feat: Add Ruby code - chapter "Searching" (#1262)

* create RUBY searching files & finish two_sum.rb

* finish linear_search.rb

* finish hashing_search.rb

* finish binary_search.rb

* finish binary_search_insertion.rb

* finish binary_search_edge.rb

* fix: change 'or' to '||'

* fix: Adjust the code style(ruby searching)

* fix: repair file name

* fix: Adjust the output format

* fix: fix 0...nums.length & delete useless require & change into __FILE__==0 block
pull/1274/head
bluebean-cloud 7 months ago committed by GitHub
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=begin
File: binary_search.rb
Created Time: 2024-04-09
Author: Blue Bean (lonnnnnnner@gmail.com)
=end
### 二分查找(双闭区间) ###
def binary_search(nums, target)
# 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1] ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素
i, j = 0, nums.length - 1
# 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i > j 时为空)
while i <= j
# 理论上 Ruby 的数字可以无限大(取决于内存大小),无须考虑大数越界问题
m = (i + j) / 2 # 计算中点索引 m
if nums[m] < target
i = m + 1 # 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j] 中
elsif nums[m] > target
j = m - 1 # 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m-1] 中
else
return m # 找到目标元素,返回其索引
end
end
-1 # 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
end
### 二分查找(左闭右开区间) ###
def binary_search_lcro(nums, target)
# 初始化左闭右开区间 [0, n) ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素+1
i, j = 0, nums.length
# 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i = j 时为空)
while i < j
# 计算中点索引 m
m = (i + j) / 2
if nums[m] < target
i = m + 1 # 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j) 中
elsif nums[m] > target
j = m - 1 # 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m) 中
else
return m # 找到目标元素,返回其索引
end
end
-1 # 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
end
### Driver Code ###
if __FILE__ == $0
target = 6
nums = [1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 23, 26, 31, 35]
# 二分查找(双闭区间)
index = binary_search(nums, target)
puts "目标元素 6 的索引 = #{index}"
# 二分查找(左闭右开区间)
index = binary_search_lcro(nums, target)
puts "目标元素 6 的索引 = #{index}"
end

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=begin
File: binary_search_edge.rb
Created Time: 2024-04-09
Author: Blue Bean (lonnnnnnner@gmail.com)
=end
require_relative './binary_search_insertion'
### 二分查找最左一个 target ###
def binary_search_left_edge(nums, target)
# 等价于查找 target 的插入点
i = binary_search_insertion(nums, target)
# 未找到 target ,返回 -1
return -1 if i == nums.length || nums[i] != target
i # 找到 target ,返回索引 i
end
### 二分查找最右一个 target ###
def binary_search_right_edge(nums, target)
# 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
i = binary_search_insertion(nums, target + 1)
# j 指向最右一个 target i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
j = i - 1
# 未找到 target ,返回 -1
return -1 if j == -1 || nums[j] != target
j # 找到 target ,返回索引 j
end
### Driver Code ###
if __FILE__ == $0
# 包含重复元素的数组
nums = [1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 10, 12, 15]
puts "\n数组 nums = #{nums}"
# 二分查找左边界和右边界
for target in [6, 7]
index = binary_search_left_edge(nums, target)
puts "最左一个元素 #{target} 的索引为 #{index}"
index = binary_search_right_edge(nums, target)
puts "最右一个元素 #{target} 的索引为 #{index}"
end
end

