diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.java b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.java index a1ca10173..481fa7b98 100644 --- a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.java +++ b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.java @@ -7,19 +7,13 @@ package chapter_graph; import java.util.*; - -/* 顶点类 */ -class Vertex { - int val; - public Vertex(int val) { - this.val = val; - } -} +import include.*; /* 基于邻接表实现的无向图类 */ class GraphAdjList { - // 请注意,vertices 和 adjList 中存储的都是 Vertex 对象 - Map> adjList; // 邻接表(使用哈希表实现) + // 邻接表,使用哈希表来代替链表,以提升删除边、删除顶点的效率 + // 请注意,adjList 中的元素是 Vertex 对象 + Map> adjList; /* 构造方法 */ public GraphAdjList(Vertex[][] edges) { @@ -59,26 +53,26 @@ class GraphAdjList { public void addVertex(Vertex vet) { if (adjList.containsKey(vet)) return; - // 在邻接表中添加一个新链表(即 HashSet) - adjList.put(vet, new HashSet<>()); + // 在邻接表中添加一个新链表 + adjList.put(vet, new ArrayList<>()); } /* 删除顶点 */ public void removeVertex(Vertex vet) { if (!adjList.containsKey(vet)) throw new IllegalArgumentException(); - // 在邻接表中删除顶点 vet 对应的链表(即 HashSet) + // 在邻接表中删除顶点 vet 对应的链表 adjList.remove(vet); - // 遍历其它顶点的链表(即 HashSet),删除所有包含 vet 的边 - for (Set set : adjList.values()) { - set.remove(vet); + // 遍历其它顶点的链表,删除所有包含 vet 的边 + for (List list : adjList.values()) { + list.remove(vet); } } /* 打印邻接表 */ public void print() { System.out.println("邻接表 ="); - for (Map.Entry> entry : adjList.entrySet()) { + for (Map.Entry> entry : adjList.entrySet()) { List tmp = new ArrayList<>(); for (Vertex vertex : entry.getValue()) tmp.add(vertex.val); @@ -90,25 +84,21 @@ class GraphAdjList { public class graph_adjacency_list { public static void main(String[] args) { /* 初始化无向图 */ - Vertex v0 = new Vertex(1), - v1 = new Vertex(3), - v2 = new Vertex(2), - v3 = new Vertex(5), - v4 = new Vertex(4); - Vertex[][] edges = { { v0, v1 }, { v1, v2 }, { v2, v3 }, { v0, v3 }, { v2, v4 }, { v3, v4 } }; + Vertex[] v = Vertex.valsToVets(new int[] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 }); + Vertex[][] edges = { { v[0], v[1] }, { v[0], v[3] }, { v[1], v[2] }, { v[2], v[3] }, { v[2], v[4] }, { v[3], v[4] } }; GraphAdjList graph = new GraphAdjList(edges); System.out.println("\n初始化后,图为"); graph.print(); /* 添加边 */ - // 顶点 1, 2 即 v0, v2 - graph.addEdge(v0, v2); + // 顶点 1, 2 即 v[0], v[2] + graph.addEdge(v[0], v[2]); System.out.println("\n添加边 1-2 后,图为"); graph.print(); /* 删除边 */ - // 顶点 1, 3 即 v0, v1 - graph.removeEdge(v0, v1); + // 顶点 1, 3 即 v[0], v[1] + graph.removeEdge(v[0], v[1]); System.out.println("\n删除边 1-3 后,图为"); graph.print(); @@ -119,8 +109,8 @@ public class graph_adjacency_list { graph.print(); /* 删除顶点 */ - // 顶点 3 即 v1 - graph.removeVertex(v1); + // 顶点 3 即 v[1] + graph.removeVertex(v[1]); System.out.println("\n删除顶点 3 后,图为"); graph.print(); } diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.java b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.java index 5c7edb15c..bf054ca97 100644 --- a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.java +++ b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.java @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ public class graph_adjacency_matrix { /* 初始化无向图 */ // 请注意,edges 元素代表顶点索引,即对应 vertices 元素索引 int[] vertices = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 }; - int[][] edges = { { 0, 1 }, { 1, 2 }, { 2, 3 }, { 0, 3 }, { 2, 4 }, { 3, 