diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.py b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.py
index 981585d3e..0b917e76d 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def extend(nums: list[int], enlarge: int) -> list[int]:
     return res
 
 
-def insert(nums: list[int], num: int, index: int) -> None:
+def insert(nums: list[int], num: int, index: int):
     """在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num"""
     # 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
     for i in range(len(nums) - 1, index, -1):
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ def insert(nums: list[int], num: int, index: int) -> None:
     nums[index] = num
 
 
-def remove(nums: list[int], index: int) -> None:
+def remove(nums: list[int], index: int):
     """删除索引 index 处元素"""
     # 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
     for i in range(index, len(nums) - 1):
         nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
 
 
-def traverse(nums: list[int]) -> None:
+def traverse(nums: list[int]):
     """遍历数组"""
     count = 0
     # 通过索引遍历数组
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.py b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.py
index 799e7d0be..ae006db49 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.py
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
 from modules import *
 
 
-def insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode) -> None:
+def insert(n0: ListNode, P: ListNode):
     """在链表的节点 n0 之后插入节点 P"""
     n1 = n0.next
     P.next = n1
     n0.next = P
 
 
-def remove(n0: ListNode) -> None:
+def remove(n0: ListNode):
     """删除链表的节点 n0 之后的首个节点"""
     if not n0.next:
         return
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.py b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.py
index 44ee897c9..d7b62d1d5 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.py
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ class MyList:
             raise IndexError("索引越界")
         return self.__nums[index]
 
-    def set(self, num: int, index: int) -> None:
+    def set(self, num: int, index: int):
         """更新元素"""
         if index < 0 or index >= self.__size:
             raise IndexError("索引越界")
         self.__nums[index] = num
 
-    def add(self, num: int) -> None:
+    def add(self, num: int):
         """尾部添加元素"""
         # 元素数量超出容量时，触发扩容机制
         if self.size() == self.capacity():
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class MyList:
         self.__nums[self.__size] = num
         self.__size += 1
 
-    def insert(self, num: int, index: int) -> None:
+    def insert(self, num: int, index: int):
         """中间插入元素"""
         if index < 0 or index >= self.__size:
             raise IndexError("索引越界")
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class MyList:
         # 返回被删除元素
         return num
 
-    def extend_capacity(self) -> None:
+    def extend_capacity(self):
         """列表扩容"""
         # 新建一个长度为原数组 __extend_ratio 倍的新数组，并将原数组拷贝到新数组
         self.__nums = self.__nums + [0] * self.capacity() * (self.__extend_ratio - 1)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_i_compact.py b/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_i_compact.py
index 44bd6741f..f2d7177e9 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_i_compact.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_i_compact.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
 from modules import *
 
 
-def pre_order(root: TreeNode) -> None:
+def pre_order(root: TreeNode):
     """前序遍历：例题一"""
     if root is None:
         return
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_ii_compact.py b/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_ii_compact.py
index c0350e427..27bf00bab 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_ii_compact.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_ii_compact.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
 from modules import *
 
 
-def pre_order(root: TreeNode) -> None:
+def pre_order(root: TreeNode):
     """前序遍历：例题二"""
     if root is None:
         return
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_iii_compact.py b/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_iii_compact.py
index 566f63a25..4ee4d77c6 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_iii_compact.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_iii_compact.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
 from modules import *
 
 
-def pre_order(root: TreeNode) -> None:
+def pre_order(root: TreeNode):
     """前序遍历：例题三"""
     # 剪枝
     if root is None or root.val == 3:
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.py b/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.py
index dab15cf97..fd148b5d8 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def function() -> int:
     return 0
 
 
-def constant(n: int) -> None:
+def constant(n: int):
     """常数阶"""
     # 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
     a = 0
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def constant(n: int) -> None:
         function()
 
 
-def linear(n: int) -> None:
+def linear(n: int):
     """线性阶"""
     # 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
     nums = [0] * n
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def linear(n: int) -> None:
         mapp[i] = str(i)
 
