Merge branch 'krahets:master' into master

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@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
/*
* File: Array.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-14
* Author: mingXta (1195669834@qq.com)
*/
namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
{
public class Array
{
/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
public static int RandomAccess(int[] nums)
{
Random random = new();
int randomIndex = random.Next(nums.Length);
int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
return randomNum;
}
/* 扩展数组长度 */
public static int[] Extend(int[] nums, int enlarge)
{
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
int[] res = new int[nums.Length + enlarge];
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
res[i] = nums[i];
}
// 返回扩展后的新数组
return res;
}
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
public static void Insert(int[] nums, int num, int index)
{
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i >= index; i--)
{
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
}
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
nums[index] = num;
}
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
public static void Remove(int[] nums, int index)
{
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
for (int i = index; i < nums.Length - 1; i++)
{
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
}
}
/* 遍历数组 */
public static void Traverse(int[] nums)
{
int count = 0;
// 通过索引遍历数组
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
count++;
}
// 直接遍历数组
foreach (int num in nums)
{
count++;
}
}
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
public static int Find(int[] nums, int target)
{
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
if (nums[i] == target)
return i;
}
return -1;
}
/*辅助函数,数组转字符串 */
public static string ToString(int[] nums)
{
return string.Join(",", nums);
}
/* Driver Code */
public static void Main()
{
/* 初始化数组 */
int[] arr = new int[5];
Console.WriteLine("数组 arr = " + ToString(arr));
int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
Console.WriteLine("数组 nums = " + ToString(nums));
/* 随机访问 */
int randomNum = RandomAccess(nums);
Console.WriteLine("在 nums 中获取随机元素 " + randomNum);
/* 长度扩展 */
nums = Extend(nums, 3);
Console.WriteLine("将数组长度扩展至 8 ,得到 nums = " + ToString(nums));
/* 插入元素 */
Insert(nums, 6, 3);
Console.WriteLine("在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ,得到 nums = " + ToString(nums));
/* 删除元素 */
Remove(nums, 2);
Console.WriteLine("删除索引 2 处的元素,得到 nums = " + ToString(nums));
/* 遍历数组 */
Traverse(nums);
/* 查找元素 */
int index = Find(nums, 3);
Console.WriteLine("在 nums 中查找元素 3 ,得到索引 = " + index);
}
}
}