4 } }; + int[][] edges = { { 0, 1 }, { 0, 3 }, { 1, 2 }, { 2, 3 }, { 2, 4 }, { 3, 4 } }; GraphAdjMat graph = new GraphAdjMat(vertices, edges); System.out.println("\n初始化后,图为"); graph.print(); diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.java b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.java new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45c481d46 --- /dev/null +++ b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.java @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/** + * File: graph_bfs.java + * Created Time: 2023-02-12 + * Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com) + */ + +package chapter_graph; + +import java.util.*; +import include.*; + +public class graph_bfs { + /* 广度优先遍历 BFS */ + // 使用邻接表来表示图,以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点 + static List graphBFS(GraphAdjList graph, Vertex startVet) { + // 顶点遍历序列 + List res = new ArrayList<>(); + // 哈希表,用于记录已被访问过的顶点 + Set visited = new HashSet<>() {{ add(startVet); }}; + // 队列用于实现 BFS + Queue que = new LinkedList<>() {{ offer(startVet); }}; + // 以顶点 vet 为起点,循环直至访问完所有顶点 + while (!que.isEmpty()) { + Vertex vet = que.poll(); // 队首顶点出队 + res.add(vet); // 记录访问顶点 + // 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点 + for (Vertex adjVet : graph.adjList.get(vet)) { + if (visited.contains(adjVet)) + continue; // 跳过已被访问过的顶点 + que.offer(adjVet); // 只入队未访问的顶点 + visited.add(adjVet); // 标记该顶点已被访问 + } + } + // 返回顶点遍历序列 + return res; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + /* 初始化无向图 */ + Vertex[] v = Vertex.valsToVets(new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }); + Vertex[][] edges = { { v[0], v[1] }, { v[0], v[3] }, { v[1], v[2] }, { v[1], v[4] }, + { v[2], v[5] }, { v[3], v[4] }, { v[3], v[6] }, { v[4], v[5] }, + { v[4], v[7] }, { v[5], v[8] }, { v[6], v[7] }, { v[7], v[8] } }; + GraphAdjList graph = new GraphAdjList(edges); + System.out.println("\n初始化后,图为"); + graph.print(); + + /* 广度优先遍历 BFS */ + List res = graphBFS(graph, v[0]); + System.out.println("\n广度优先遍历(BFS)顶点序列为"); + System.out.println(Vertex.vetsToVals(res)); + } +} diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.java b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.java new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c542f423 --- /dev/null +++ b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.java @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/** + * File: graph_dfs.java + * Created Time: 2023-02-12 + * Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com) + */ + +package chapter_graph; + +import java.util.*; +import include.*; + +public class graph_dfs { + /* 深度优先遍历 DFS 辅助函数 */ + static void dfs(GraphAdjList graph, Set visited, List res, Vertex vet) { + res.add(vet); // 记录访问顶点 + visited.add(vet); // 标记该顶点已被访问 + // 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点 + for (Vertex adjVet : graph.adjList.get(vet)) { + if (visited.contains(adjVet)) + continue; // 跳过已被访问过的顶点 + // 递归访问邻接顶点 + dfs(graph, visited, res, adjVet); + } + } + + /* 深度优先遍历 DFS */ + // 使用邻接表来表示图,以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点 + static List graphDFS(GraphAdjList graph, Vertex startVet) { + // 顶点遍历序列 + List res = new ArrayList<>(); + // 哈希表,用于记录已被访问过的顶点 + Set visited = new HashSet<>(); + dfs(graph, visited, res, startVet); + return res; + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + /* 初始化无向图 */ + Vertex[] v = Vertex.valsToVets(new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }); + Vertex[][] edges = { { v[0], v[1] }, { v[0], v[3] }, { v[1], v[2] }, + { v[2], v[5] }, { v[4], v[5] }, { v[5], v[6] } }; + GraphAdjList graph = new GraphAdjList(edges); + System.out.println("\n初始化后,图为"); + graph.print(); + + /* 深度优先遍历 BFS */ + List res = graphDFS(graph, v[0]); + System.out.println("\n深度优先遍历(DFS)顶点序列为"); + System.out.println(Vertex.vetsToVals(res)); + } +} diff --git a/docs/chapter_graph/graph.md b/docs/chapter_graph/graph.md index 5f8d861e5..1de9f230d 100644 --- a/docs/chapter_graph/graph.md +++ b/docs/chapter_graph/graph.md @@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ $$ 根据边是否有方向,分为「无向图 Undirected Graph」和「有向图 Directed Graph」。 -- 在无向图中,边表示两结点之间“双向”的连接关系,例如微信或 QQ 中的“好友关系”; +- 在无向图中,边表示两顶点之间“双向”的连接关系,例如微信或 QQ 中的“好友关系”; - 在有向图中,边是有方向的,即 $A \rightarrow B$ 和 $A \leftarrow B$ 两个方向的边是相互独立的,例如微博或抖音上的“关注”与“被关注”关系; ![directed_graph](graph.assets/directed_graph.png) 根据所有顶点是否连通,分为「连通图 Connected Graph」和「非连通图 Disconnected Graph」。 -- 对于连通图,从某个结点出发,可以到达其余任意结点; -- 对于非连通图,从某个结点出发,至少有一个结点无法到达; +- 对于连通图,从某个顶点出发,可以到达其余任意顶点; +- 对于非连通图,从某个顶点出发,至少有一个顶点无法到达; ![connected_graph](graph.assets/connected_graph.png) @@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ $$ 设图的顶点数量为 $n$ ,「邻接矩阵 Adjacency Matrix」使用一个 $n \times n$ 大小的矩阵来表示图,每一行(列)代表一个顶点,矩阵元素代表边,使用 $1$ 或 $0$ 来表示两个顶点之间有边或无边。 +如下图所示,记邻接矩阵为 $M$ 、顶点列表为 $V$ ,则矩阵元素 $M[i][j] = 1$ 代表着顶点 $V[i]$ 到顶点 $V[j]$ 之间有边,相反地 $M[i][j] = 0$ 代表两顶点之间无边。 + ![adjacency_matrix](graph.assets/adjacency_matrix.png) 邻接矩阵具有以下性质: diff --git a/docs/chapter_graph/graph_operations.md b/docs/chapter_graph/graph_operations.md index a9f0c5c02..69e1df191 100644 --- a/docs/chapter_graph/graph_operations.md +++ b/docs/chapter_graph/graph_operations.md @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ comments: true === "Zig" ```zig title="graph_adjacency_matrix.zig" - + ``` ## 9.2.2. 基于邻接表的实现 @@ -119,11 +119,17 @@ comments: true 基于邻接表实现图的代码如下所示。 +!!! question "为什么需要使用顶点类 `Vertex` ?" + + 如果我们直接通过顶点值来区分不同顶点,那么值重复的顶点将无法被区分。 + 如果建立一个顶点列表,用索引来区分不同顶点,那么假设我们想要删除索引为 `i` 的顶点,则需要遍历整个邻接表,将其中 $> i$ 的索引全部执行 $-1$ ,这样的操作是比较耗时的。 + 因此,通过引入顶点类 `Vertex` ,每个顶点都是唯一的对象,这样在删除操作时就无需改动其余顶点了。 + === "Java" ```java title="graph_adjacency_list.java" [class]{Vertex}-[func]{} - + [class]{GraphAdjList}-[func]{} ``` @@ -131,7 +137,7 @@ comments: true ```cpp title="graph_adjacency_list.cpp" [class]{Vertex}-[func]{} - + [class]{GraphAdjList}-[func]{} ``` @@ -139,7 +145,7 @@ comments: true ```python title="graph_adjacency_list.py" [class]{Vertex}-[func]{} - + [class]{GraphAdjList}-[func]{} ``` @@ -147,7 +153,7 @@ comments: true ```go title="graph_adjacency_list.go" [class]{vertex}-[func]{} - + [class]{graphAdjList}-[func]{} ``` @@ -155,7 +161,7 @@ comments: true ```javascript title="graph_adjacency_list.js" [class]{Vertex}-[func]{} - + [class]{GraphAdjList}-[func]{} ``` @@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ comments: true ```typescript title="graph_adjacency_list.ts" [class]{Vertex}-[func]{} - + [class]{GraphAdjList}-[func]{} ``` @@ -171,7 +177,7 @@ comments: true ```c title="graph_adjacency_list.c" [class]{vertex}-[func]{} - + [class]{graphAdjList}-[func]{} ``` @@ -179,7 +185,7 @@ comments: true ```csharp title="graph_adjacency_list.cs" [class]{Vertex}-[func]{} - + [class]{GraphAdjList}-[func]{} ``` @@ -187,7 +193,7 @@ comments: true ```swift title="graph_adjacency_list.swift" [class]{Vertex}-[func]{} - + [class]{GraphAdjList}-[func]{} ``` @@ -195,7 +201,7 @@ comments: true ```zig title="graph_adjacency_list.zig" [class]{Vertex}-[func]{} - + [class]{GraphAdjList}-[func]{} ``` diff --git a/docs/chapter_graph/graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs.png b/docs/chapter_graph/graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da53cbaad Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/chapter_graph/graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs.png 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Breadth-First Traversal」和「深度优先遍历 Depth-First Travsersal」,简称分别为 BFS 和 DFS 。 +!!! note "图与树的关系" -!!! tip 「树」与「图」的关系 + 树代表的是“一对多”的关系,而图则自由度更高,可以代表任意“多对多”关系。本质上,**可以把树看作是图的一类特例**。那么显然,树遍历操作也是图遍历操作的一个特例,两者的方法是非常类似的,建议你在学习本章节的过程中将两者融会贯通。 - 本质上,可以把树看作是图的一种特例,即树是一种限制条件下的图。 +「图」与「树」都是非线性数据结构,都需要使用「搜索算法」来实现遍历操作。 + +类似地,图的遍历方式也分为两种,即「广度优先遍历 Breadth-First Traversal」和「深度优先遍历 Depth-First Travsersal」,也称「广度优先搜索 Breadth-First Search」和「深度优先搜索 Depth-First Search」,简称为 BFS 和 DFS 。 ## 广度优先遍历 -广度优先遍历(BFS)代表一种优先遍历最近的顶点、一层层向外扩张的遍历方式。具体来看,从某个顶点出发,则优先遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点,随后遍历下个顶点的所有邻接顶点,以此类推…… +**广度优先遍历优是一种由近及远的遍历方式,从距离最近的顶点开始访问,并一层层向外扩张**。具体地,从某个顶点出发,先遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点,随后遍历下个顶点的所有邻接顶点,以此类推…… + +![graph_bfs](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs.png) + +### 算法实现 + +BFS 常借助「队列」来实现。队列具有“先入先出”的性质,这与 BFS “由近及远”的思想是异曲同工的。 + +1. 将遍历起始顶点 `startVet` 加入队列,并开启循环; +2. 在循环的每轮迭代中,弹出队首顶点弹出并记录访问,并将该顶点的所有邻接顶点加入到队列尾部; +3. 循环 `2.` ,直到所有顶点访问完成后结束。 + +为了防止重复遍历顶点,我们需要借助一个哈希表 `visited` 来记录哪些结点已被访问。 + +=== "Java" + + ```java title="graph_bfs.java" + [class]{graph_bfs}-[func]{graphBFS} + ``` + +=== "C++" + + ```cpp title="graph_bfs.cpp" + + ``` + +=== "Python" + + ```python title="graph_bfs.py" + + ``` + +=== "Go" + + ```go title="graph_bfs.go" + + ``` + +=== "JavaScript" + + ```javascript title="graph_bfs.js" + + ``` + +=== "TypeScript" + + ```typescript title="graph_bfs.ts" + + ``` + +=== "C" + + ```c title="graph_bfs.c" -(图) + ``` -BFS 常借助「队列」来实现,队列具有“先入先出”的性质,这与 BFS 的“由近及远”的遍历方式是异曲同工的。具体地,在每轮迭代中弹出队首顶点且访问之,并将该顶点的所有邻接顶点加入到队列尾部,直到所有顶点访问完成即可。 +=== "C#" -为了防止重复遍历顶点,我们需要借助一个 HashSet 来记录哪些结点已被访问,从而避免走“回头路”。 + ```csharp title="graph_bfs.cs" -```java + ``` -``` +=== "Swift" + ```swift title="graph_bfs.swift" + ``` + +=== "Zig" + + ```zig title="graph_bfs.zig" + + ``` + +代码相对抽象,建议对照以下动画图示来加深理解。 + +=== "Step 1" + ![graph_bfs_step1](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step1.png) + +=== "Step 2" + ![graph_bfs_step2](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step2.png) + +=== "Step 3" + ![graph_bfs_step3](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step3.png) + +=== "Step 4" + ![graph_bfs_step4](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step4.png) + +=== "Step 5" + ![graph_bfs_step5](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step5.png) + +=== "Step 6" + ![graph_bfs_step6](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step6.png) + +=== "Step 7" + ![graph_bfs_step7](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step7.png) + +=== "Step 8" + ![graph_bfs_step8](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step8.png) + +=== "Step 9" + ![graph_bfs_step9](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step9.png) + +=== "Step 10" + ![graph_bfs_step10](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step10.png) + +=== "Step 11" + ![graph_bfs_step11](graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step11.png) + +!!! question "广度优先遍历的序列是否唯一?" + + 不唯一。