining.py"
class HashMapChaining:
"""鏈式位址雜湊表"""
def __init__(self):
"""建構子"""
self.size = 0 # 鍵值對數量
self.capacity = 4 # 雜湊表容量
self.load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
self.extend_ratio = 2 # 擴容倍數
self.buckets = [[] for _ in range(self.capacity)] # 桶陣列
def hash_func(self, key: int) -> int:
"""雜湊函式"""
return key % self.capacity
def load_factor(self) -> float:
"""負載因子"""
return self.size / self.capacity
def get(self, key: int) -> str | None:
"""查詢操作"""
index = self.hash_func(key)
bucket = self.buckets[index]
# 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for pair in bucket:
if pair.key == key:
return pair.val
# 若未找到 key ,則返回 None
return None
def put(self, key: int, val: str):
"""新增操作"""
# 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres:
self.extend()
index = self.hash_func(key)
bucket = self.buckets[index]
# 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for pair in bucket:
if pair.key == key:
pair.val = val
return
# 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
pair = Pair(key, val)
bucket.append(pair)
self.size += 1
def remove(self, key: int):
"""刪除操作"""
index = self.hash_func(key)
bucket = self.buckets[index]
# 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for pair in bucket:
if pair.key == key:
bucket.remove(pair)
self.size -= 1
break
def extend(self):
"""擴容雜湊表"""
# 暫存原雜湊表
buckets = self.buckets
# 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio
self.buckets = [[] for _ in range(self.capacity)]
self.size = 0
# 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for bucket in buckets:
for pair in bucket:
self.put(pair.key, pair.val)
def print(self):
"""列印雜湊表"""
for bucket in self.buckets:
res = []
for pair in bucket:
res.append(str(pair.key) + " -> " + pair.val)
print(res)
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="hash_map_chaining.cpp"
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
class HashMapChaining {
private:
int size; // 鍵值對數量
int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
vector<vector<Pair *>> buckets; // 桶陣列
public:
/* 建構子 */
HashMapChaining() : size(0), capacity(4), loadThres(2.0 / 3.0), extendRatio(2) {
buckets.resize(capacity);
}
/* 析構方法 */
~HashMapChaining() {
for (auto &bucket : buckets) {
for (Pair *pair : bucket) {
// 釋放記憶體
delete pair;
}
}
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
int hashFunc(int key) {
return key % capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
double loadFactor() {
return (double)size / (double)capacity;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
string get(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for (Pair *pair : buckets[index]) {
if (pair->key == key) {
return pair->val;
}
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回空字串
return "";
}
/* 新增操作 */
void put(int key, string val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
extend();
}
int index = hashFunc(key);
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for (Pair *pair : buckets[index]) {
if (pair->key == key) {
pair->val = val;
return;
}
}
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
buckets[index].push_back(new Pair(key, val));
size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
void remove(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
auto &bucket = buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for (int i = 0; i < bucket.size(); i++) {
if (bucket[i]->key == key) {
Pair *tmp = bucket[i];
bucket.erase(bucket.begin() + i); // 從中刪除鍵值對
delete tmp; // 釋放記憶體
size--;
return;
}
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
void extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
vector<vector<Pair *>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio;
buckets.clear();
buckets.resize(capacity);
size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (auto &bucket : bucketsTmp) {
for (Pair *pair : bucket) {
put(pair->key, pair->val);
// 釋放記憶體
delete pair;
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
void print() {
for (auto &bucket : buckets) {
cout << "[";
for (Pair *pair : bucket) {
cout << pair->key << " -> " << pair->val << ", ";
}
cout << "]\n";
}
}
};
```
=== "Java"
```java title="hash_map_chaining.java"
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
class HashMapChaining {
int size; // 鍵值對數量
int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
List<List<Pair>> buckets; // 桶陣列
/* 建構子 */
public HashMapChaining() {
size = 0;
capacity = 4;
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
extendRatio = 2;
buckets = new ArrayList<>(capacity);
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
buckets.add(new ArrayList<>());
}
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
int hashFunc(int key) {
return key % capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
double loadFactor() {
return (double) size / capacity;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
String get(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
List<Pair> bucket = buckets.get(index);
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for (Pair pair : bucket) {
if (pair.key == key) {
return pair.val;
}
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
return null;
}
/* 新增操作 */
void put(int key, String val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
extend();
}
int index = hashFunc(key);
List<Pair> bucket = buckets.get(index);
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for (Pair pair : bucket) {
if (pair.key == key) {
pair.val = val;
return;
}
}
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
Pair pair = new Pair(key, val);
bucket.add(pair);
size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
void remove(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
List<Pair> bucket = buckets.get(index);
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for (Pair pair : bucket) {
if (pair.key == key) {
bucket.remove(pair);
size--;
break;
}
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
void extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
List<List<Pair>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio;
buckets = new ArrayList<>(capacity);
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
buckets.add(new ArrayList<>());
}
size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (List<Pair> bucket : bucketsTmp) {
for (Pair pair : bucket) {
put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
void print() {
for (List<Pair> bucket : buckets) {
List<String> res = new ArrayList<>();
for (Pair pair : bucket) {
res.add(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
}
System.out.println(res);
}
}
}
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="hash_map_chaining.cs"
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
class HashMapChaining {
int size; // 鍵值對數量
int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
List<List<Pair>> buckets; // 桶陣列
/* 建構子 */
public HashMapChaining() {
size = 0;
capacity = 4;
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
extendRatio = 2;
buckets = new List<List<Pair>>(capacity);
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
buckets.Add([]);
}
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
int HashFunc(int key) {
return key % capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
double LoadFactor() {
return (double)size / capacity;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
public string? Get(int key) {
int index = HashFunc(key);
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index]) {
if (pair.key == key) {
return pair.val;
}
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
return null;
}
/* 新增操作 */
public void Put(int key, string val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (LoadFactor() > loadThres) {
Extend();
}
int index = HashFunc(key);
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index]) {
if (pair.key == key) {
pair.val = val;
return;
}
}
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
buckets[index].Add(new Pair(key, val));
size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
public void Remove(int key) {
int index = HashFunc(key);
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index].ToList()) {
if (pair.key == key) {
buckets[index].Remove(pair);
size--;
break;
}
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
void Extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
List<List<Pair>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio;
buckets = new List<List<Pair>>(capacity);
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
buckets.Add([]);
}
size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
foreach (List<Pair> bucket in bucketsTmp) {
foreach (Pair pair in bucket) {
Put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
public void Print() {
foreach (List<Pair> bucket in buckets) {
List<string> res = [];
foreach (Pair pair in bucket) {
res.Add(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
}
foreach (string kv in res) {
Console.WriteLine(kv);
}
}
}
}
```
=== "Go"
```go title="hash_map_chaining.go"
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
type hashMapChaining struct {
size int // 鍵值對數量
capacity int // 雜湊表容量
loadThres float64 // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
extendRatio int // 擴容倍數
buckets [][]pair // 桶陣列
}
/* 建構子 */
func newHashMapChaining() *hashMapChaining {
buckets := make([][]pair, 4)
for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
buckets[i] = make([]pair, 0)
}
return &hashMapChaining{
size: 0,
capacity: 4,
loadThres: 2.0 / 3.0,
extendRatio: 2,
buckets: buckets,
}
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
func (m *hashMapChaining) hashFunc(key int) int {
return key % m.capacity
}
/* 負載因子 */
func (m *hashMapChaining) loadFactor() float64 {
return float64(m.size) / float64(m.capacity)
}
/* 查詢操作 */
func (m *hashMapChaining) get(key int) string {
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
bucket := m.buckets[idx]
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for _, p := range bucket {
if p.key == key {
return p.val
}
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回空字串
return ""
}
/* 新增操作 */
func (m *hashMapChaining) put(key int, val string) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if m.loadFactor() > m.loadThres {
m.extend()
}
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for i := range m.buckets[idx] {
if m.buckets[idx][i].key == key {
m.buckets[idx][i].val = val
return
}
}
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
p := pair{
key: key,
val: val,
}
m.buckets[idx] = append(m.buckets[idx], p)
m.size += 1
}
/* 刪除操作 */
func (m *hashMapChaining) remove(key int) {
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for i, p := range m.buckets[idx] {
if p.key == key {
// 切片刪除
m.buckets[idx] = append(m.buckets[idx][:i], m.buckets[idx][i+1:]...)