@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
/**
* File: binary_search_tree.ts
* Created Time: 2022-12-14
* Author: Justin (xiefahit@gmail.com)
*/
import { TreeNode } from '../module/TreeNode';
import { printTree } from '../module/PrintUtil';
/* 二叉搜索树 */
let root: TreeNode | null;
function BinarySearchTree(nums: number[]): void {
nums.sort((a, b) => a - b); // 排序数组
root = buildTree(nums, 0, nums.length - 1); // 构建二叉搜索树
}
/* 获取二叉树根结点 */
function getRoot(): TreeNode | null {
return root;
}
/* 构建二叉搜索树 */
function buildTree(nums: number[], i: number, j: number): TreeNode | null {
if (i > j) {
return null;
}
// 将数组中间结点作为根结点
let mid = Math.floor((i + j) / 2);
let root = new TreeNode(nums[mid]);
// 递归建立左子树和右子树
root.left = buildTree(nums, i, mid - 1);
root.right = buildTree(nums, mid + 1, j);
return root;
}
/* 查找结点 */
function search(num: number): TreeNode | null {
let cur = root;
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
while (cur !== null) {
if (cur.val < num) {
cur = cur.right; // 目标结点在 root 的右子树中
} else if (cur.val > num) {
cur = cur.left; // 目标结点在 root 的左子树中
} else {
break; // 找到目标结点,跳出循环
}
}
// 返回目标结点
return cur;
}
/* 插入结点 */
function insert(num: number): TreeNode | null {
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if (root === null) {
return null;
}
let cur = root,
pre: TreeNode | null = null;
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
while (cur !== null) {
if (cur.val === num) {
return null; // 找到重复结点,直接返回
}
pre = cur;
if (cur.val < num) {
cur = cur.right as TreeNode; // 插入位置在 root 的右子树中
} else {
cur = cur.left as TreeNode; // 插入位置在 root 的左子树中
}
}
// 插入结点 val
let node = new TreeNode(num);
if (pre!.val < num) {
pre!.right = node;
} else {
pre!.left = node;
}
return node;
}
/* 删除结点 */
function remove(num: number): TreeNode | null {
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if (root === null) {
return null;
}
let cur = root,
pre: TreeNode | null = null;
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
while (cur !== null) {
// 找到待删除结点,跳出循环
if (cur.val === num) {
break;
}
pre = cur;
if (cur.val < num) {
cur = cur.right as TreeNode; // 待删除结点在 root 的右子树中
} else {
cur = cur.left as TreeNode; // 待删除结点在 root 的左子树中
}
}
// 若无待删除结点,则直接返回
if (cur === null) {
return null;
}
// 子结点数量 = 0 or 1
if (cur.left === null || cur.right === null) {
// 当子结点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子结点
let child = cur.left !== null ? cur.left : cur.right;
// 删除结点 cur
if (pre!.left === cur) {
pre!.left = child;
} else {
pre!.right = child;
}
}
// 子结点数量 = 2
else {
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个结点
let next = min(cur.right);
let tmp = next!.val;
// 递归删除结点 nex
remove(next!.val);
// 将 nex 的值复制给 cur
cur.val = tmp;
}
return cur;
}
/* 获取最小结点 */
function min(root: TreeNode | null): TreeNode | null {
if (root === null) {
return null;
}
// 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
while (root.left !== null) {
root = root.left;
}
return root;
}
/* Driver Code */
/* 初始化二叉搜索树 */
const nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15];
BinarySearchTree(nums);
console.log('\n初始化的二叉树为\n');
printTree(getRoot());
/* 查找结点 */
let node = search(5);
console.log('\n查找到的结点对象为 ' + node + ',结点值 = ' + node!.val);
/* 插入结点 */
node = insert(16);
console.log('\n插入结点 16 后,二叉树为\n');
printTree(getRoot());
/* 删除结点 */
remove(1);
console.log('\n删除结点 1 后,二叉树为\n');
printTree(getRoot());
remove(2);
console.log('\n删除结点 2 后,二叉树为\n');
printTree(getRoot());
remove(4);
console.log('\n删除结点 4 后,二叉树为\n');
printTree(getRoot());
export {};

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/**
* File: binary_tree.ts
* Created Time: 2022-12-13
* Author: Justin (xiefahit@gmail.com)
*/
import { TreeNode } from '../module/TreeNode';
import { printTree } from '../module/PrintUtil';
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 初始化结点
let n1 = new TreeNode(1),
n2 = new TreeNode(2),
n3 = new TreeNode(3),
n4 = new TreeNode(4),
n5 = new TreeNode(5);
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.left = n2;
n1.right = n3;
n2.left = n4;
n2.right = n5;
console.log('\n初始化二叉树\n');
printTree(n1);
/* 插入与删除结点 */
const P = new TreeNode(0);
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入结点 P
n1.left = P;
P.left = n2;
console.log('\n插入结点 P 后\n');
printTree(n1);
// 删除结点 P
n1.left = n2;
console.log('\n删除结点 P 后\n');
printTree(n1);

@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
/**
* File: binary_tree_bfs.ts
* Created Time: 2022-12-14
* Author: Justin (xiefahit@gmail.com)
*/
import { type TreeNode } from '../module/TreeNode';
import { arrToTree } from '../module/TreeNode';
import { printTree } from '../module/PrintUtil';
/* 层序遍历 */
function hierOrder(root: TreeNode | null): number[] {
// 初始化队列,加入根结点
const queue = [root];
// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
const list: number[] = [];
while (queue.length) {
let node = queue.shift() as TreeNode; // 队列出队
list.push(node.val); // 保存结点
if (node.left) {
queue.push(node.left); // 左子结点入队
}
if (node.right) {
queue.push(node.right); // 右子结点入队
}
}
return list;
}
/* Driver Code */
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
var root = arrToTree([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null]);
console.log('\n初始化二叉树\n');
printTree(root);
/* 层序遍历 */
const list = hierOrder(root);
console.log('\n层序遍历的结点打印序列 = ' + list);