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=begin
File: binary_search_insertion.rb
Created Time: 2024-04-09
Author: Blue Bean (lonnnnnnner@gmail.com)
=end
### 二分查找插入点(无重复元素) ###
def binary_search_insertion_simple(nums, target)
# 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1]
i, j = 0, nums.length - 1
while i <= j
# 计算中点索引 m
m = (i + j) / 2
if nums[m] < target
i = m + 1 # target 在区间 [m+1, j] 中
elsif nums[m] > target
j = m - 1 # target 在区间 [i, m-1] 中
else
return m # 找到 target ,返回插入点 m
end
end
i # 未找到 target ,返回插入点 i
end
### 二分查找插入点(存在重复元素) ###
def binary_search_insertion(nums, target)
# 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1]
i, j = 0, nums.length - 1
while i <= j
# 计算中点索引 m
m = (i + j) / 2
if nums[m] < target
i = m + 1 # target 在区间 [m+1, j] 中
elsif nums[m] > target
j = m - 1 # target 在区间 [i, m-1] 中
else
j = m - 1 # 首个小于 target 的元素在区间 [i, m-1] 中
end
end
i # 返回插入点 i
end
### Driver Code ###
if __FILE__ == $0
# 无重复元素的数组
nums = [1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 23, 26, 31, 35]
puts "\n数组 nums = #{nums}"
# 二分查找插入点
for target in [6, 9]
index = binary_search_insertion_simple(nums, target)
puts "元素 #{target} 的插入点的索引为 #{index}"
end
# 包含重复元素的数组
nums = [1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 10, 12, 15]
puts "\n数组 nums = #{nums}"
# 二分查找插入点
for target in [2, 6, 20]
index = binary_search_insertion(nums, target)
puts "元素 #{target} 的插入点的索引为 #{index}"
end
end

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=begin
File: hashing_search.rb
Created Time: 2024-04-09
Author: Blue Bean (lonnnnnnner@gmail.com)
=end
require_relative '../utils/list_node'
### 哈希查找(数组) ###
def hashing_search_array(hmap, target)
# 哈希表的 key: 目标元素value: 索引
# 若哈希表中无此 key ,返回 -1
hmap[target] || -1
end
### 哈希查找(链表) ###
def hashing_search_linkedlist(hmap, target)
# 哈希表的 key: 目标元素value: 节点对象
# 若哈希表中无此 key ,返回 None
hmap[target] || nil
end
### Driver Code ###
if __FILE__ == $0
target = 3
# 哈希查找(数组)
nums = [1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8]
# 初始化哈希表
map0 = {}
for i in 0...nums.length
map0[nums[i]] = i # key: 元素value: 索引
end
index = hashing_search_array(map0, target)
puts "目标元素 3 的索引 = #{index}"
# 哈希查找(链表)
head = arr_to_linked_list(nums)
# 初始化哈希表
map1 = {}
while head
map1[head.val] = head
head = head.next
end
node = hashing_search_linkedlist(map1, target)
puts "目标节点值 3 的对应节点对象为 #{node}"
end

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=begin
File: linear_search.rb
Created Time: 2024-04-09
Author: Blue Bean (lonnnnnnner@gmail.com)
=end
require_relative '../utils/list_node'
### 线性查找(数组) ###
def linear_search_array(nums, target)
# 遍历数组
for i in 0...nums.length
return i if nums[i] == target # 找到目标元素,返回其索引
end
-1 # 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
end
### 线性查找(链表) ###
def linear_search_linkedlist(head, target)
# 遍历链表
while head
return head if head.val == target # 找到目标节点,返回之
head = head.next
end
nil # 未找到目标节点,返回 None
end
### Driver Code ###
if __FILE__ == $0
target = 3
# 在数组中执行线性查找
nums = [1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8]
index = linear_search_array(nums, target)
puts "目标元素 3 的索引 = #{index}"
# 在链表中执行线性查找
head = arr_to_linked_list(nums)
node = linear_search_linkedlist(head, target)
puts "目标节点值 3 的对应节点对象为 #{node}"
end

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=begin
File: two_sum.rb
Created Time: 2024-04-09
Author: Blue Bean (lonnnnnnner@gmail.com)
=end
### 方法一:暴力枚举 ###
def two_sum_brute_force(nums, target)
# 两层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n^2)
for i in 0...(nums.length - 1)
for j in (i + 1)...nums.length
return [i, j] if nums[i] + nums[j] == target
end
end
[]
end
### 方法二:辅助哈希表 ###
def two_sum_hash_table(nums, target)
# 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度为 O(n)
dic = {}
# 单层循环,时间复杂度为 O(n)
for i in 0...nums.length
return [dic[target - nums[i]], i] if dic.has_key?(target - nums[i])
dic[nums[i]] = i
end
[]
end
### Driver Code ###
if __FILE__ == $0
# ======= Test Case =======
nums = [2, 7, 11, 15]
target = 13
# ====== Driver Code ======
# 方法一
res = two_sum_brute_force(nums, target)
puts "方法一 res = #{res}"
# 方法二
res = two_sum_hash_table(nums, target)
puts "方法二 res = #{res}"
end
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