m.size -= 1
break
}
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
func (m *hashMapChaining) extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
tmpBuckets := make([][]pair, len(m.buckets))
for i := 0; i < len(m.buckets); i++ {
tmpBuckets[i] = make([]pair, len(m.buckets[i]))
copy(tmpBuckets[i], m.buckets[i])
}
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
m.capacity *= m.extendRatio
m.buckets = make([][]pair, m.capacity)
for i := 0; i < m.capacity; i++ {
m.buckets[i] = make([]pair, 0)
}
m.size = 0
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for _, bucket := range tmpBuckets {
for _, p := range bucket {
m.put(p.key, p.val)
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
func (m *hashMapChaining) print() {
var builder strings.Builder
for _, bucket := range m.buckets {
builder.WriteString("[")
for _, p := range bucket {
builder.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(p.key) + " -> " + p.val + " ")
}
builder.WriteString("]")
fmt.Println(builder.String())
builder.Reset()
}
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="hash_map_chaining.swift"
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
class HashMapChaining {
var size: Int // 鍵值對數量
var capacity: Int // 雜湊表容量
var loadThres: Double // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
var extendRatio: Int // 擴容倍數
var buckets: [[Pair]] // 桶陣列
/* 建構子 */
init() {
size = 0
capacity = 4
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0
extendRatio = 2
buckets = Array(repeating: [], count: capacity)
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
func hashFunc(key: Int) -> Int {
key % capacity
}
/* 負載因子 */
func loadFactor() -> Double {
Double(size) / Double(capacity)
}
/* 查詢操作 */
func get(key: Int) -> String? {
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
let bucket = buckets[index]
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for pair in bucket {
if pair.key == key {
return pair.val
}
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 nil
return nil
}
/* 新增操作 */
func put(key: Int, val: String) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if loadFactor() > loadThres {
extend()
}
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
let bucket = buckets[index]
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for pair in bucket {
if pair.key == key {
pair.val = val
return
}
}
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
let pair = Pair(key: key, val: val)
buckets[index].append(pair)
size += 1
}
/* 刪除操作 */
func remove(key: Int) {
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
let bucket = buckets[index]
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for (pairIndex, pair) in bucket.enumerated() {
if pair.key == key {
buckets[index].remove(at: pairIndex)
size -= 1
break
}
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
func extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
let bucketsTmp = buckets
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio
buckets = Array(repeating: [], count: capacity)
size = 0
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for bucket in bucketsTmp {
for pair in bucket {
put(key: pair.key, val: pair.val)
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
func print() {
for bucket in buckets {
let res = bucket.map { "\($0.key) -> \($0.val)" }
Swift.print(res)
}
}
}
```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="hash_map_chaining.js"
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
class HashMapChaining {
#size; // 鍵值對數量
#capacity; // 雜湊表容量
#loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
#extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
#buckets; // 桶陣列
/* 建構子 */
constructor() {
this.#size = 0;
this.#capacity = 4;
this.#loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
this.#extendRatio = 2;
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
#hashFunc(key) {
return key % this.#capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
#loadFactor() {
return this.#size / this.#capacity;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
get(key) {
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for (const pair of bucket) {
if (pair.key === key) {
return pair.val;
}
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
return null;
}
/* 新增操作 */
put(key, val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (this.#loadFactor() > this.#loadThres) {
this.#extend();
}
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for (const pair of bucket) {
if (pair.key === key) {
pair.val = val;
return;
}
}
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
const pair = new Pair(key, val);
bucket.push(pair);
this.#size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
remove(key) {
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
let bucket = this.#buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for (let i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) {
if (bucket[i].key === key) {
bucket.splice(i, 1);
this.#size--;
break;
}
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
#extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
const bucketsTmp = this.#buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
this.#capacity *= this.#extendRatio;
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
this.#size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (const bucket of bucketsTmp) {
for (const pair of bucket) {
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
print() {
for (const bucket of this.#buckets) {
let res = [];
for (const pair of bucket) {
res.push(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
}
console.log(res);
}
}
}
```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="hash_map_chaining.ts"
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
class HashMapChaining {
#size: number; // 鍵值對數量
#capacity: number; // 雜湊表容量
#loadThres: number; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
#extendRatio: number; // 擴容倍數
#buckets: Pair[][]; // 桶陣列
/* 建構子 */
constructor() {
this.#size = 0;
this.#capacity = 4;
this.#loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
this.#extendRatio = 2;
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
#hashFunc(key: number): number {
return key % this.#capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
#loadFactor(): number {
return this.#size / this.#capacity;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
get(key: number): string | null {
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for (const pair of bucket) {
if (pair.key === key) {
return pair.val;
}
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
return null;
}
/* 新增操作 */
put(key: number, val: string): void {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (this.#loadFactor() > this.#loadThres) {
this.#extend();
}
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for (const pair of bucket) {
if (pair.key === key) {
pair.val = val;
return;
}
}
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
const pair = new Pair(key, val);
bucket.push(pair);
this.#size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
remove(key: number): void {
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
let bucket = this.#buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for (let i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) {
if (bucket[i].key === key) {
bucket.splice(i, 1);
this.#size--;
break;
}
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
#extend(): void {
// 暫存原雜湊表
const bucketsTmp = this.#buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
this.#capacity *= this.#extendRatio;
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
this.#size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (const bucket of bucketsTmp) {
for (const pair of bucket) {
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
print(): void {
for (const bucket of this.#buckets) {
let res = [];
for (const pair of bucket) {
res.push(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
}
console.log(res);
}
}
}
```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="hash_map_chaining.dart"
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
class HashMapChaining {
late int size; // 鍵值對數量
late int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
late double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
late int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
late List<List<Pair>> buckets; // 桶陣列
/* 建構子 */
HashMapChaining() {
size = 0;
capacity = 4;
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
extendRatio = 2;
buckets = List.generate(capacity, (_) => []);
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
int hashFunc(int key) {
return key % capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
double loadFactor() {
return size / capacity;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
String? get(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
List<Pair> bucket = buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
if (pair.key == key) {
return pair.val;
}
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
return null;
}
/* 新增操作 */
void put(int key, String val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
extend();
}
int index = hashFunc(key);
List<Pair> bucket = buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
if (pair.key == key) {
pair.val = val;
return;
}
}
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
Pair pair = Pair(key, val);
bucket.add(pair);
size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
void remove(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
List<Pair> bucket = buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
if (pair.key == key) {
bucket.remove(pair);
size--;
break;
}
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
void extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
List<List<Pair>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio;
buckets = List.generate(capacity, (_) => []);
size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (List<Pair> bucket in bucketsTmp) {
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
void printHashMap() {
for (List<Pair> bucket in buckets) {
List<String> res = [];
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
res.add("${pair.key} -> ${pair.val}");
}
print(res);
}
}
}
```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="hash_map_chaining.rs"
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
struct HashMapChaining {
size: i32,
capacity: i32,
load_thres: f32,
extend_ratio: i32,
buckets: Vec<Vec<Pair>>,
}
impl HashMapChaining {
/* 建構子 */
fn new() -> Self {
Self {
size: 0,
capacity: 4,
load_thres: 2.0 / 3.0,
extend_ratio: 2,
buckets: vec![vec![]; 4],
}
