diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index e2548c5da..5839793c3 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -13,3 +13,6 @@ docs/overrides/
 build/
 site/
 utils/
+
+# test script
+test.sh
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.java b/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.java
index d3cb176c6..ff3043e2e 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array.java
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ public class array {
     /* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
     static int randomAccess(int[] nums) {
         // 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
-        int randomIndex = ThreadLocalRandom.current().
-                          nextInt(0, nums.length);
+        int randomIndex = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(0, nums.length);
         // 获取并返回随机元素
         int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
         return randomNum;
@@ -79,15 +78,15 @@ public class array {
         System.out.println("数组 arr = " + Arrays.toString(arr));
         int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
         System.out.println("数组 nums = " + Arrays.toString(nums));
-        
+
         /* 随机访问 */
         int randomNum = randomAccess(nums);
         System.out.println("在 nums 中获取随机元素 " + randomNum);
-        
+
         /* 长度扩展 */
         nums = extend(nums, 3);
         System.out.println("将数组长度扩展至 8 ，得到 nums = " + Arrays.toString(nums));
-        
+
         /* 插入元素 */
         insert(nums, 6, 3);
         System.out.println("在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ，得到 nums = " + Arrays.toString(nums));
@@ -95,10 +94,10 @@ public class array {
         /* 删除元素 */
         remove(nums, 2);
         System.out.println("删除索引 2 处的元素，得到 nums = " + Arrays.toString(nums));
-        
+
         /* 遍历数组 */
         traverse(nums);
-        
+
         /* 查找元素 */
         int index = find(nums, 3);
         System.out.println("在 nums 中查找元素 3 ，得到索引 = " + index);
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.java b/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.java
index 758445907..8ec57e28e 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list.java
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public class linked_list {
     /* Driver Code */
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         /* 初始化链表 */
-        // 初始化各个节点 
+        // 初始化各个节点
         ListNode n0 = new ListNode(1);
         ListNode n1 = new ListNode(3);
         ListNode n2 = new ListNode(2);
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.java b/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.java
index 15fe63c37..79ac4eb63 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/my_list.java
@@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ import java.util.*;
 
 /* 列表类简易实现 */
 class MyList {
-    private int[] nums;           // 数组（存储列表元素）
-    private int capacity = 10;    // 列表容量
-    private int size = 0;         // 列表长度（即当前元素数量）
-    private int extendRatio = 2;  // 每次列表扩容的倍数
+    private int[] nums; // 数组（存储列表元素）
+    private int capacity = 10; // 列表容量
+    private int size = 0; // 列表长度（即当前元素数量）
+    private int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
 
     /* 构造方法 */
     public MyList() {
         nums = new int[capacity];
     }
 
-    /* 获取列表长度（即当前元素数量）*/
+    /* 获取列表长度（即当前元素数量） */
     public int size() {
         return size;
     }
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public class my_list {
         list.add(5);
         list.add(4);
         System.out.println("列表 list = " + Arrays.toString(list.toArray()) +
-                           " ，容量 = " + list.capacity() + " ，长度 = " + list.size());
+                " ，容量 = " + list.capacity() + " ，长度 = " + list.size());
 
         /* 中间插入元素 */
         list.insert(3, 6);
@@ -142,6 +142,6 @@ public class my_list {
             list.add(i);
         }
         System.out.println("扩容后的列表 list = " + Arrays.toString(list.toArray()) +
-                           " ，容量 = " + list.capacity() + " ，长度 = " + list.size());
+                " ，容量 = " + list.capacity() + " ，长度 = " + list.size());
     }
 }
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.java b/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.java
index bf76868a1..6b9784759 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/leetcode_two_sum.java
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ package chapter_computational_complexity;
 
 import java.util.*;
 
-
 public class leetcode_two_sum {
     /* 方法一：暴力枚举 */
     static int[] twoSumBruteForce(int[] nums, int target) {
@@ -40,9 +39,9 @@ public class leetcode_two_sum {
 
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         // ======= Test Case =======
-        int[] nums = { 2,7,11,15 };
+        int[] nums = { 2, 7, 11, 15 };
         int target = 9;
-        
+
         // ====== Driver Code ======
         // 方法一
         int[] res = twoSumBruteForce(nums, target);
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.java b/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.java
index 497d302aa..0ccf7711f 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity.java
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ public class space_complexity {
         // do something
         return 0;
     }
-    
+
     /* 常数阶 */
     static void constant(int n) {
         // 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ public class space_complexity {
     /* 线性阶（递归实现） */
     static void linearRecur(int n) {
         System.out.println("递归 n = " + n);
-        if (n == 1) return;
+        if (n == 1)
+            return;
         linearRecur(n - 1);
     }
 