 
-def linear_recur(n: int) -> None:
+def linear_recur(n: int):
     """线性阶（递归实现）"""
     print("递归 n =", n)
     if n == 1:
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def linear_recur(n: int) -> None:
     linear_recur(n - 1)
 
 
-def quadratic(n: int) -> None:
+def quadratic(n: int):
     """平方阶"""
     # 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
     num_matrix = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.py b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.py
index 1172b4625..a82191a8d 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from modules import *
 class GraphAdjList:
     """基于邻接表实现的无向图类"""
 
-    def __init__(self, edges: list[list[Vertex]]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, edges: list[list[Vertex]]):
         """构造方法"""
         # 邻接表，key: 顶点，value：该顶点的所有邻接顶点
         self.adj_list = dict[Vertex, Vertex]()
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class GraphAdjList:
         """获取顶点数量"""
         return len(self.adj_list)
 
-    def add_edge(self, vet1: Vertex, vet2: Vertex) -> None:
+    def add_edge(self, vet1: Vertex, vet2: Vertex):
         """添加边"""
         if vet1 not in self.adj_list or vet2 not in self.adj_list or vet1 == vet2:
             raise ValueError()
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class GraphAdjList:
         self.adj_list[vet1].append(vet2)
         self.adj_list[vet2].append(vet1)
 
-    def remove_edge(self, vet1: Vertex, vet2: Vertex) -> None:
+    def remove_edge(self, vet1: Vertex, vet2: Vertex):
         """删除边"""
         if vet1 not in self.adj_list or vet2 not in self.adj_list or vet1 == vet2:
             raise ValueError()
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ class GraphAdjList:
         self.adj_list[vet1].remove(vet2)
         self.adj_list[vet2].remove(vet1)
 
-    def add_vertex(self, vet: Vertex) -> None:
+    def add_vertex(self, vet: Vertex):
         """添加顶点"""
         if vet in self.adj_list:
             return
         # 在邻接表中添加一个新链表
         self.adj_list[vet] = []
 
-    def remove_vertex(self, vet: Vertex) -> None:
+    def remove_vertex(self, vet: Vertex):
         """删除顶点"""
         if vet not in self.adj_list:
             raise ValueError()
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class GraphAdjList:
             if vet in self.adj_list[vertex]:
                 self.adj_list[vertex].remove(vet)
 
-    def print(self) -> None:
+    def print(self):
         """打印邻接表"""
         print("邻接表 =")
         for vertex in self.adj_list:
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py
index 099a2a58f..a91ae21ff 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class GraphAdjMat:
     # 邻接矩阵，行列索引对应“顶点索引”
     adj_mat: list[list[int]] = []
 
-    def __init__(self, vertices: list[int], edges: list[list[int]]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, vertices: list[int], edges: list[list[int]]):
         """构造方法"""
         self.vertices: list[int] = []
         self.adj_mat: list[list[int]] = []
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class GraphAdjMat:
         """获取顶点数量"""
         return len(self.vertices)
 
-    def add_vertex(self, val: int) -> None:
+    def add_vertex(self, val: int):
         """添加顶点"""
         n = self.size()
         # 向顶点列表中添加新顶点的值
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class GraphAdjMat:
         for row in self.adj_mat:
             row.append(0)
 
-    def remove_vertex(self, index: int) -> None:
+    def remove_vertex(self, index: int):
         """删除顶点"""
         if index >= self.size():
             raise IndexError()
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class GraphAdjMat:
         for row in self.adj_mat:
             row.pop(index)
 
-    def add_edge(self, i: int, j: int) -> None:
+    def add_edge(self, i: int, j: int):
         """添加边"""
         # 参数 i, j 对应 vertices 元素索引
         # 索引越界与相等处理
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class GraphAdjMat:
         self.adj_mat[i][j] = 1
         self.adj_mat[j][i] = 1
 