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
fn hash_func(&self, key: i32) -> usize {
key as usize % self.capacity as usize
}
/* 負載因子 */
fn load_factor(&self) -> f32 {
self.size as f32 / self.capacity as f32
}
/* 刪除操作 */
fn remove(&mut self, key: i32) -> Option<String> {
let index = self.hash_func(key);
let bucket = &mut self.buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for i in 0..bucket.len() {
if bucket[i].key == key {
let pair = bucket.remove(i);
self.size -= 1;
return Some(pair.val);
}
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 None
None
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
fn extend(&mut self) {
// 暫存原雜湊表
let buckets_tmp = std::mem::replace(&mut self.buckets, vec![]);
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio;
self.buckets = vec![Vec::new(); self.capacity as usize];
self.size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for bucket in buckets_tmp {
for pair in bucket {
self.put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
fn print(&self) {
for bucket in &self.buckets {
let mut res = Vec::new();
for pair in bucket {
res.push(format!("{} -> {}", pair.key, pair.val));
}
println!("{:?}", res);
}
}
/* 新增操作 */
fn put(&mut self, key: i32, val: String) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres {
self.extend();
}
let index = self.hash_func(key);
let bucket = &mut self.buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for pair in bucket {
if pair.key == key {
7 months ago
pair.val = val;
8 months ago
return;
}
}
let bucket = &mut self.buckets[index];
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
7 months ago
let pair = Pair { key, val };
8 months ago
bucket.push(pair);
self.size += 1;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
fn get(&self, key: i32) -> Option<&str> {
let index = self.hash_func(key);
let bucket = &self.buckets[index];
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for pair in bucket {
if pair.key == key {
return Some(&pair.val);
}
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 None
None
}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="hash_map_chaining.c"
/* 鏈結串列節點 */
typedef struct Node {
Pair *pair;
struct Node *next;
} Node;
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
typedef struct {
int size; // 鍵值對數量
int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
Node **buckets; // 桶陣列
} HashMapChaining;
/* 建構子 */
HashMapChaining *newHashMapChaining() {
HashMapChaining *hashMap = (HashMapChaining *)malloc(sizeof(HashMapChaining));
hashMap->size = 0;
hashMap->capacity = 4;
hashMap->loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
hashMap->extendRatio = 2;
hashMap->buckets = (Node **)malloc(hashMap->capacity * sizeof(Node *));
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
hashMap->buckets[i] = NULL;
}
return hashMap;
}
/* 析構函式 */
void delHashMapChaining(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[i];
while (cur) {
Node *tmp = cur;
cur = cur->next;
free(tmp->pair);
free(tmp);
}
}
free(hashMap->buckets);
free(hashMap);
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
int hashFunc(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
return key % hashMap->capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
double loadFactor(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
return (double)hashMap->size / (double)hashMap->capacity;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
char *get(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
while (cur) {
if (cur->pair->key == key) {
return cur->pair->val;
}
cur = cur->next;
}
return ""; // 若未找到 key ,則返回空字串
}
/* 新增操作 */
void put(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key, const char *val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (loadFactor(hashMap) > hashMap->loadThres) {
extend(hashMap);
}
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
while (cur) {
if (cur->pair->key == key) {
strcpy(cur->pair->val, val); // 若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
return;
}
cur = cur->next;
}
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至鏈結串列頭部
Pair *newPair = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair));
newPair->key = key;
strcpy(newPair->val, val);
Node *newNode = (Node *)malloc(sizeof(Node));
newNode->pair = newPair;
newNode->next = hashMap->buckets[index];
hashMap->buckets[index] = newNode;
hashMap->size++;
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
void extend(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
// 暫存原雜湊表
int oldCapacity = hashMap->capacity;
Node **oldBuckets = hashMap->buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
hashMap->capacity *= hashMap->extendRatio;
hashMap->buckets = (Node **)malloc(hashMap->capacity * sizeof(Node *));
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
hashMap->buckets[i] = NULL;
}
hashMap->size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity; i++) {
Node *cur = oldBuckets[i];
while (cur) {
put(hashMap, cur->pair->key, cur->pair->val);
Node *temp = cur;
cur = cur->next;
// 釋放記憶體
free(temp->pair);
free(temp);
}
}
free(oldBuckets);
}
/* 刪除操作 */
void removeItem(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
Node *pre = NULL;
while (cur) {
if (cur->pair->key == key) {
// 從中刪除鍵值對
if (pre) {
pre->next = cur->next;
} else {
hashMap->buckets[index] = cur->next;
}
// 釋放記憶體
free(cur->pair);
free(cur);
hashMap->size--;
return;
}
pre = cur;
cur = cur->next;
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
void print(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[i];
printf("[");
while (cur) {
printf("%d -> %s, ", cur->pair->key, cur->pair->val);
cur = cur->next;
}
printf("]\n");
}
}
```
=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="hash_map_chaining.kt"
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
7 months ago
class HashMapChaining {
8 months ago
var size: Int // 鍵值對數量
var capacity: Int // 雜湊表容量
val loadThres: Double // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
val extendRatio: Int // 擴容倍數
var buckets: MutableList<MutableList<Pair>> // 桶陣列
/* 建構子 */
init {
size = 0
capacity = 4
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0
extendRatio = 2
7 months ago
buckets = mutableListOf()
8 months ago
for (i in 0..<capacity) {
buckets.add(mutableListOf())
}
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
fun hashFunc(key: Int): Int {
return key % capacity
}
/* 負載因子 */
fun loadFactor(): Double {
return (size / capacity).toDouble()
}
/* 查詢操作 */
fun get(key: Int): String? {
val index = hashFunc(key)
val bucket = buckets[index]
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for (pair in bucket) {
7 months ago
if (pair.key == key) return pair._val
8 months ago
}
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
return null
}
/* 新增操作 */
7 months ago
fun put(key: Int, _val: String) {
8 months ago
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
extend()
}
val index = hashFunc(key)
val bucket = buckets[index]
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for (pair in bucket) {
if (pair.key == key) {
7 months ago
pair._val = _val
8 months ago
return
}
}
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
7 months ago
val pair = Pair(key, _val)
8 months ago
bucket.add(pair)
size++
}
/* 刪除操作 */
fun remove(key: Int) {
val index = hashFunc(key)
val bucket = buckets[index]
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for (pair in bucket) {
if (pair.key == key) {
bucket.remove(pair)
size--
break
}
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
fun extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
val bucketsTmp = buckets
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio
// mutablelist 無固定大小
buckets = mutableListOf()
for (i in 0..<capacity) {
buckets.add(mutableListOf())
}
size = 0
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (bucket in bucketsTmp) {
for (pair in bucket) {
7 months ago
put(pair.key, pair._val)
8 months ago
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
fun print() {
for (bucket in buckets) {
val res = mutableListOf<String>()
for (pair in bucket) {
val k = pair.key
7 months ago
val v = pair._val
8 months ago
res.add("$k -> $v")
}
println(res)
}
}
}
```
=== "Ruby"
```ruby title="hash_map_chaining.rb"
7 months ago
### 鍵式位址雜湊表 ###
class HashMapChaining
### 建構子 ###
def initialize
@size = 0 # 鍵值對數量
@capacity = 4 # 雜湊表容量
@load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
@extend_ratio = 2 # 擴容倍數
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) { [] } # 桶陣列
end
### 雜湊函式 ###
def hash_func(key)
key % @capacity
end
### 負載因子 ###
def load_factor
@size / @capacity
end
### 查詢操作 ###
def get(key)
index = hash_func(key)
bucket = @buckets[index]
# 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
for pair in bucket
return pair.val if pair.key == key
end
# 若未找到 key , 則返回 nil
nil
end
### 新增操作 ###
def put(key, val)
# 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
extend if load_factor > @load_thres
index = hash_func(key)
bucket = @buckets[index]
# 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
for pair in bucket
if pair.key == key
pair.val = val
return
end
end
# 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
pair = Pair.new(key, val)
bucket << pair
@size += 1
end
### 刪除操作 ###
def remove(key)
index = hash_func(key)
bucket = @buckets[index]
# 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
for pair in bucket
if pair.key == key
bucket.delete(pair)
@size -= 1
break
end
end
end
### 擴容雜湊表 ###
def extend
# 暫存原雜湊表
buckets = @buckets
# 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
@capacity *= @extend_ratio
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) { [] }
@size = 0
# 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for bucket in buckets
for pair in bucket
put(pair.key, pair.val)
end
end
end
### 列印雜湊表 ###
def print
for bucket in @buckets
res = []
for pair in bucket
res << "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}"
end
pp res
end
end
end
8 months ago
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="hash_map_chaining.zig"
[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
```
??? pythontutor "視覺化執行"
7 months ago