广度优先遍历只要求“由近及远”,而相同距离的多个顶点的遍历顺序允许任意被打乱。以上图为例,顶点 $1$ , $3$ 的访问顺序可以交换、顶点 $2$ , $4$ , $6$ 的访问顺序也可以任意交换、以此类推…… + +### 复杂度分析 + +**时间复杂度:** 所有顶点都会入队、出队一次,使用 $O(|V|)$ 时间;在遍历邻接顶点的过程中,由于是无向图,因此所有边都会被访问 $2$ 次,使用 $O(2|E|)$ 时间;总体使用 $O(|V| + |E|)$ 时间。 + +**空间复杂度:** 列表 `res` ,哈希表 `visited` ,队列 `que` 中的顶点数量最多为 $|V|$ ,使用 $O(|V|)$ 空间。 ## 深度优先遍历 -深度优先遍历(DFS)代表一种优先走到底,无路可走再回头的遍历方式。从某个顶点出发,首先不断地通过指针向下一个顶点遍历,直到走到头开始回溯,再继续走到底 + 回溯,以此类推…… \ No newline at end of file +**深度优先遍历是一种优先走到底、无路可走再回头的遍历方式**。具体地,从某个顶点出发,不断地访问当前结点的某个邻接顶点,直到走到尽头时回溯,再继续走到底 + 回溯,以此类推……直至所有顶点遍历完成时结束。 + +![graph_dfs](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs.png) + +### 算法实现 + +这种“走到头 + 回溯”的算法形式一般基于递归来实现。与 BFS 类似,在 DFS 中我们也需要借助一个哈希表 `visited` 来记录已被访问的顶点,以避免重复访问顶点。 + +=== "Java" + + ```java title="graph_dfs.java" + [class]{graph_dfs}-[func]{dfs} + + [class]{graph_dfs}-[func]{graphDFS} + ``` + +=== "C++" + + ```cpp title="graph_dfs.cpp" + + ``` + +=== "Python" + + ```python title="graph_dfs.py" + + ``` + +=== "Go" + + ```go title="graph_dfs.go" + + ``` + +=== "JavaScript" + + ```javascript title="graph_dfs.js" + + ``` + +=== "TypeScript" + + ```typescript title="graph_dfs.ts" + + ``` + +=== "C" + + ```c title="graph_dfs.c" + + ``` + +=== "C#" + + ```csharp title="graph_dfs.cs" + + ``` + +=== "Swift" + + ```swift title="graph_dfs.swift" + + ``` + +=== "Zig" + + ```zig title="graph_dfs.zig" + + ``` + +深度优先遍历的算法流程如下图所示,其中 + +- **直虚线代表向下递推**,代表开启了一个新的递归方法来访问新顶点; +- **曲虚线代表向上回溯**,代表此递归方法已经返回,回溯到了开启此递归方法的位置; + +为了加深理解,请你将图示与代码结合起来,在脑中(或者用笔画下来)模拟整个 DFS 过程,包括每个递归方法何时开启、何时返回。 + +=== "Step 1" + ![graph_dfs_step1](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step1.png) + +=== "Step 2" + ![graph_dfs_step2](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step2.png) + +=== "Step 3" + ![graph_dfs_step3](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step3.png) + +=== "Step 4" + ![graph_dfs_step4](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step4.png) + +=== "Step 5" + ![graph_dfs_step5](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step5.png) + +=== "Step 6" + ![graph_dfs_step6](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step6.png) + +=== "Step 7" + ![graph_dfs_step7](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step7.png) + +=== "Step 8" + ![graph_dfs_step8](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step8.png) + +=== "Step 9" + ![graph_dfs_step9](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step9.png) + +=== "Step 10" + ![graph_dfs_step10](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step10.png) + +=== "Step 11" + ![graph_dfs_step11](graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step11.png) + +!!! question "深度优先遍历的序列是否唯一?" + + 与广度优先遍历类似,深度优先遍历序列的顺序也不是唯一的。给定某顶点,先往哪个方向探索都行,都是深度优先遍历。 + + 以树的遍历为例,“根 $\rightarrow$ 左 $\rightarrow$ 右”、“左 $\rightarrow$ 根 $\rightarrow$ 右”、“左 $\rightarrow$ 右 $\rightarrow$ 根”分别对应前序、中序、后序遍历,体现三种不同的遍历优先级,而三者都属于深度优先遍历。 + +### 复杂度分析 + +**时间复杂度:** 所有顶点都被访问一次;所有边都被访问了 $2$ 次,使用 $O(2|E|)$ 时间;总体使用 $O(|V| + |E|)$ 时间。 + +**空间复杂度:** 列表 `res` ,哈希表 `visited` 顶点数量最多为 $|V|$ ,递归深度最大为 $|V|$ ,因此使用 $O(|V|)$ 空间。