@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
/**
* File: binary_tree_dfs.ts
* Created Time: 2022-12-14
* Author: Justin (xiefahit@gmail.com)
*/
import { type TreeNode } from '../module/TreeNode';
import { arrToTree } from '../module/TreeNode';
import { printTree } from '../module/PrintUtil';
// 初始化列表,用于存储遍历序列
const list: number[] = [];
/* 前序遍历 */
function preOrder(root: TreeNode | null): void {
if (root === null) {
return;
}
// 访问优先级:根结点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
list.push(root.val);
preOrder(root.left);
preOrder(root.right);
}
/* 中序遍历 */
function inOrder(root: TreeNode | null): void {
if (root === null) {
return;
}
// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根结点 -> 右子树
inOrder(root.left);
list.push(root.val);
inOrder(root.right);
}
/* 后序遍历 */
function postOrder(root: TreeNode | null): void {
if (root === null) {
return;
}
// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根结点
postOrder(root.left);
postOrder(root.right);
list.push(root.val);
}
/* Driver Code */
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
const root = arrToTree([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null]);
console.log('\n初始化二叉树\n');
printTree(root);
/* 前序遍历 */
list.length = 0;
preOrder(root);
console.log('\n前序遍历的结点打印序列 = ' + list);
/* 中序遍历 */
list.length = 0;
inOrder(root);
console.log('\n中序遍历的结点打印序列 = ' + list);
/* 后序遍历 */
list.length = 0;
postOrder(root);
console.log('\n后序遍历的结点打印序列 = ' + list);

@ -1,11 +1,26 @@
/*
* File: PrintUtil.ts
* Created Time: 2022-12-10
* Created Time: 2022-12-13
* Author: Justin (xiefahit@gmail.com)
*/
import ListNode from './ListNode';
import { TreeNode } from './TreeNode';
class Trunk {
prev: Trunk | null;
str: string;
constructor(prev: Trunk | null, str: string) {
this.prev = prev;
this.str = str;
}
}
/**
* Print a linked list
* @param head
*/
function printLinkedList(head: ListNode | null): void {
const list: string[] = [];
while (head !== null) {
@ -15,4 +30,67 @@ function printLinkedList(head: ListNode | null): void {
console.log(list.join(' -> '));
}
export { printLinkedList };
/**
* The interface of the tree printer
* This tree printer is borrowed from TECHIE DELIGHT
* https://www.techiedelight.com/c-program-print-binary-tree/
* @param root
*/
function printTree(root: TreeNode | null) {
printTreeHelper(root, null, false);
}
/**
* Print a binary tree
* @param root
* @param prev
* @param isLeft
*/
function printTreeHelper(root: TreeNode | null, prev: Trunk | null, isLeft: boolean) {
if (root === null) {
return;
}
let prev_str = ' ';
const trunk = new Trunk(prev, prev_str);
printTreeHelper(root.right, trunk, true);
if (prev === null) {
trunk.str = '———';
} else if (isLeft) {
trunk.str = '/———';
prev_str = ' |';
} else {
trunk.str = '\\———';
prev.str = prev_str;
}
showTrunks(trunk);
console.log(' ' + root.val);
if (prev) {
prev.str = prev_str;
}
trunk.str = ' |';
printTreeHelper(root.left, trunk, false);
}
/**
* Helper function to print branches of the binary tree
* @param p
*/
function showTrunks(p: Trunk | null) {
if (p === null) {
return;
}
showTrunks(p.prev);
process.stdout.write(p.str);
// ts-node to execute, we need to install type definitions for node
// solve: npm i --save-dev @types/node
// restart the vscode
}
export { printLinkedList, printTree };