<div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20Pair%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%8D%B5%E5%80%BC%E5%B0%8D%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%2C%20val%3A%20str%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.key%20%3D%20key%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%20%3D%20val%0A%0Aclass%20HashMapChaining%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%8F%88%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B%E5%AD%90%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.capacity%20%3D%204%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.load_thres%20%3D%202.0%20/%203.0%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.extend_ratio%20%3D%202%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.buckets%20%3D%20%5B%5B%5D%20for%20_%20in%20range%28self.capacity%29%5D%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20hash_func%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20key%20%25%20self.capacity%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20load_factor%28self%29%20-%3E%20float%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20self.size%20/%20self.capacity%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20get%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20str%20%7C%20None%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20self.hash_func%28key%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket%20%3D%20self.buckets%5Bindex%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20pair.key%20%3D%3D%20key%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20pair.val%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20None%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20put%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%2C%20val%3A%20str%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%9E%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20self.load_factor%28%29%20%3E%20self.load_thres%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.extend%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20self.hash_func%28key%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket%20%3D%20self.buckets%5Bindex%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20pair.key%20%3D%3D%20key%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pair.val%20%3D%20val%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pair%20%3D%20Pair%28key%2C%20val%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket.append%28pair%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20%2B%3D%201%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20remove%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20self.hash_func%28key%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket%20%3D%20self.buckets%5Bindex%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20pair.key%20%3D%3D%20key%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket.remove%28pair%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20-%3D%201%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20break%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20extend%28self%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%93%B4%E5%AE%B9%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20buckets%20%3D%20self.buckets%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.capacity%20%2A%3D%20self.extend_ratio%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.buckets%20%3D%20%5B%5B%5D%20for%20_%20in%20range%28self.capacity%29%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20bucket%20in%20buckets%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.put%28pair.key%2C%20pair.val%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20print%28self%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%88%97%E5%8D%B0%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%
<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20Pair%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%8D%B5%E5%80%BC%E5%B0%8D%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%2C%20val%3A%20str%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.key%20%3D%20key%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%20%3D%20val%0A%0Aclass%20HashMapChaining%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%8F%88%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B%E5%AD%90%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.capacity%20%3D%204%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.load_thres%20%3D%202.0%20/%203.0%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.extend_ratio%20%3D%202%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.buckets%20%3D%20%5B%5B%5D%20for%20_%20in%20range%28self.capacity%29%5D%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20hash_func%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20key%20%25%20self.capacity%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20load_factor%28self%29%20-%3E%20float%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20self.size%20/%20self.capacity%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20get%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20str%20%7C%20None%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20self.hash_func%28key%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket%20%3D%20self.buckets%5Bindex%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20pair.key%20%3D%3D%20key%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20pair.val%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20None%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20put%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%2C%20val%3A%20str%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%9E%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20self.load_factor%28%29%20%3E%20self.load_thres%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.extend%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20self.hash_func%28key%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket%20%3D%20self.buckets%5Bindex%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20pair.key%20%3D%3D%20key%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pair.val%20%3D%20val%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pair%20%3D%20Pair%28key%2C%20val%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket.append%28pair%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20%2B%3D%201%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20remove%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20self.hash_func%28key%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket%20%3D%20self.buckets%5Bindex%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20pair.key%20%3D%3D%20key%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket.remove%28pair%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20-%3D%201%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20break%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20extend%28self%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%93%B4%E5%AE%B9%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20buckets%20%3D%20self.buckets%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.capacity%20%2A%3D%20self.extend_ratio%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.buckets%20%3D%20%5B%5B%5D%20for%20_%20in%20range%28self.capacity%29%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20bucket%20in%20buckets%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.put%28pair.key%2C%20pair.val%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20print%28self%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%88%97%E5%8D%B0%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20bucket%20in%20self.buckets%3A%0
8 months ago
值得注意的是,當鏈結串列很長時,查詢效率 $O(n)$ 很差。**此時可以將鏈結串列轉換為“AVL 樹”或“紅黑樹”**,從而將查詢操作的時間複雜度最佳化至 $O(\log n)$ 。
## 6.2.2 &nbsp; 開放定址
<u>開放定址open addressing</u>不引入額外的資料結構,而是透過“多次探測”來處理雜湊衝突,探測方式主要包括線性探查、平方探測和多次雜湊等。
下面以線性探查為例,介紹開放定址雜湊表的工作機制。
### 1. &nbsp; 線性探查
線性探查採用固定步長的線性搜尋來進行探測,其操作方法與普通雜湊表有所不同。
- **插入元素**:透過雜湊函式計算桶索引,若發現桶內已有元素,則從衝突位置向後線性走訪(步長通常為 $1$ ),直至找到空桶,將元素插入其中。
- **查詢元素**:若發現雜湊衝突,則使用相同步長向後進行線性走訪,直到找到對應元素,返回 `value` 即可;如果遇到空桶,說明目標元素不在雜湊表中,返回 `None`
圖 6-6 展示了開放定址(線性探查)雜湊表的鍵值對分佈。根據此雜湊函式,最後兩位相同的 `key` 都會被對映到相同的桶。而透過線性探查,它們被依次儲存在該桶以及之下的桶中。
![開放定址(線性探查)雜湊表的鍵值對分佈](hash_collision.assets/hash_table_linear_probing.png){ class="animation-figure" }
<p align="center"> 圖 6-6 &nbsp; 開放定址(線性探查)雜湊表的鍵值對分佈 </p>
然而,**線性探查容易產生“聚集現象”**。具體來說,陣列中連續被佔用的位置越長,這些連續位置發生雜湊衝突的可能性越大,從而進一步促使該位置的聚堆積生長,形成惡性迴圈,最終導致增刪查改操作效率劣化。
值得注意的是,**我們不能在開放定址雜湊表中直接刪除元素**。這是因為刪除元素會在陣列內產生一個空桶 `None` ,而當查詢元素時,線性探查到該空桶就會返回,因此在該空桶之下的元素都無法再被訪問到,程式可能誤判這些元素不存在,如圖 6-7 所示。
![在開放定址中刪除元素導致的查詢問題](hash_collision.assets/hash_table_open_addressing_deletion.png){ class="animation-figure" }
<p align="center"> 圖 6-7 &nbsp; 在開放定址中刪除元素導致的查詢問題 </p>
為了解決該問題,我們可以採用<u>懶刪除lazy deletion</u>機制:它不直接從雜湊表中移除元素,**而是利用一個常數 `TOMBSTONE` 來標記這個桶**。在該機制下,`None` 和 `TOMBSTONE` 都代表空桶,都可以放置鍵值對。但不同的是,線性探查到 `TOMBSTONE` 時應該繼續走訪,因為其之下可能還存在鍵值對。
然而,**懶刪除可能會加速雜湊表的效能退化**。這是因為每次刪除操作都會產生一個刪除標記,隨著 `TOMBSTONE` 的增加,搜尋時間也會增加,因為線性探查可能需要跳過多個 `TOMBSTONE` 才能找到目標元素。
為此,考慮線上性探查中記錄遇到的首個 `TOMBSTONE` 的索引,並將搜尋到的目標元素與該 `TOMBSTONE` 交換位置。這樣做的好處是當每次查詢或新增元素時,元素會被移動至距離理想位置(探測起始點)更近的桶,從而最佳化查詢效率。
以下程式碼實現了一個包含懶刪除的開放定址(線性探查)雜湊表。為了更加充分地使用雜湊表的空間,我們將雜湊表看作一個“環形陣列”,當越過陣列尾部時,回到頭部繼續走訪。
=== "Python"
```python title="hash_map_open_addressing.py"
class HashMapOpenAddressing:
"""開放定址雜湊表"""
def __init__(self):
"""建構子"""
self.size = 0 # 鍵值對數量
self.capacity = 4 # 雜湊表容量
self.load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
self.extend_ratio = 2 # 擴容倍數
self.buckets: list[Pair | None] = [None] * self.capacity # 桶陣列
self.TOMBSTONE = Pair(-1, "-1") # 刪除標記
def hash_func(self, key: int) -> int:
"""雜湊函式"""
return key % self.capacity
def load_factor(self) -> float:
"""負載因子"""
return self.size / self.capacity
def find_bucket(self, key: int) -> int:
"""搜尋 key 對應的桶索引"""
index = self.hash_func(key)
first_tombstone = -1
# 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while self.buckets[index] is not None:
# 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if self.buckets[index].key == key:
# 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if first_tombstone != -1:
self.buckets[first_tombstone] = self.buckets[index]
self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE
return first_tombstone # 返回移動後的桶索引
return index # 返回桶索引
# 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if first_tombstone == -1 and self.buckets[index] is self.TOMBSTONE:
first_tombstone = index
# 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % self.capacity
# 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
return index if first_tombstone == -1 else first_tombstone
def get(self, key: int) -> str:
"""查詢操作"""
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
index = self.find_bucket(key)
# 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if self.buckets[index] not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
return self.buckets[index].val
# 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 None
return None
def put(self, key: int, val: str):
"""新增操作"""
# 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres:
self.extend()
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