@@ -73,7 +74,8 @@ public class space_complexity {
 
     /* 平方阶（递归实现） */
     static int quadraticRecur(int n) {
-        if (n <= 0) return 0;
+        if (n <= 0)
+            return 0;
         // 数组 nums 长度为 n, n-1, ..., 2, 1
         int[] nums = new int[n];
         System.out.println("递归 n = " + n + " 中的 nums 长度 = " + nums.length);
@@ -82,7 +84,8 @@ public class space_complexity {
 
     /* 指数阶（建立满二叉树） */
     static TreeNode buildTree(int n) {
-        if (n == 0) return null;
+        if (n == 0)
+            return null;
         TreeNode root = new TreeNode(0);
         root.left = buildTree(n - 1);
         root.right = buildTree(n - 1);
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.java b/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.java
index 5a232e5b8..ff3303db2 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity.java
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ public class time_complexity {
             count++;
         return count;
     }
-    
+
     /* 线性阶（遍历数组） */
     static int arrayTraversal(int[] nums) {
         int count = 0;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ public class time_complexity {
 
     /* 平方阶（冒泡排序） */
     static int bubbleSort(int[] nums) {
-        int count = 0;  // 计数器
+        int count = 0; // 计数器
         // 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
         for (int i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
             // 内循环：冒泡操作
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public class time_complexity {
                     int tmp = nums[j];
                     nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
                     nums[j + 1] = tmp;
-                    count += 3;  // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
+                    count += 3; // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -81,7 +81,8 @@ public class time_complexity {
 
     /* 指数阶（递归实现） */
     static int expRecur(int n) {
-        if (n == 1) return 1;
+        if (n == 1)
+            return 1;
         return expRecur(n - 1) + expRecur(n - 1) + 1;
     }
 
@@ -97,15 +98,17 @@ public class time_complexity {
 
     /* 对数阶（递归实现） */
     static int logRecur(float n) {
-        if (n <= 1) return 0;
+        if (n <= 1)
+            return 0;
         return logRecur(n / 2) + 1;
     }
 
     /* 线性对数阶 */
     static int linearLogRecur(float n) {
-        if (n <= 1) return 1;
-        int count = linearLogRecur(n / 2) + 
-                    linearLogRecur(n / 2);
+        if (n <= 1)
+            return 1;
+        int count = linearLogRecur(n / 2) +
+                linearLogRecur(n / 2);
         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
             count++;
         }
@@ -114,7 +117,8 @@ public class time_complexity {
 
     /* 阶乘阶（递归实现） */
     static int factorialRecur(int n) {
-        if (n == 0) return 1;
+        if (n == 0)
+            return 1;
         int count = 0;
         // 从 1 个分裂出 n 个
         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
@@ -141,7 +145,7 @@ public class time_complexity {
         System.out.println("平方阶的计算操作数量 = " + count);
         int[] nums = new int[n];
         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
-            nums[i] = n - i;  // [n,n-1,...,2,1]
+            nums[i] = n - i; // [n,n-1,...,2,1]
         count = bubbleSort(nums);
         System.out.println("平方阶（冒泡排序）的计算操作数量 = " + count);
 
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.java b/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.java
index 5b6649046..ebd13807d 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_computational_complexity/worst_best_time_complexity.java
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public class worst_best_time_complexity {
         }
         return -1;
     }
-    
+
     /* Driver Code */
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.java b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.java
index 0ae2bdc44..a9afd70ba 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_list.java
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public class graph_adjacency_list {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         /* 初始化无向图 */
         Vertex[] v = Vertex.valsToVets(new int[] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 });
-        Vertex[][] edges = { { v[0], v[1] }, { v[0], v[3] }, { v[1], v[2] }, 
+        Vertex[][] edges = { { v[0], v[1] }, { v[0], v[3] }, { v[1], v[2] },
                              { v[2], v[3] }, { v[2], v[4] }, { v[3], v[4] } };
         GraphAdjList graph = new GraphAdjList(edges);
         System.out.println("\n初始化后，图为");
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.java b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.java
index bf054ca97..071574cac 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.java
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import java.util.*;
 