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/*
* File: TreeNode.ts
* Created Time: 2022-12-13
* Author: Justin (xiefahit@gmail.com)
*/
/**
* Definition for a binary tree node.
*/
class TreeNode {
val: number;
left: TreeNode | null;
right: TreeNode | null;
constructor(val?: number, left?: TreeNode | null, right?: TreeNode | null) {
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 结点值
this.left = left === undefined ? null : left; // 左子结点指针
this.right = right === undefined ? null : right; // 右子结点指针
}
}
/**
* Generate a binary tree with an array
* @param arr
* @return
*/
function arrToTree(arr: (number | null)[]): TreeNode | null {
if (arr.length === 0) {
return null;
}
const root = new TreeNode(arr[0] as number);
const queue = [root];
let i = 1;
while (queue.length) {
let node = queue.shift() as TreeNode;
if (arr[i] !== null) {
node.left = new TreeNode(arr[i] as number);
queue.push(node.left);
}
i++;
if (arr[i] !== null) {
node.right = new TreeNode(arr[i] as number);
queue.push(node.right);
}
i++;
}
return root;
}
export { TreeNode, arrToTree };

@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
rm -rf ./site
mkdocs build --clean
cd site
git init

@ -71,7 +71,12 @@ comments: true
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
/* 初始化数组 */
int[] arr = new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
var arr2=new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
var nums2=new int[]{1,2,3,4,5};
```
## 数组优点
@ -169,7 +174,14 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
int RandomAccess(int[] nums)
{
Random random=new();
int randomIndex = random.Next(nums.Length);
int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
return randomNum;
}
```
## 数组缺点
@ -271,7 +283,19 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
/* 扩展数组长度 */
int[] Extend(int[] nums, int enlarge)
{
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
int[] res = new int[nums.Length + enlarge];
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
res[i] = nums[i];
}
// 返回扩展后的新数组
return res;
}
```
**数组中插入或删除元素效率低下。** 假设我们想要在数组中间某位置插入一个元素,由于数组元素在内存中是 “紧挨着的” ,它们之间没有空间再放任何数据。因此,我们不得不将此索引之后的所有元素都向后移动一位,然后再把元素赋值给该索引。删除元素也是类似,需要把此索引之后的元素都向前移动一位。总体看有以下缺点:
@ -364,7 +388,7 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
nums[index] = num;
}
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
function remove(nums, index) {
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
@ -405,7 +429,26 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
void Insert(int[] nums, int num, int index)
{
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i >= index; i--)
{
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
}
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
nums[index] = num;
}
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
void Remove(int[] nums, int index)
{
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
for (int i = index; i < nums.Length - 1; i++)
{
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
}
}
```
## 数组常用操作
@ -505,7 +548,21 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
/* 遍历数组 */
void Traverse(int[] nums)
{
int count = 0;
// 通过索引遍历数组
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
count++;
}
// 直接遍历数组
foreach (int num in nums)
{
count++;
}
}
```
**数组查找。** 通过遍历数组,查找数组内的指定元素,并输出对应索引。
@ -588,7 +645,16 @@ elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
=== "C#"
```csharp title="array.cs"
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
int Find(int[] nums, int target)
{
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
if (nums[i] == target)
return i;
}
return -1;
}
```
## 数组典型应用

@ -132,7 +132,22 @@ comments: true
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_search_tree.ts"
/* 查找结点 */
function search(num: number): TreeNode | null {
let cur = root;
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
while (cur !== null) {
if (cur.val < num) {
cur = cur.right; // 目标结点在 root 的右子树中
} else if (cur.val > num) {
cur = cur.left; // 目标结点在 root 的左子树中
} else {
break; // 找到目标结点,跳出循环
}
}
// 返回目标结点
return cur;
}
```
=== "C"
@ -280,7 +295,35 @@ comments: true
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_search_tree.ts"
/* 插入结点 */
function insert(num: number): TreeNode | null {
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if (root === null) {
return null;
}
let cur = root,
pre: TreeNode | null = null;
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
while (cur !== null) {
if (cur.val === num) {
return null; // 找到重复结点,直接返回
}
pre = cur;
if (cur.val < num) {
cur = cur.right as TreeNode; // 插入位置在 root 的右子树中
} else {
cur = cur.left as TreeNode; // 插入位置在 root 的左子树中
}
}
// 插入结点 val
let node = new TreeNode(num);
if (pre!.val < num) {
pre!.right = node;
} else {
pre!.left = node;
}
return node;
}
```
=== "C"
@ -547,7 +590,54 @@ comments: true
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_search_tree.ts"
/* 删除结点 */
function remove(num: number): TreeNode | null {
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if (root === null) {
return null;
}
let cur = root,
pre: TreeNode | null = null;
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
while (cur !== null) {
// 找到待删除结点,跳出循环
if (cur.val === num) {
break;
}
pre = cur;
if (cur.val < num) {
cur = cur.right as TreeNode; // 待删除结点在 root 的右子树中
} else {
cur = cur.left as TreeNode; // 待删除结点在 root 的左子树中
}
}
// 若无待删除结点,则直接返回
if (cur === null) {
return null;
}
// 子结点数量 = 0 or 1
if (cur.left === null || cur.right === null) {
// 当子结点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子结点
let child = cur.left !== null ? cur.left : cur.right;
// 删除结点 cur
if (pre!.left === cur) {
pre!.left = child;
} else {
pre!.right = child;
}
}
// 子结点数量 = 2
else {
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个结点
let next = min(cur.right);
let tmp = next!.val;
// 递归删除结点 nex
remove(next!.val);
// 将 nex 的值复制给 cur
cur.val = tmp;
}
return cur;
}
```
=== "C"