index = self.find_bucket(key)
# 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if self.buckets[index] not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
self.buckets[index].val = val
return
# 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
self.buckets[index] = Pair(key, val)
self.size += 1
def remove(self, key: int):
"""刪除操作"""
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
index = self.find_bucket(key)
# 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if self.buckets[index] not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE
self.size -= 1
def extend(self):
"""擴容雜湊表"""
# 暫存原雜湊表
buckets_tmp = self.buckets
# 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio
self.buckets = [None] * self.capacity
self.size = 0
# 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for pair in buckets_tmp:
if pair not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
self.put(pair.key, pair.val)
def print(self):
"""列印雜湊表"""
for pair in self.buckets:
if pair is None:
print("None")
elif pair is self.TOMBSTONE:
print("TOMBSTONE")
else:
print(pair.key, "->", pair.val)
```
=== "C++"
```cpp title="hash_map_open_addressing.cpp"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
private:
int size; // 鍵值對數量
int capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
const double loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
const int extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
vector<Pair *> buckets; // 桶陣列
Pair *TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, "-1"); // 刪除標記
public:
/* 建構子 */
HashMapOpenAddressing() : size(0), buckets(capacity, nullptr) {
}
/* 析構方法 */
~HashMapOpenAddressing() {
for (Pair *pair : buckets) {
if (pair != nullptr && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
delete pair;
}
}
delete TOMBSTONE;
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
int hashFunc(int key) {
return key % capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
double loadFactor() {
return (double)size / capacity;
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
int findBucket(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
int firstTombstone = -1;
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while (buckets[index] != nullptr) {
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if (buckets[index]->key == key) {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index];
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index; // 返回桶索引
}
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
firstTombstone = index;
}
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % capacity;
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
string get(int key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if (buckets[index] != nullptr && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
return buckets[index]->val;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回空字串
return "";
}
/* 新增操作 */
void put(int key, string val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
extend();
}
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if (buckets[index] != nullptr && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
buckets[index]->val = val;
return;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
void remove(int key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if (buckets[index] != nullptr && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
delete buckets[index];
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
size--;
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
void extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
vector<Pair *> bucketsTmp = buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio;
buckets = vector<Pair *>(capacity, nullptr);
size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (Pair *pair : bucketsTmp) {
if (pair != nullptr && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
put(pair->key, pair->val);
delete pair;
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
void print() {
for (Pair *pair : buckets) {
if (pair == nullptr) {
cout << "nullptr" << endl;
} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
cout << "TOMBSTONE" << endl;
} else {
cout << pair->key << " -> " << pair->val << endl;
}
}
}
};
```
=== "Java"
```java title="hash_map_open_addressing.java"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
private int size; // 鍵值對數量
private int capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
private final double loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
private final int extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
private Pair[] buckets; // 桶陣列
private final Pair TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, "-1"); // 刪除標記
/* 建構子 */
public HashMapOpenAddressing() {
size = 0;
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
private int hashFunc(int key) {
return key % capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
private double loadFactor() {
return (double) size / capacity;
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
private int findBucket(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
int firstTombstone = -1;
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while (buckets[index] != null) {
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if (buckets[index].key == key) {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index];
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index; // 返回桶索引
}
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
firstTombstone = index;
}
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % capacity;
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
public String get(int key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
return buckets[index].val;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
return null;
}
/* 新增操作 */
public void put(int key, String val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
extend();
}
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
buckets[index].val = val;
return;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
public void remove(int key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
size--;
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
private void extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
Pair[] bucketsTmp = buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio;
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (Pair pair : bucketsTmp) {
if (pair != null && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
public void print() {
for (Pair pair : buckets) {
if (pair == null) {
System.out.println("null");
} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
System.out.println("TOMBSTONE");
} else {
System.out.println(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
}
}
}
}
```
=== "C#"
```csharp title="hash_map_open_addressing.cs"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
int size; // 鍵值對數量
int capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
double loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
int extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
Pair[] buckets; // 桶陣列
Pair TOMBSTONE = new(-1, "-1"); // 刪除標記
/* 建構子 */
public HashMapOpenAddressing() {
size = 0;
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
int HashFunc(int key) {
return key % capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
double LoadFactor() {
return (double)size / capacity;
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
int FindBucket(int key) {
int index = HashFunc(key);
int firstTombstone = -1;
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while (buckets[index] != null) {
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if (buckets[index].key == key) {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index];
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index; // 返回桶索引
}
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
firstTombstone = index;
}
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % capacity;
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
public string? Get(int key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = FindBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
return buckets[index].val;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
return null;
}
/* 新增操作 */
public void Put(int key, string val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (LoadFactor() > loadThres) {
Extend();
}
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = FindBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
buckets[index].val = val;
return;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
public void Remove(int key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = FindBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
size--;
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
void Extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
Pair[] bucketsTmp = buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio;
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
foreach (Pair pair in bucketsTmp) {
if (pair != null && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
Put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
public void Print() {
foreach (Pair pair in buckets) {
if (pair == null) {
Console.WriteLine("null");
} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
Console.WriteLine("TOMBSTONE");
} else {
Console.WriteLine(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
}
}
}
}
```
=== "Go"
```go title="hash_map_open_addressing.go"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
type hashMapOpenAddressing struct {
size int // 鍵值對數量
capacity int // 雜湊表容量
loadThres float64 // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
extendRatio int // 擴容倍數
buckets []*pair // 桶陣列
TOMBSTONE *pair // 刪除標記
}
/* 建構子 */
func newHashMapOpenAddressing() *hashMapOpenAddressing {
return &hashMapOpenAddressing{
size: 0,
capacity: 4,
loadThres: 2.0 / 3.0,
extendRatio: 2,
buckets: make([]*pair, 4),
TOMBSTONE: &pair{-1, "-1"},
}
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) hashFunc(key int) int {
return key % h.capacity // 根據鍵計算雜湊值
}
/* 負載因子 */
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) loadFactor() float64 {
return float64(h.size) / float64(h.capacity) // 計算當前負載因子
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) findBucket(key int) int {
index := h.hashFunc(key) // 獲取初始索引
firstTombstone := -1 // 記錄遇到的第一個TOMBSTONE的位置
for h.buckets[index] != nil {
if h.buckets[index].key == key {
if firstTombstone != -1 {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
h.buckets[firstTombstone] = h.buckets[index]
h.buckets[index] = h.TOMBSTONE