-    def remove_edge(self, i: int, j: int) -> None:
+    def remove_edge(self, i: int, j: int):
         """删除边"""
         # 参数 i, j 对应 vertices 元素索引
         # 索引越界与相等处理
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class GraphAdjMat:
         self.adj_mat[i][j] = 0
         self.adj_mat[j][i] = 0
 
-    def print(self) -> None:
+    def print(self):
         """打印邻接矩阵"""
         print("顶点列表 =", self.vertices)
         print("邻接矩阵 =")
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_hashing/hash_map_open_addressing.py b/codes/python/chapter_hashing/hash_map_open_addressing.py
index 940eab622..7dbc6015c 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_hashing/hash_map_open_addressing.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_hashing/hash_map_open_addressing.py
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class HashMapOpenAddressing:
             if pair not in [None, self.removed]:
                 self.put(pair.key, pair.val)
 
-    def print(self) -> None:
+    def print(self):
         """打印哈希表"""
         for pair in self.buckets:
             if pair is not None:
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_heap/heap.py b/codes/python/chapter_heap/heap.py
index 27ab40292..22a3362eb 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_heap/heap.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_heap/heap.py
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ from modules import *
 import heapq
 
 
-def test_push(heap: list, val: int, flag: int = 1) -> None:
+def test_push(heap: list, val: int, flag: int = 1):
     heapq.heappush(heap, flag * val)  # 元素入堆
     print(f"\n元素 {val} 入堆后")
     print_heap([flag * val for val in heap])
 
 
-def test_pop(heap: list, flag: int = 1) -> None:
+def test_pop(heap: list, flag: int = 1):
     val = flag * heapq.heappop(heap)  # 堆顶元素出堆
     print(f"\n堆顶元素 {val} 出堆后")
     print_heap([flag * val for val in heap])
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.py
index 68062e071..c0406e0d2 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
 """
 
 
-def bubble_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None:
+def bubble_sort(nums: list[int]):
     """冒泡排序"""
     n = len(nums)
     # 外循环：未排序区间为 [0, i]
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def bubble_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None:
                 nums[j], nums[j + 1] = nums[j + 1], nums[j]
 
 
-def bubble_sort_with_flag(nums: list[int]) -> None:
+def bubble_sort_with_flag(nums: list[int]):
     """冒泡排序（标志优化）"""
     n = len(nums)
     # 外循环：未排序区间为 [0, i]
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bucket_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bucket_sort.py
index 93f014325..764a123bc 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bucket_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/bucket_sort.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 """
 
 
-def bucket_sort(nums: list[float]) -> None:
+def bucket_sort(nums: list[float]):
     """桶排序"""
     # 初始化 k = n/2 个桶，预期向每个桶分配 2 个元素
     k = len(nums) // 2
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/counting_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/counting_sort.py
index d370cf56f..8f249ac44 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/counting_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/counting_sort.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 """
 
 
-def counting_sort_naive(nums: list[int]) -> None:
+def counting_sort_naive(nums: list[int]):
     """计数排序"""
     # 简单实现，无法用于排序对象
     # 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def counting_sort_naive(nums: list[int]) -> None:
             i += 1
 
 
-def counting_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None:
+def counting_sort(nums: list[int]):
     """计数排序"""
     # 完整实现，可排序对象，并且是稳定排序
     # 1. 统计数组最大元素 m
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.py
index d6c375405..975dbfea9 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
 """
 
 
-def insertion_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None:
+def insertion_sort(nums: list[int]):
     """插入排序"""
     # 外循环：已排序区间为 [0, i-1]
     for i in range(1, len(nums)):
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.py
index 88b325f77..968cae21c 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
 """
 
 
-def merge(nums: list[int], left: int, mid: int, right: int) -> None:
+def merge(nums: list[int], left: int, mid: int, right: int):
     """合并左子数组和右子数组"""
     # 左子数组区间 [left, mid]
     # 右子数组区间 [mid + 1, right]
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def merge(nums: list[int], left: int, mid: int, right: int) -> None:
             j += 1
 