@ -74,7 +74,18 @@ comments: true
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title=""
/* 链表结点类 */
class TreeNode {
val: number;
left: TreeNode | null;
right: TreeNode | null;
constructor(val?: number, left?: TreeNode | null, right?: TreeNode | null) {
this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 结点值
this.left = left === undefined ? null : left; // 左子结点指针
this.right = right === undefined ? null : right; // 右子结点指针
}
}
```
=== "C"
@ -215,7 +226,18 @@ comments: true
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_tree.ts"
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 初始化结点
let n1 = new TreeNode(1),
n2 = new TreeNode(2),
n3 = new TreeNode(3),
n4 = new TreeNode(4),
n5 = new TreeNode(5);
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.left = n2;
n1.right = n3;
n2.left = n4;
n2.right = n5;
```
=== "C"
@ -273,7 +295,6 @@ comments: true
p := NewTreeNode(0)
n1.Left = p
p.Left = n2
// 删除结点 P
n1.Left = n2
```
@ -286,7 +307,6 @@ comments: true
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入结点 P
n1.left = P;
P.left = n2;
// 删除结点 P
n1.left = n2;
```
@ -294,7 +314,13 @@ comments: true
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_tree.ts"
/* 插入与删除结点 */
const P = new TreeNode(0);
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入结点 P
n1.left = P;
P.left = n2;
// 删除结点 P
n1.left = n2;
```
=== "C"
@ -423,7 +449,6 @@ comments: true
queue.push(node.left); // 左子结点入队
if (node.right)
queue.push(node.right); // 右子结点入队
}
return list;
}
@ -432,7 +457,24 @@ comments: true
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_tree_bfs.ts"
/* 层序遍历 */
function hierOrder(root: TreeNode | null): number[] {
// 初始化队列,加入根结点
const queue = [root];
// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
const list: number[] = [];
while (queue.length) {
let node = queue.shift() as TreeNode; // 队列出队
list.push(node.val); // 保存结点
if (node.left) {
queue.push(node.left); // 左子结点入队
}
if (node.right) {
queue.push(node.right); // 右子结点入队
}
}
return list;
}
```
=== "C"
@ -606,7 +648,38 @@ comments: true
=== "TypeScript"
```typescript title="binary_tree_dfs.ts"
/* 前序遍历 */
function preOrder(root: TreeNode | null): void {
if (root === null) {
return;
}
// 访问优先级:根结点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
list.push(root.val);
preOrder(root.left);
preOrder(root.right);
}
/* 中序遍历 */
function inOrder(root: TreeNode | null): void {
if (root === null) {
return;
}
// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根结点 -> 右子树
inOrder(root.left);
list.push(root.val);
inOrder(root.right);
}
/* 后序遍历 */
function postOrder(root: TreeNode | null): void {
if (root === null) {
return;
}
// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根结点
postOrder(root.left);
postOrder(root.right);
list.push(root.val);
}
```
=== "C"

@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ theme:
# - navigation.tabs
# - navigation.tabs.sticky
# - navigation.top
- navigation.footer
- navigation.tracking
- search.highlight
- search.share

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