return firstTombstone // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index // 返回找到的索引
}
if firstTombstone == -1 && h.buckets[index] == h.TOMBSTONE {
firstTombstone = index // 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記的位置
}
index = (index + 1) % h.capacity // 線性探查,越過尾部則返回頭部
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
if firstTombstone != -1 {
return firstTombstone
}
return index
}
/* 查詢操作 */
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) get(key int) string {
index := h.findBucket(key) // 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
if h.buckets[index] != nil && h.buckets[index] != h.TOMBSTONE {
return h.buckets[index].val // 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
}
return "" // 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 ""
}
/* 新增操作 */
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) put(key int, val string) {
if h.loadFactor() > h.loadThres {
h.extend() // 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
}
index := h.findBucket(key) // 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
if h.buckets[index] == nil || h.buckets[index] == h.TOMBSTONE {
h.buckets[index] = &pair{key, val} // 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
h.size++
} else {
h.buckets[index].val = val // 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val
}
}
/* 刪除操作 */
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) remove(key int) {
index := h.findBucket(key) // 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
if h.buckets[index] != nil && h.buckets[index] != h.TOMBSTONE {
h.buckets[index] = h.TOMBSTONE // 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
h.size--
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) extend() {
oldBuckets := h.buckets // 暫存原雜湊表
h.capacity *= h.extendRatio // 更新容量
h.buckets = make([]*pair, h.capacity) // 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
h.size = 0 // 重置大小
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for _, pair := range oldBuckets {
if pair != nil && pair != h.TOMBSTONE {
h.put(pair.key, pair.val)
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) print() {
for _, pair := range h.buckets {
if pair == nil {
fmt.Println("nil")
} else if pair == h.TOMBSTONE {
fmt.Println("TOMBSTONE")
} else {
fmt.Printf("%d -> %s\n", pair.key, pair.val)
}
}
}
```
=== "Swift"
```swift title="hash_map_open_addressing.swift"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
var size: Int // 鍵值對數量
var capacity: Int // 雜湊表容量
var loadThres: Double // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
var extendRatio: Int // 擴容倍數
var buckets: [Pair?] // 桶陣列
var TOMBSTONE: Pair // 刪除標記
/* 建構子 */
init() {
size = 0
capacity = 4
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0
extendRatio = 2
buckets = Array(repeating: nil, count: capacity)
TOMBSTONE = Pair(key: -1, val: "-1")
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
func hashFunc(key: Int) -> Int {
key % capacity
}
/* 負載因子 */
func loadFactor() -> Double {
Double(size) / Double(capacity)
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
func findBucket(key: Int) -> Int {
var index = hashFunc(key: key)
var firstTombstone = -1
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while buckets[index] != nil {
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if buckets[index]!.key == key {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if firstTombstone != -1 {
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index]
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
return firstTombstone // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index // 返回桶索引
}
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE {
firstTombstone = index
}
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % capacity
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone
}
/* 查詢操作 */
func get(key: Int) -> String? {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
let index = findBucket(key: key)
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if buckets[index] != nil, buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE {
return buckets[index]!.val
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
return nil
}
/* 新增操作 */
func put(key: Int, val: String) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if loadFactor() > loadThres {
extend()
}
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
let index = findBucket(key: key)
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if buckets[index] != nil, buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE {
buckets[index]!.val = val
return
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
buckets[index] = Pair(key: key, val: val)
size += 1
}
/* 刪除操作 */
func remove(key: Int) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
let index = findBucket(key: key)
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if buckets[index] != nil, buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE {
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
size -= 1
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
func extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
let bucketsTmp = buckets
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio
buckets = Array(repeating: nil, count: capacity)
size = 0
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for pair in bucketsTmp {
if let pair, pair != TOMBSTONE {
put(key: pair.key, val: pair.val)
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
func print() {
for pair in buckets {
if pair == nil {
Swift.print("null")
} else if pair == TOMBSTONE {
Swift.print("TOMBSTONE")
} else {
Swift.print("\(pair!.key) -> \(pair!.val)")
}
}
}
}
```
=== "JS"
```javascript title="hash_map_open_addressing.js"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
#size; // 鍵值對數量
#capacity; // 雜湊表容量
#loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
#extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
#buckets; // 桶陣列
#TOMBSTONE; // 刪除標記
/* 建構子 */
constructor() {
this.#size = 0; // 鍵值對數量
this.#capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
this.#loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
this.#extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
this.#buckets = Array(this.#capacity).fill(null); // 桶陣列
this.#TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, '-1'); // 刪除標記
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
#hashFunc(key) {
return key % this.#capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
#loadFactor() {
return this.#size / this.#capacity;
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
#findBucket(key) {
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
let firstTombstone = -1;
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while (this.#buckets[index] !== null) {
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if (this.#buckets[index].key === key) {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if (firstTombstone !== -1) {
this.#buckets[firstTombstone] = this.#buckets[index];
this.#buckets[index] = this.#TOMBSTONE;
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index; // 返回桶索引
}
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if (
firstTombstone === -1 &&
this.#buckets[index] === this.#TOMBSTONE
) {
firstTombstone = index;
}
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % this.#capacity;
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
return firstTombstone === -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
get(key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
const index = this.#findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if (
this.#buckets[index] !== null &&
this.#buckets[index] !== this.#TOMBSTONE
) {
return this.#buckets[index].val;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
return null;
}
/* 新增操作 */
put(key, val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (this.#loadFactor() > this.#loadThres) {
this.#extend();
}
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
const index = this.#findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if (
this.#buckets[index] !== null &&
this.#buckets[index] !== this.#TOMBSTONE
) {
this.#buckets[index].val = val;
return;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
this.#buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
this.#size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
remove(key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
const index = this.#findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if (
this.#buckets[index] !== null &&
this.#buckets[index] !== this.#TOMBSTONE
) {
this.#buckets[index] = this.#TOMBSTONE;
this.#size--;
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
#extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
const bucketsTmp = this.#buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
this.#capacity *= this.#extendRatio;
this.#buckets = Array(this.#capacity).fill(null);
this.#size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (const pair of bucketsTmp) {
if (pair !== null && pair !== this.#TOMBSTONE) {
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
print() {
for (const pair of this.#buckets) {
if (pair === null) {
console.log('null');
} else if (pair === this.#TOMBSTONE) {
console.log('TOMBSTONE');
} else {
console.log(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
}
}
}
}
```
=== "TS"
```typescript title="hash_map_open_addressing.ts"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
private size: number; // 鍵值對數量
private capacity: number; // 雜湊表容量
private loadThres: number; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
private extendRatio: number; // 擴容倍數
private buckets: Array<Pair | null>; // 桶陣列
private TOMBSTONE: Pair; // 刪除標記
/* 建構子 */
constructor() {
this.size = 0; // 鍵值對數量
this.capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
this.loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
this.extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
this.buckets = Array(this.capacity).fill(null); // 桶陣列
this.TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, '-1'); // 刪除標記
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
private hashFunc(key: number): number {
return key % this.capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
private loadFactor(): number {
return this.size / this.capacity;
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
private findBucket(key: number): number {
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
let firstTombstone = -1;
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while (this.buckets[index] !== null) {