 
-def merge_sort(nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> None:
+def merge_sort(nums: list[int], left: int, right: int):
     """归并排序"""
     # 终止条件
     if left >= right:
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.py
index ec36db72a..925723629 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class QuickSort:
         nums[i], nums[left] = nums[left], nums[i]
         return i  # 返回基准数的索引
 
-    def quick_sort(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> None:
+    def quick_sort(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int):
         """快速排序"""
         # 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
         if left >= right:
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class QuickSortMedian:
         nums[i], nums[left] = nums[left], nums[i]
         return i  # 返回基准数的索引
 
-    def quick_sort(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> None:
+    def quick_sort(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int):
         """快速排序"""
         # 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
         if left >= right:
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class QuickSortTailCall:
         nums[i], nums[left] = nums[left], nums[i]
         return i  # 返回基准数的索引
 
-    def quick_sort(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int) -> None:
+    def quick_sort(self, nums: list[int], left: int, right: int):
         """快速排序（尾递归优化）"""
         # 子数组长度为 1 时终止
         while left < right:
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/radix_sort.py b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/radix_sort.py
index 945a335e9..a3b534c10 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_sorting/radix_sort.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_sorting/radix_sort.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ def digit(num: int, exp: int) -> int:
     return (num // exp) % 10
 
 
-def counting_sort_digit(nums: list[int], exp: int) -> None:
+def counting_sort_digit(nums: list[int], exp: int):
     """计数排序（根据 nums 第 k 位排序）"""
     # 十进制的位范围为 0~9 ，因此需要长度为 10 的桶
     counter = [0] * 10
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def counting_sort_digit(nums: list[int], exp: int) -> None:
         nums[i] = res[i]
 
 
-def radix_sort(nums: list[int]) -> None:
+def radix_sort(nums: list[int]):
     """基数排序"""
     # 获取数组的最大元素，用于判断最大位数
     m = max(nums)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.py
index 6891250e4..3a50bb235 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 class ArrayDeque:
     """基于环形数组实现的双向队列"""
 
-    def __init__(self, capacity: int) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, capacity: int):
         """构造方法"""
         self.__nums: list[int] = [0] * capacity
         self.__front: int = 0
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class ArrayDeque:
         # 当 i 越过数组头部后，回到尾部
         return (i + self.capacity()) % self.capacity()
 
-    def push_first(self, num: int) -> None:
+    def push_first(self, num: int):
         """队首入队"""
         if self.__size == self.capacity():
             print("双向队列已满")
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class ArrayDeque:
         self.__nums[self.__front] = num
         self.__size += 1
 
-    def push_last(self, num: int) -> None:
+    def push_last(self, num: int):
         """队尾入队"""
         if self.__size == self.capacity():
             print("双向队列已满")
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.py
index fa7f11bd0..28e9e6f4b 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
 class ArrayQueue:
     """基于环形数组实现的队列"""
 
-    def __init__(self, size: int) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, size: int):
         """构造方法"""
         self.__nums: list[int] = [0] * size  # 用于存储队列元素的数组
         self.__front: int = 0  # 队首指针，指向队首元素
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class ArrayQueue:
         """判断队列是否为空"""
         return self.__size == 0
 
-    def push(self, num: int) -> None:
+    def push(self, num: int):
         """入队"""
         if self.__size == self.capacity():
             raise IndexError("队列已满")
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.py
index cc259f733..172a2b634 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
 class ArrayStack:
     """基于数组实现的栈"""
 
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
+    def __init__(self):
         """构造方法"""
         self.__stack: list[int] = []
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ArrayStack:
         """判断栈是否为空"""
         return self.__stack == []
 
-    def push(self, item: int) -> None:
+    def push(self, item: int):
         """入栈"""
         self.__stack.append(item)
 
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.py
index e340dc9c0..e8d1bfa09 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
 class ListNode:
     """双向链表节点"""
 
