From 5e9a5524d4a5f285a6239e14b233612e7e044622 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yudong Jin Date: Sun, 11 Dec 2022 02:44:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] Update AVL Tree. --- codes/java/chapter_tree/avl_tree.java | 432 +++++++++++++------------- docs/chapter_tree/avl_tree.md | 122 ++++---- mkdocs.yml | 2 +- 3 files changed, 284 insertions(+), 272 deletions(-) diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_tree/avl_tree.java b/codes/java/chapter_tree/avl_tree.java index 5666b5d1d..48be762e9 100644 --- a/codes/java/chapter_tree/avl_tree.java +++ b/codes/java/chapter_tree/avl_tree.java @@ -4,215 +4,223 @@ * Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com) */ - package chapter_tree; - - import include.*; - - // Tree class - class AVLTree { - TreeNode root; // 根节点 - - /* 获取结点高度 */ - public int height(TreeNode node) { - // 空结点高度为 -1 ,叶结点高度为 0 - return node == null ? -1 : node.height; - } - - /* 更新结点高度 */ - private void updateHeight(TreeNode node) { - node.height = Math.max(height(node.left), height(node.right)) + 1; - } - - /* 获取平衡因子 */ - public int balanceFactor(TreeNode node) { - if (node == null) - return 0; - return height(node.left) - height(node.right); - } - - /* 右旋操作 */ - private TreeNode rightRotate(TreeNode node) { - TreeNode child = node.left; - TreeNode grandChild = child.right; - child.right = node; - node.left = grandChild; - updateHeight(node); - updateHeight(child); - return child; - } - - /* 左旋操作 */ - private TreeNode leftRotate(TreeNode node) { - TreeNode child = node.right; - TreeNode grandChild = child.left; - child.left = node; - node.right = grandChild; - updateHeight(node); - updateHeight(child); - return child; - } - - /* 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */ - private TreeNode rotate(TreeNode node) { - int balanceFactor = balanceFactor(node); - // 根据失衡情况分为四种操作:右旋、左旋、先左后右、先右后左 - if (balanceFactor > 1) { - if (balanceFactor(node.left) >= 0) { - // 右旋 - return rightRotate(node); - } else { - // 先左旋后右旋 - node.left = leftRotate(node.left); - return rightRotate(node); - } - } - if (balanceFactor < -1) { - if (balanceFactor(node.right) <= 0) { - // 左旋 - return leftRotate(node); - } else { - // 先右旋后左旋 - node.right = rightRotate(node.right); - return leftRotate(node); - } - } - return node; - } - - /* 插入结点 */ - public TreeNode insert(int val) { - root = insertHelper(root, val); - return root; - } - - /* 递归插入结点 */ - private TreeNode insertHelper(TreeNode node, int val) { - // 1. 查找插入位置,并插入结点 - if (node == null) - return new TreeNode(val); - if (val < node.val) - node.left = insertHelper(node.left, val); - else if (val > node.val) - node.right = insertHelper(node.right, val); - else - return node; // 重复结点则直接返回 - // 2. 更新结点高度 - updateHeight(node); - // 3. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 - node = rotate(node); - // 返回该子树的根节点 - return node; - } - - /* 删除结点 */ - public TreeNode remove(int val) { - root = removeHelper(root, val); - return root; - } - - /* 递归删除结点 */ - private TreeNode removeHelper(TreeNode node, int val) { - // 1. 查找结点,并删除之 - if (node == null) - return null; - if (val < node.val) - node.left = removeHelper(node.left, val); - else if (val > node.val) - node.right = removeHelper(node.right, val); - else { - if (node.left == null || node.right == null) { - TreeNode child = node.left != null ? node.left : node.right; - // 子结点数量 = 0 ,直接删除 node 并返回 - if (child == null) - return null; - // 子结点数量 = 1 ,直接删除 node - else - node = child; - } else { - // 子结点数量 = 2 ,则将中序遍历的下个结点删除,并用该结点替换当前结点 - TreeNode temp = minNode(node.right); - node.right = removeHelper(node.right, temp.val); - node.val = temp.val; - } - } - // 2. 更新结点高度 - updateHeight(node); - // 3. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 - node = rotate(node); - // 返回该子树的根节点 - return node; - } - - /* 获取最小结点 */ - private TreeNode minNode(TreeNode node) { - if (node == null) return node; - // 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出 - while (node.left != null) { - node = node.left; - } - return node; - } - - /* 查找结点 */ - public TreeNode search(int val) { - TreeNode cur = root; - // 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出 - while (cur != null) { - // 目标结点在 root 的右子树中 - if (cur.val < val) cur = cur.right; - // 目标结点在 root 的左子树中 - else if (cur.val > val) cur = cur.left; - // 找到目标结点,跳出循环 - else break; - } - // 返回目标结点 - return cur; - } - } - - - public class avl_tree { - static void testInsert(AVLTree tree, int val) { - tree.insert(val); - System.out.println("\n插入结点 " + val + " 后,AVL 树为"); - PrintUtil.printTree(tree.root); - } - - static void testRemove(AVLTree tree, int val) { - tree.remove(val); - System.out.println("\n删除结点 " + val + " 后,AVL 树为"); - PrintUtil.printTree(tree.root); - } - - public static void main(String[] args) { - /* 初始化空 AVL 树 */ - AVLTree avlTree = new AVLTree(); - - /* 插入结点 */ - // 请关注插入结点后,AVL 树是如何保持平衡的 - testInsert(avlTree, 1); - testInsert(avlTree, 2); - testInsert(avlTree, 3); - testInsert(avlTree, 4); - testInsert(avlTree, 5); - testInsert(avlTree, 8); - testInsert(avlTree, 7); - testInsert(avlTree, 9); - testInsert(avlTree, 10); - testInsert(avlTree, 6); - - /* 插入重复结点 */ - testInsert(avlTree, 7); - - /* 删除结点 */ - // 请关注删除结点后,AVL 树是如何保持平衡的 - testRemove(avlTree, 8); // 删除度为 0 的结点 - testRemove(avlTree, 5); // 删除度为 1 的结点 - testRemove(avlTree, 4); // 删除度为 2 的结点 - - /* 查询结点 */ - TreeNode node = avlTree.search(7); - System.out.println("\n查找到的结点对象为 " + node + ",结点值 = " + node.val); - } - } - \ No newline at end of file +package chapter_tree; + +import include.*; + +// Tree class +class AVLTree { + TreeNode root; // 根节点 + + /* 获取结点高度 */ + public int height(TreeNode node) { + // 空结点高度为 -1 ,叶结点高度为 0 + return node == null ? -1 : node.height; + } + + /* 更新结点高度 */ + private void updateHeight(TreeNode node) { + // 结点高度等于最高子树高度 + 1 + node.height = Math.max(height(node.left), height(node.right)) + 1; + } + + /* 获取平衡因子 */ + public int balanceFactor(TreeNode node) { + // 空结点平衡因子为 0 + if (node == null) return 0; + // 结点平衡因子 = 左子树高度 - 右子树高度 + return height(node.left) - height(node.right); + } + + /* 右旋操作 */ + private TreeNode rightRotate(TreeNode node) { + TreeNode child = node.left; + TreeNode grandChild = child.right; + // 以 child 为原点,将 node 向右旋转 + child.right = node; + node.left = grandChild; + // 更新结点高度 + updateHeight(node); + updateHeight(child); + // 返回旋转后子树的根节点 + return child; + } + + /* 左旋操作 */ + private TreeNode leftRotate(TreeNode node) { + TreeNode child = node.right; + TreeNode grandChild = child.left; + // 以 child 为原点,将 node 向左旋转 + child.left = node; + node.right = grandChild; + // 更新结点高度 + updateHeight(node); + updateHeight(child); + // 返回旋转后子树的根节点 + return child; + } + + /* 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */ + private TreeNode rotate(TreeNode node) { + // 获取结点 node 的平衡因子 + int balanceFactor = balanceFactor(node); + // 左偏树 + if (balanceFactor > 1) { + if (balanceFactor(node.left) >= 0) { + // 右旋 + return rightRotate(node); + } else { + // 先左旋后右旋 + node.left = leftRotate(node.left); + return rightRotate(node); + } + } + // 右偏树 + if (balanceFactor < -1) { + if (balanceFactor(node.right) <= 0) { + // 左旋 + return leftRotate(node); + } else { + // 先右旋后左旋 + node.right = rightRotate(node.right); + return leftRotate(node); + } + } + // 平衡树,无需旋转,直接返回 + return node; + } + + /* 插入结点 */ + public TreeNode insert(int val) { + root = insertHelper(root, val); + return root; + } + + /* 递归插入结点(辅助函数) */ + private TreeNode insertHelper(TreeNode node, int val) { + if (node == null) return new TreeNode(val); + /* 1. 查找插入位置,并插入结点 */ + if (val < node.val) + node.left = insertHelper(node.left, val); + else if (val > node.val) + node.right = insertHelper(node.right, val); + else + return node; // 重复结点不插入,直接返回 + updateHeight(node); // 更新结点高度 + /* 2. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */ + node = rotate(node); + // 返回子树的根节点 + return node; + } + + /* 删除结点 */ + public TreeNode remove(int val) { + root = removeHelper(root, val); + return root; + } + + /* 递归删除结点(辅助函数) */ + private TreeNode removeHelper(TreeNode node, int val) { + if (node == null) return null; + /* 1. 查找结点,并删除之 */ + if (val < node.val) + node.left = removeHelper(node.left, val); + else if (val > node.val) + node.right = removeHelper(node.right, val); + else { + if (node.left == null || node.right == null) { + TreeNode child = node.left != null ? node.left : node.right; + // 子结点数量 = 0 ,直接删除 node 并返回 + if (child == null) + return null; + // 子结点数量 = 1 ,直接删除 node + else + node = child; + } else { + // 子结点数量 = 2 ,则将中序遍历的下个结点删除,并用该结点替换当前结点 + TreeNode temp = minNode(node.right); + node.right = removeHelper(node.right, temp.val); + node.val = temp.val; + } + } + updateHeight(node); // 更新结点高度 + /* 2. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */ + node = rotate(node); + // 返回子树的根节点 + return node; + } + + /* 获取最小结点 */ + private TreeNode minNode(TreeNode node) { + if (node == null) return node; + // 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出 + while (node.left != null) { + node = node.left; + } + return node; + } + + /* 查找结点 */ + public TreeNode search(int val) { + TreeNode cur = root; + // 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出 + while (cur != null) { + // 目标结点在 root 的右子树中 + if (cur.val < val) + cur = cur.right; + // 目标结点在 root 的左子树中 + else if (cur.val > val) + cur = cur.left; + // 找到目标结点,跳出循环 + else + break; + } + // 返回目标结点 + return cur; + } +} + +public class avl_tree { + static void testInsert(AVLTree tree, int val) { + tree.insert(val); + System.out.println("\n插入结点 " + val + " 后,AVL 树为"); + PrintUtil.printTree(tree.root); + } + + static void testRemove(AVLTree tree, int val) { + tree.remove(val); + System.out.println("\n删除结点 " + val + " 后,AVL 树为"); + PrintUtil.printTree(tree.root); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + /* 初始化空 AVL 树 */ + AVLTree avlTree = new AVLTree(); + + /* 插入结点 */ + // 请关注插入结点后,AVL 树是如何保持平衡的 + testInsert(avlTree, 1); + testInsert(avlTree, 2); + testInsert(avlTree, 3); + testInsert(avlTree, 4); + testInsert(avlTree, 5); + testInsert(avlTree, 8); + testInsert(avlTree, 7); + testInsert(avlTree, 9); + testInsert(avlTree, 10); + testInsert(avlTree, 6); + + /* 插入重复结点 */ + testInsert(avlTree, 7); + + /* 删除结点 */ + // 请关注删除结点后,AVL 树是如何保持平衡的 + testRemove(avlTree, 8); // 删除度为 0 的结点 + testRemove(avlTree, 5); // 删除度为 1 的结点 + testRemove(avlTree, 4); // 删除度为 2 的结点 + + /* 查询结点 */ + TreeNode node = avlTree.search(7); + System.out.println("\n查找到的结点对象为 " + node + ",结点值 = " + node.val); + } +} diff --git a/docs/chapter_tree/avl_tree.md b/docs/chapter_tree/avl_tree.md index 6e13af6b9..73eafdacb 100644 --- a/docs/chapter_tree/avl_tree.md +++ b/docs/chapter_tree/avl_tree.md @@ -1,4 +1,8 @@ -# AVL 树 +--- +comments: true +--- + +# AVL 树 * 在「二叉搜索树」章节中提到,在进行多次插入与删除操作后,二叉搜索树可能会退化为链表。此时所有操作的时间复杂度都会由 $O(\log n)$ 劣化至 $O(n)$ 。 @@ -38,43 +42,43 @@ G. M. Adelson-Velsky 和 E. M. Landis 在其 1962 年发表的论文 "An algorit === "C++" ```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp" - + ``` === "Python" ```python title="avl_tree.py" - + ``` === "Go" ```go title="avl_tree.go" - + ``` === "JavaScript" ```js title="avl_tree.js" - + ``` === "TypeScript" ```typescript title="avl_tree.ts" - + ``` === "C" ```c title="avl_tree.c" - + ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="avl_tree.cs" - + ``` 「结点高度」是最远叶结点到该结点的距离,即走过的「边」的数量。需要特别注意,**叶结点的高度为 0 ,空结点的高度为 -1** 。我们封装两个工具函数,分别用于获取与更新结点的高度。 @@ -98,43 +102,43 @@ G. M. Adelson-Velsky 和 E. M. Landis 在其 1962 年发表的论文 "An algorit === "C++" ```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp" - + ``` === "Python" ```python title="avl_tree.py" - + ``` === "Go" ```go title="avl_tree.go" - + ``` === "JavaScript" ```js title="avl_tree.js" - + ``` === "TypeScript" ```typescript title="avl_tree.ts" - + ``` === "C" ```c title="avl_tree.c" - + ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="avl_tree.cs" - + ``` ### 结点平衡因子 @@ -156,43 +160,43 @@ G. M. Adelson-Velsky 和 E. M. Landis 在其 1962 年发表的论文 "An algorit === "C++" ```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp" - + ``` === "Python" ```python title="avl_tree.py" - + ``` === "Go" ```go title="avl_tree.go" - + ``` === "JavaScript" ```js title="avl_tree.js" - + ``` === "TypeScript" ```typescript title="avl_tree.ts" - + ``` === "C" ```c title="avl_tree.c" - + ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="avl_tree.cs" - + ``` !!! note @@ -237,7 +241,7 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作,其可 **在不影 // 更新结点高度 updateHeight(node); updateHeight(child); - // 返回旋转后的根节点 + // 返回旋转后子树的根节点 return child; } ``` @@ -245,43 +249,43 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作,其可 **在不影 === "C++" ```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp" - + ``` === "Python" ```python title="avl_tree.py" - + ``` === "Go" ```go title="avl_tree.go" - + ``` === "JavaScript" ```js title="avl_tree.js" - + ``` === "TypeScript" ```typescript title="avl_tree.ts" - + ``` === "C" ```c title="avl_tree.c" - + ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="avl_tree.cs" - + ``` ### Case 2 - 左旋 @@ -303,7 +307,7 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作,其可 **在不影 // 更新结点高度 updateHeight(node); updateHeight(child); - // 返回旋转后的根节点 + // 返回旋转后子树的根节点 return child; } ``` @@ -311,43 +315,43 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作,其可 **在不影 === "C++" ```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp" - + ``` === "Python" ```python title="avl_tree.py" - + ``` === "Go" ```go title="avl_tree.go" - + ``` === "JavaScript" ```js title="avl_tree.js" - + ``` === "TypeScript" ```typescript title="avl_tree.ts" - + ``` === "C" ```c title="avl_tree.c" - + ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="avl_tree.cs" - + ``` ### Case 3 - 先左后右 @@ -420,43 +424,43 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作,其可 **在不影 === "C++" ```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp" - + ``` === "Python" ```python title="avl_tree.py" - + ``` === "Go" ```go title="avl_tree.go" - + ``` === "JavaScript" ```js title="avl_tree.js" - + ``` === "TypeScript" ```typescript title="avl_tree.ts" - + ``` === "C" ```c title="avl_tree.c" - + ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="avl_tree.cs" - + ``` ## AVL 树常用操作 @@ -495,43 +499,43 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作,其可 **在不影 === "C++" ```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp" - + ``` === "Python" ```python title="avl_tree.py" - + ``` === "Go" ```go title="avl_tree.go" - + ``` === "JavaScript" ```js title="avl_tree.js" - + ``` === "TypeScript" ```typescript title="avl_tree.ts" - + ``` === "C" ```c title="avl_tree.c" - + ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="avl_tree.cs" - + ``` ### 删除结点 @@ -592,43 +596,43 @@ AVL 树的独特之处在于「旋转 Rotation」的操作,其可 **在不影 === "C++" ```cpp title="avl_tree.cpp" - + ``` === "Python" ```python title="avl_tree.py" - + ``` === "Go" ```go title="avl_tree.go" - + ``` === "JavaScript" ```js title="avl_tree.js" - + ``` === "TypeScript" ```typescript title="avl_tree.ts" - + ``` === "C" ```c title="avl_tree.c" - + ``` === "C#" ```csharp title="avl_tree.cs" - + ``` ### 查找结点 diff --git a/mkdocs.yml b/mkdocs.yml index 5b4904387..d31cec148 100644 --- a/mkdocs.yml +++ b/mkdocs.yml @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ nav: - 二叉树(Binary Tree): chapter_tree/binary_tree.md - 二叉树常见类型: chapter_tree/binary_tree_types.md - 二叉搜索树: chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.md - - AVL 树: chapter_tree/avl_tree.md + - AVL 树 *: chapter_tree/avl_tree.md - 小结: chapter_tree/summary.md - 查找算法: - 线性查找: chapter_searching/linear_search.md