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if (this.buckets[index]!.key === key) {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if (firstTombstone !== -1) {
this.buckets[firstTombstone] = this.buckets[index];
this.buckets[index] = this.TOMBSTONE;
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index; // 返回桶索引
}
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if (
firstTombstone === -1 &&
this.buckets[index] === this.TOMBSTONE
) {
firstTombstone = index;
}
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % this.capacity;
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
return firstTombstone === -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
get(key: number): string | null {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
const index = this.findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if (
this.buckets[index] !== null &&
this.buckets[index] !== this.TOMBSTONE
) {
return this.buckets[index]!.val;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
return null;
}
/* 新增操作 */
put(key: number, val: string): void {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (this.loadFactor() > this.loadThres) {
this.extend();
}
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
const index = this.findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if (
this.buckets[index] !== null &&
this.buckets[index] !== this.TOMBSTONE
) {
this.buckets[index]!.val = val;
return;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
this.buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
this.size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
remove(key: number): void {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
const index = this.findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if (
this.buckets[index] !== null &&
this.buckets[index] !== this.TOMBSTONE
) {
this.buckets[index] = this.TOMBSTONE;
this.size--;
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
private extend(): void {
// 暫存原雜湊表
const bucketsTmp = this.buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
this.capacity *= this.extendRatio;
this.buckets = Array(this.capacity).fill(null);
this.size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (const pair of bucketsTmp) {
if (pair !== null && pair !== this.TOMBSTONE) {
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
print(): void {
for (const pair of this.buckets) {
if (pair === null) {
console.log('null');
} else if (pair === this.TOMBSTONE) {
console.log('TOMBSTONE');
} else {
console.log(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
}
}
}
}
```
=== "Dart"
```dart title="hash_map_open_addressing.dart"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
late int _size; // 鍵值對數量
int _capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
double _loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
int _extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
late List<Pair?> _buckets; // 桶陣列
Pair _TOMBSTONE = Pair(-1, "-1"); // 刪除標記
/* 建構子 */
HashMapOpenAddressing() {
_size = 0;
_buckets = List.generate(_capacity, (index) => null);
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
int hashFunc(int key) {
return key % _capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
double loadFactor() {
return _size / _capacity;
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
int findBucket(int key) {
int index = hashFunc(key);
int firstTombstone = -1;
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while (_buckets[index] != null) {
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if (_buckets[index]!.key == key) {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
_buckets[firstTombstone] = _buckets[index];
_buckets[index] = _TOMBSTONE;
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index; // 返回桶索引
}
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if (firstTombstone == -1 && _buckets[index] == _TOMBSTONE) {
firstTombstone = index;
}
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % _capacity;
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
String? get(int key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if (_buckets[index] != null && _buckets[index] != _TOMBSTONE) {
return _buckets[index]!.val;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
return null;
}
/* 新增操作 */
void put(int key, String val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (loadFactor() > _loadThres) {
extend();
}
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if (_buckets[index] != null && _buckets[index] != _TOMBSTONE) {
_buckets[index]!.val = val;
return;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
_buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
_size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
void remove(int key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if (_buckets[index] != null && _buckets[index] != _TOMBSTONE) {
_buckets[index] = _TOMBSTONE;
_size--;
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
void extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
List<Pair?> bucketsTmp = _buckets;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
_capacity *= _extendRatio;
_buckets = List.generate(_capacity, (index) => null);
_size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (Pair? pair in bucketsTmp) {
if (pair != null && pair != _TOMBSTONE) {
put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
void printHashMap() {
for (Pair? pair in _buckets) {
if (pair == null) {
print("null");
} else if (pair == _TOMBSTONE) {
print("TOMBSTONE");
} else {
print("${pair.key} -> ${pair.val}");
}
}
}
}
```
=== "Rust"
```rust title="hash_map_open_addressing.rs"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
struct HashMapOpenAddressing {
size: usize, // 鍵值對數量
capacity: usize, // 雜湊表容量
load_thres: f64, // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
extend_ratio: usize, // 擴容倍數
buckets: Vec<Option<Pair>>, // 桶陣列
TOMBSTONE: Option<Pair>, // 刪除標記
}
impl HashMapOpenAddressing {
/* 建構子 */
fn new() -> Self {
Self {
size: 0,
capacity: 4,
load_thres: 2.0 / 3.0,
extend_ratio: 2,
buckets: vec![None; 4],
TOMBSTONE: Some(Pair {
key: -1,
val: "-1".to_string(),
}),
}
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
fn hash_func(&self, key: i32) -> usize {
(key % self.capacity as i32) as usize
}
/* 負載因子 */
fn load_factor(&self) -> f64 {
self.size as f64 / self.capacity as f64
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
fn find_bucket(&mut self, key: i32) -> usize {
let mut index = self.hash_func(key);
let mut first_tombstone = -1;
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while self.buckets[index].is_some() {
// 若遇到 key返回對應的桶索引
if self.buckets[index].as_ref().unwrap().key == key {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將建值對移動至該索引
if first_tombstone != -1 {
self.buckets[first_tombstone as usize] = self.buckets[index].take();
self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE.clone();
return first_tombstone as usize; // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index; // 返回桶索引
}
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if first_tombstone == -1 && self.buckets[index] == self.TOMBSTONE {
first_tombstone = index as i32;
}
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % self.capacity;
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
if first_tombstone == -1 {
index
} else {
first_tombstone as usize
}
}
/* 查詢操作 */
fn get(&mut self, key: i32) -> Option<&str> {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
let index = self.find_bucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if self.buckets[index].is_some() && self.buckets[index] != self.TOMBSTONE {
return self.buckets[index].as_ref().map(|pair| &pair.val as &str);
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
None
}
/* 新增操作 */
fn put(&mut self, key: i32, val: String) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres {
self.extend();
}
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
let index = self.find_bucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if self.buckets[index].is_some() && self.buckets[index] != self.TOMBSTONE {
self.buckets[index].as_mut().unwrap().val = val;
return;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
self.buckets[index] = Some(Pair { key, val });
self.size += 1;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
fn remove(&mut self, key: i32) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
let index = self.find_bucket(key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if self.buckets[index].is_some() && self.buckets[index] != self.TOMBSTONE {
self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE.clone();
self.size -= 1;
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
fn extend(&mut self) {
// 暫存原雜湊表
let buckets_tmp = self.buckets.clone();
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio;
self.buckets = vec![None; self.capacity];
self.size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for pair in buckets_tmp {
if pair.is_none() || pair == self.TOMBSTONE {
continue;
}
let pair = pair.unwrap();
self.put(pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
fn print(&self) {
for pair in &self.buckets {
if pair.is_none() {
println!("null");
} else if pair == &self.TOMBSTONE {
println!("TOMBSTONE");
} else {
let pair = pair.as_ref().unwrap();
println!("{} -> {}", pair.key, pair.val);
}
}
}
}
```
=== "C"
```c title="hash_map_open_addressing.c"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
typedef struct {
int size; // 鍵值對數量
int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
Pair **buckets; // 桶陣列
Pair *TOMBSTONE; // 刪除標記
} HashMapOpenAddressing;
/* 建構子 */
HashMapOpenAddressing *newHashMapOpenAddressing() {
HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap = (HashMapOpenAddressing *)malloc(sizeof(HashMapOpenAddressing));
hashMap->size = 0;
hashMap->capacity = 4;
hashMap->loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
hashMap->extendRatio = 2;
6 months ago
hashMap->buckets = (Pair **)calloc(hashMap->capacity, sizeof(Pair *));
8 months ago
hashMap->TOMBSTONE = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair));
hashMap->TOMBSTONE->key = -1;
hashMap->TOMBSTONE->val = "-1";
return hashMap;
}
/* 析構函式 */
void delHashMapOpenAddressing(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
Pair *pair = hashMap->buckets[i];
if (pair != NULL && pair != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
free(pair->val);
free(pair);
}
}
7 months ago
free(hashMap->buckets);
free(hashMap->TOMBSTONE);
free(hashMap);
8 months ago
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
int hashFunc(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
return key % hashMap->capacity;
}
/* 負載因子 */
double loadFactor(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