-    def __init__(self, val: int) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, val: int):
         """构造方法"""
         self.val: int = val
         self.next: ListNode | None = None  # 后继节点引用（指针）
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class ListNode:
 class LinkedListDeque:
     """基于双向链表实现的双向队列"""
 
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
+    def __init__(self):
         """构造方法"""
         self.front: ListNode | None = None  # 头节点 front
         self.rear: ListNode | None = None  # 尾节点 rear
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class LinkedListDeque:
         """判断双向队列是否为空"""
         return self.size() == 0
 
-    def push(self, num: int, is_front: bool) -> None:
+    def push(self, num: int, is_front: bool):
         """入队操作"""
         node = ListNode(num)
         # 若链表为空，则令 front, rear 都指向 node
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ class LinkedListDeque:
             self.rear = node  # 更新尾节点
         self.__size += 1  # 更新队列长度
 
-    def push_first(self, num: int) -> None:
+    def push_first(self, num: int):
         """队首入队"""
         self.push(num, True)
 
-    def push_last(self, num: int) -> None:
+    def push_last(self, num: int):
         """队尾入队"""
         self.push(num, False)
 
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.py
index 7050c9bf3..269d03c15 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class LinkedListQueue:
         """判断队列是否为空"""
         return not self.__front
 
-    def push(self, num: int) -> None:
+    def push(self, num: int):
         """入队"""
         # 尾节点后添加 num
         node = ListNode(num)
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.py b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.py
index c193b182e..e7f1ba46e 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class LinkedListStack:
         """判断栈是否为空"""
         return not self.__peek
 
-    def push(self, val: int) -> None:
+    def push(self, val: int):
         """入栈"""
         node = ListNode(val)
         node.next = self.__peek
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py b/codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py
index 27def6274..cbbe14dd5 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_tree/avl_tree.py
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class AVLTree:
         # 平衡树，无需旋转，直接返回
         return node
 
-    def insert(self, val) -> None:
+    def insert(self, val):
         """插入节点"""
         self.root = self.__insert_helper(self.root, val)
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class AVLTree:
         # 2. 执行旋转操作，使该子树重新恢复平衡
         return self.__rotate(node)
 
-    def remove(self, val: int) -> None:
+    def remove(self, val: int):
         """删除节点"""
         self.root = self.__remove_helper(self.root, val)
 
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.py b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.py
index d34496af8..c773d7003 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from modules import *
 class BinarySearchTree:
     """二叉搜索树"""
 
-    def __init__(self, nums: list[int]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, nums: list[int]):
         """构造方法"""
         nums.sort()
         self.root = self.build_tree(nums, 0, len(nums) - 1)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class BinarySearchTree:
                 break
         return cur
 
-    def insert(self, num: int) -> None:
+    def insert(self, num: int):
         """插入节点"""
         # 若树为空，直接提前返回
         if self.root is None:
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class BinarySearchTree:
         else:
             pre.left = node
 
-    def remove(self, num: int) -> None:
+    def remove(self, num: int):
         """删除节点"""
         # 若树为空，直接提前返回
         if self.root is None:
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.py b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.py
index fb77d5dba..3bcef854b 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
 from modules import *
 
 
-def pre_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
+def pre_order(root: TreeNode | None):
     """前序遍历"""
     if root is None:
         return
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def pre_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
     pre_order(root=root.right)
 
 
-def in_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
+def in_order(root: TreeNode | None):
     """中序遍历"""
     if root is None:
         return
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def in_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
     in_order(root=root.right)
 
 
-def post_order(root: TreeNode | None) -> None:
+def post_order(root: TreeNode | None):
     """后序遍历"""
     if root is None:
         return
diff --git a/codes/python/modules/print_util.py b/codes/python/modules/print_util.py
index a75c55850..e4faa75d1 100644
--- a/codes/python/modules/print_util.py
+++ b/codes/python/modules/print_util.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from .tree_node import TreeNode, list_to_tree
 from .list_node import ListNode, linked_list_to_list
 