 /* 基于邻接矩阵实现的无向图类 */
 class GraphAdjMat {
-    List<Integer> vertices;     // 顶点列表，元素代表“顶点值”，索引代表“顶点索引”
+    List<Integer> vertices; // 顶点列表，元素代表“顶点值”，索引代表“顶点索引”
     List<List<Integer>> adjMat; // 邻接矩阵，行列索引对应“顶点索引”
 
     /* 构造方法 */
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.java b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.java
index 45c481d46..bc58ae12a 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_bfs.java
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public class graph_bfs {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         /* 初始化无向图 */
         Vertex[] v = Vertex.valsToVets(new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 });
-        Vertex[][] edges = { { v[0], v[1] }, { v[0], v[3] }, { v[1], v[2] }, { v[1], v[4] }, 
+        Vertex[][] edges = { { v[0], v[1] }, { v[0], v[3] }, { v[1], v[2] }, { v[1], v[4] },
                              { v[2], v[5] }, { v[3], v[4] }, { v[3], v[6] }, { v[4], v[5] },
                              { v[4], v[7] }, { v[5], v[8] }, { v[6], v[7] }, { v[7], v[8] } };
         GraphAdjList graph = new GraphAdjList(edges);
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.java b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.java
index 1b6dfbe19..8182fbe70 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_graph/graph_dfs.java
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public class graph_dfs {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         /* 初始化无向图 */
         Vertex[] v = Vertex.valsToVets(new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 });
-        Vertex[][] edges = { { v[0], v[1] }, { v[0], v[3] }, { v[1], v[2] }, 
+        Vertex[][] edges = { { v[0], v[1] }, { v[0], v[3] }, { v[1], v[2] },
                              { v[2], v[5] }, { v[4], v[5] }, { v[5], v[6] } };
         GraphAdjList graph = new GraphAdjList(edges);
         System.out.println("\n初始化后，图为");
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.java b/codes/java/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.java
index b1ae7d6a1..0965dc4ef 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_hashing/array_hash_map.java
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import java.util.*;
 class Entry {
     public int key;
     public String val;
+
     public Entry(int key, String val) {
         this.key = key;
         this.val = val;
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ class Entry {
 /* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
 class ArrayHashMap {
     private List<Entry> buckets;
+
     public ArrayHashMap() {
         // 初始化数组，包含 100 个桶
         buckets = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -39,7 +41,8 @@ class ArrayHashMap {
     public String get(int key) {
         int index = hashFunc(key);
         Entry pair = buckets.get(index);
-        if (pair == null) return null;
+        if (pair == null)
+            return null;
         return pair.val;
     }
 
@@ -89,13 +92,12 @@ class ArrayHashMap {
 
     /* 打印哈希表 */
     public void print() {
-        for (Entry kv: entrySet()) {
+        for (Entry kv : entrySet()) {
             System.out.println(kv.key + " -> " + kv.val);
         }
     }
 }
 
-
 public class array_hash_map {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         /* 初始化哈希表 */
@@ -103,9 +105,9 @@ public class array_hash_map {
 
         /* 添加操作 */
         // 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
-        map.put(12836, "小哈");   
-        map.put(15937, "小啰");   
-        map.put(16750, "小算");   
+        map.put(12836, "小哈");
+        map.put(15937, "小啰");
+        map.put(16750, "小算");
         map.put(13276, "小法");
         map.put(10583, "小鸭");
         System.out.println("\n添加完成后，哈希表为\nKey -> Value");
@@ -124,15 +126,15 @@ public class array_hash_map {
 
         /* 遍历哈希表 */
         System.out.println("\n遍历键值对 Key->Value");
-        for (Entry kv: map.entrySet()) {
+        for (Entry kv : map.entrySet()) {
             System.out.println(kv.key + " -> " + kv.val);
         }
         System.out.println("\n单独遍历键 Key");
-        for (int key: map.keySet()) {
+        for (int key : map.keySet()) {
             System.out.println(key);
         }
         System.out.println("\n单独遍历值 Value");
-        for (String val: map.valueSet()) {
+        for (String val : map.valueSet()) {
             System.out.println(val);
         }
     }
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_hashing/hash_map.java b/codes/java/chapter_hashing/hash_map.java
index 47f4823bf..0dd400b32 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_hashing/hash_map.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_hashing/hash_map.java
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ public class hash_map {
 