return (double)hashMap->size / (double)hashMap->capacity;
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
int findBucket(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
int firstTombstone = -1;
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL) {
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if (hashMap->buckets[index]->key == key) {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
hashMap->buckets[firstTombstone] = hashMap->buckets[index];
hashMap->buckets[index] = hashMap->TOMBSTONE;
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index; // 返回桶索引
}
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if (firstTombstone == -1 && hashMap->buckets[index] == hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
firstTombstone = index;
}
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % hashMap->capacity;
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
}
/* 查詢操作 */
char *get(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(hashMap, key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL && hashMap->buckets[index] != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
return hashMap->buckets[index]->val;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回空字串
return "";
}
/* 新增操作 */
void put(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key, char *val) {
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (loadFactor(hashMap) > hashMap->loadThres) {
extend(hashMap);
}
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(hashMap, key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL && hashMap->buckets[index] != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
free(hashMap->buckets[index]->val);
hashMap->buckets[index]->val = (char *)malloc(sizeof(strlen(val) + 1));
strcpy(hashMap->buckets[index]->val, val);
hashMap->buckets[index]->val[strlen(val)] = '\0';
return;
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
Pair *pair = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair));
pair->key = key;
pair->val = (char *)malloc(sizeof(strlen(val) + 1));
strcpy(pair->val, val);
pair->val[strlen(val)] = '\0';
hashMap->buckets[index] = pair;
hashMap->size++;
}
/* 刪除操作 */
void removeItem(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
int index = findBucket(hashMap, key);
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL && hashMap->buckets[index] != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
Pair *pair = hashMap->buckets[index];
free(pair->val);
free(pair);
hashMap->buckets[index] = hashMap->TOMBSTONE;
hashMap->size--;
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
void extend(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
// 暫存原雜湊表
Pair **bucketsTmp = hashMap->buckets;
int oldCapacity = hashMap->capacity;
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
hashMap->capacity *= hashMap->extendRatio;
6 months ago
hashMap->buckets = (Pair **)calloc(hashMap->capacity, sizeof(Pair *));
8 months ago
hashMap->size = 0;
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity; i++) {
Pair *pair = bucketsTmp[i];
if (pair != NULL && pair != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
put(hashMap, pair->key, pair->val);
free(pair->val);
free(pair);
}
}
free(bucketsTmp);
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
void print(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
Pair *pair = hashMap->buckets[i];
if (pair == NULL) {
printf("NULL\n");
} else if (pair == hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
printf("TOMBSTONE\n");
} else {
printf("%d -> %s\n", pair->key, pair->val);
}
}
}
```
=== "Kotlin"
```kotlin title="hash_map_open_addressing.kt"
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
7 months ago
private var size: Int // 鍵值對數量
private var capacity: Int // 雜湊表容量
private val loadThres: Double // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
private val extendRatio: Int // 擴容倍數
private var buckets: Array<Pair?> // 桶陣列
private val TOMBSTONE: Pair // 刪除標記
8 months ago
/* 建構子 */
init {
7 months ago
size = 0
capacity = 4
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0
extendRatio = 2
8 months ago
buckets = arrayOfNulls(capacity)
7 months ago
TOMBSTONE = Pair(-1, "-1")
8 months ago
}
/* 雜湊函式 */
fun hashFunc(key: Int): Int {
return key % capacity
}
/* 負載因子 */
fun loadFactor(): Double {
return (size / capacity).toDouble()
}
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
fun findBucket(key: Int): Int {
var index = hashFunc(key)
var firstTombstone = -1
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while (buckets[index] != null) {
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if (buckets[index]?.key == key) {
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index]
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
return firstTombstone // 返回移動後的桶索引
}
return index // 返回桶索引
}
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
firstTombstone = index
}
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % capacity
}
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
return if (firstTombstone == -1) index else firstTombstone
}
/* 查詢操作 */
fun get(key: Int): String? {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
val index = findBucket(key)
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
7 months ago
return buckets[index]?._val
8 months ago
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
return null
}
/* 新增操作 */
7 months ago
fun put(key: Int, _val: String) {
8 months ago
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
extend()
}
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
val index = findBucket(key)
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
7 months ago
buckets[index]!!._val = _val
8 months ago
return
}
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
7 months ago
buckets[index] = Pair(key, _val)
8 months ago
size++
}
/* 刪除操作 */
fun remove(key: Int) {
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
val index = findBucket(key)
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
size--
}
}
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
fun extend() {
// 暫存原雜湊表
val bucketsTmp = buckets
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
capacity *= extendRatio
buckets = arrayOfNulls(capacity)
size = 0
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for (pair in bucketsTmp) {
if (pair != null && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
7 months ago
put(pair.key, pair._val)
8 months ago
}
}
}
/* 列印雜湊表 */
fun print() {
for (pair in buckets) {
if (pair == null) {
println("null")
} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
println("TOMESTOME")
} else {
7 months ago
println("${pair.key} -> ${pair._val}")
8 months ago
}
}
}
}
```
=== "Ruby"
```ruby title="hash_map_open_addressing.rb"
7 months ago
### 開放定址雜湊表 ###
class HashMapOpenAddressing
TOMBSTONE = Pair.new(-1, '-1') # 刪除標記
### 建構子 ###
def initialize
@size = 0 # 鍵值對數量
@capacity = 4 # 雜湊表容量
@load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
@extend_ratio = 2 # 擴容倍數
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) # 桶陣列
end
### 雜湊函式 ###
def hash_func(key)
key % @capacity
end
### 負載因子 ###
def load_factor
@size / @capacity
end
### 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 ###
def find_bucket(key)
index = hash_func(key)
first_tombstone = -1
# 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
while !@buckets[index].nil?
# 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
if @buckets[index].key == key
# 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
if first_tombstone != -1
@buckets[first_tombstone] = @buckets[index]
@buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
return first_tombstone # 返回移動後的桶索引
end
return index # 返回桶索引
end
# 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
first_tombstone = index if first_tombstone == -1 && @buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE
# 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
index = (index + 1) % @capacity
end
# 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
first_tombstone == -1 ? index : first_tombstone
end
### 查詢操作 ###
def get(key)
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
index = find_bucket(key)
# 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
return @buckets[index].val unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
# 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 nil
nil
end
### 新增操作 ###
def put(key, val)
# 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
extend if load_factor > @load_thres
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
index = find_bucket(key)
# 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 開返回
unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
@buckets[index].val = val
return
end
# 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
@buckets[index] = Pair.new(key, val)
@size += 1
end
### 刪除操作 ###
def remove(key)
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
index = find_bucket(key)
# 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
@buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
@size -= 1
end
end
### 擴容雜湊表 ###
def extend
# 暫存原雜湊表
buckets_tmp = @buckets
# 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
@capacity *= @extend_ratio
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity)
@size = 0
# 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
for pair in buckets_tmp
put(pair.key, pair.val) unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(pair)
end
end
### 列印雜湊表 ###
def print
for pair in @buckets
if pair.nil?
puts "Nil"
elsif pair == TOMBSTONE
puts "TOMBSTONE"
else
puts "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}"
end
end
end
end
8 months ago
```
=== "Zig"
```zig title="hash_map_open_addressing.zig"
[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
```
### 2. &nbsp; 平方探測
平方探測與線性探查類似,都是開放定址的常見策略之一。當發生衝突時,平方探測不是簡單地跳過一個固定的步數,而是跳過“探測次數的平方”的步數,即 $1, 4, 9, \dots$ 步。
平方探測主要具有以下優勢。
- 平方探測透過跳過探測次數平方的距離,試圖緩解線性探查的聚集效應。
- 平方探測會跳過更大的距離來尋找空位置,有助於資料分佈得更加均勻。
然而,平方探測並不是完美的。
- 仍然存在聚集現象,即某些位置比其他位置更容易被佔用。
- 由於平方的增長,平方探測可能不會探測整個雜湊表,這意味著即使雜湊表中有空桶,平方探測也可能無法訪問到它。
### 3. &nbsp; 多次雜湊
顧名思義,多次雜湊方法使用多個雜湊函式 $f_1(x)$、$f_2(x)$、$f_3(x)$、$\dots$ 進行探測。
- **插入元素**:若雜湊函式 $f_1(x)$ 出現衝突,則嘗試 $f_2(x)$ ,以此類推,直到找到空位後插入元素。
- **查詢元素**:在相同的雜湊函式順序下進行查詢,直到找到目標元素時返回;若遇到空位或已嘗試所有雜湊函式,說明雜湊表中不存在該元素,則返回 `None`
與線性探查相比,多次雜湊方法不易產生聚集,但多個雜湊函式會帶來額外的計算量。
!!! tip
請注意,開放定址(線性探查、平方探測和多次雜湊)雜湊表都存在“不能直接刪除元素”的問題。
## 6.2.3 &nbsp; 程式語言的選擇
各種程式語言採取了不同的雜湊表實現策略,下面舉幾個例子。
- Python 採用開放定址。字典 `dict` 使用偽隨機數進行探測。
- Java 採用鏈式位址。自 JDK 1.8 以來,當 `HashMap` 內陣列長度達到 64 且鏈結串列長度達到 8 時,鏈結串列會轉換為紅黑樹以提升查詢效能。
- Go 採用鏈式位址。Go 規定每個桶最多儲存 8 個鍵值對,超出容量則連線一個溢位桶;當溢位桶過多時,會執行一次特殊的等量擴容操作,以確保效能。