 
-def print_matrix(mat: list[list[int]]) -> None:
+def print_matrix(mat: list[list[int]]):
     """Print a matrix"""
     s = []
     for arr in mat:
@@ -16,19 +16,19 @@ def print_matrix(mat: list[list[int]]) -> None:
     print("[\n" + ",\n".join(s) + "\n]")
 
 
-def print_linked_list(head: ListNode | None) -> None:
+def print_linked_list(head: ListNode | None):
     """Print a linked list"""
     arr: list[int] = linked_list_to_list(head)
     print(" -> ".join([str(a) for a in arr]))
 
 
 class Trunk:
-    def __init__(self, prev, string: str | None = None) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, prev, string: str | None = None):
         self.prev = prev
         self.str = string
 
 
-def show_trunks(p: Trunk | None) -> None:
+def show_trunks(p: Trunk | None):
     if p is None:
         return
     show_trunks(p.prev)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def show_trunks(p: Trunk | None) -> None:
 
 def print_tree(
     root: TreeNode | None, prev: Trunk | None = None, is_left: bool = False
-) -> None:
+):
     """
     Print a binary tree
     This tree printer is borrowed from TECHIE DELIGHT
@@ -67,13 +67,13 @@ def print_tree(
     print_tree(root.left, trunk, False)
 
 
-def print_dict(mapp: dict) -> None:
+def print_dict(mapp: dict):
     """Print a dict"""
     for key, value in mapp.items():
         print(key, "->", value)
 
 
-def print_heap(heap: list[int]) -> None:
+def print_heap(heap: list[int]):
     """Print a heap both in array and tree representations"""
     print("堆的数组表示：", heap)
     print("堆的树状表示：")
diff --git a/codes/python/modules/vertex.py b/codes/python/modules/vertex.py
index b8a0bef58..012115d56 100644
--- a/codes/python/modules/vertex.py
+++ b/codes/python/modules/vertex.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 class Vertex:
     """顶点类"""
 
-    def __init__(self, val: int) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, val: int):
         self.val = val
 
 
diff --git a/docs/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.md b/docs/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.md
index a82dbae7f..fae47b095 100755
--- a/docs/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.md
+++ b/docs/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.md
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
 === "Python"
 
     ```python title=""
-    def algorithm(n: int) -> None:
+    def algorithm(n: int):
         a = 0               # O(1)
         b = [0] * 10000     # O(1)
         if n > 10:
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@
         # do something
         return 0
 
-    def loop(n: int) -> None:
+    def loop(n: int):
         """循环 O(1)"""
         for _ in range(n):
             function()
diff --git a/docs/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.md b/docs/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.md
index 8cffd92fd..122587bc9 100755
--- a/docs/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.md
+++ b/docs/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.md
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ $$
 
     ```python title=""
     # 在某运行平台下
-    def algorithm(n: int) -> None:
+    def algorithm(n: int):
         a = 2      # 1 ns
         a = a + 1  # 1 ns
         a = a * 2  # 10 ns
@@ -226,14 +226,14 @@ $$
 
     ```python title=""
     # 算法 A 时间复杂度：常数阶
-    def algorithm_A(n: int) -> None:
+    def algorithm_A(n: int):
         print(0)
     # 算法 B 时间复杂度：线性阶
-    def algorithm_B(n: int) -> None:
+    def algorithm_B(n: int):
         for _ in range(n):
             print(0)
     # 算法 C 时间复杂度：常数阶
-    def algorithm_C(n: int) -> None:
+    def algorithm_C(n: int):
         for _ in range(1000000):
             print(0)
     ```
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ $$
 === "Python"
 
     ```python title=""
-    def algorithm(n: int) -> None:
+    def algorithm(n: int):
         a = 1      # +1
         a = a + 1  # +1
         a = a * 2  # +1
@@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ $$
 === "Python"
 
     ```python title=""
-    def algorithm(n: int) -> None:
+    def algorithm(n: int):
         a = 1      # +0（技巧 1）
         a = a + n  # +0（技巧 1）
         # +n（技巧 2）