         /* 添加操作 */
         // 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
-        map.put(12836, "小哈");   
-        map.put(15937, "小啰");   
-        map.put(16750, "小算");   
+        map.put(12836, "小哈");
+        map.put(15937, "小啰");
+        map.put(16750, "小算");
         map.put(13276, "小法");
         map.put(10583, "小鸭");
         System.out.println("\n添加完成后，哈希表为\nKey -> Value");
@@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ public class hash_map {
 
         /* 遍历哈希表 */
         System.out.println("\n遍历键值对 Key->Value");
-        for (Map.Entry <Integer, String> kv: map.entrySet()) {
+        for (Map.Entry<Integer, String> kv : map.entrySet()) {
             System.out.println(kv.getKey() + " -> " + kv.getValue());
         }
         System.out.println("\n单独遍历键 Key");
-        for (int key: map.keySet()) {
+        for (int key : map.keySet()) {
             System.out.println(key);
         }
         System.out.println("\n单独遍历值 Value");
-        for (String val: map.values()) {
+        for (String val : map.values()) {
             System.out.println(val);
         }
     }
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_heap/heap.java b/codes/java/chapter_heap/heap.java
index c29550004..13b7ab647 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_heap/heap.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_heap/heap.java
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ package chapter_heap;
 import include.*;
 import java.util.*;
 
-
 public class heap {
     public static void testPush(Queue<Integer> heap, int val) {
         heap.offer(val); // 元素入堆
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_heap/my_heap.java b/codes/java/chapter_heap/my_heap.java
index 746d28d7d..83cde00bf 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_heap/my_heap.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_heap/my_heap.java
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ class MaxHeap {
 
     /* 交换元素 */
     private void swap(int i, int j) {
-        int a = maxHeap.get(i), 
-            b = maxHeap.get(j),
-            tmp = a;
+        int a = maxHeap.get(i);
+        int b = maxHeap.get(j);
+        int tmp = a;
         maxHeap.set(i, b);
         maxHeap.set(j, tmp);
     }
@@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ class MaxHeap {
             if (r < size() && maxHeap.get(r) > maxHeap.get(ma))
                 ma = r;
             // 若节点 i 最大或索引 l, r 越界，则无需继续堆化，跳出
-            if (ma == i) break;
+            if (ma == i)
+                break;
             // 交换两节点
             swap(i, ma);
             // 循环向下堆化
@@ -127,7 +128,6 @@ class MaxHeap {
     }
 }
 
-
 public class my_heap {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         /* 初始化大顶堆 */
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_searching/binary_search.java b/codes/java/chapter_searching/binary_search.java
index 05c2a4d32..491b47757 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_searching/binary_search.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_searching/binary_search.java
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ public class binary_search {
         // 未找到目标元素，返回 -1
         return -1;
     }
-    
+
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         int target = 6;
         int[] nums = { 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 23, 67, 70, 92 };
-        
+
         /* 二分查找（双闭区间） */
         int index = binarySearch(nums, target);
         System.out.println("目标元素 6 的索引 = " + index);
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_searching/hashing_search.java b/codes/java/chapter_searching/hashing_search.java
index 78f40fac2..0ba50db14 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_searching/hashing_search.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_searching/hashing_search.java
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public class hashing_search {
         // 初始化哈希表
         Map<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
         for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
-            map.put(nums[i], i);  // key: 元素，value: 索引
+            map.put(nums[i], i); // key: 元素，value: 索引
         }
         int index = hashingSearchArray(map, target);
         System.out.println("目标元素 3 的索引 = " + index);
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public class hashing_search {
         // 初始化哈希表
         Map<Integer, ListNode> map1 = new HashMap<>();
         while (head != null) {
-            map1.put(head.val, head);  // key: 节点值，value: 节点
+            map1.put(head.val, head); // key: 节点值，value: 节点
             head = head.next;
         }
         ListNode node = hashingSearchLinkedList(map1, target);
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.java b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.java
index b480bc71c..3eb2c5b7f 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/bubble_sort.java
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ public class bubble_sort {
         }
     }
 
-    /* 冒泡排序（标志优化）*/
+    /* 冒泡排序（标志优化） */
     static void bubbleSortWithFlag(int[] nums) {
         // 外循环：待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
         for (int i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
@@ -37,10 +37,11 @@ public class bubble_sort {
                     int tmp = nums[j];
                     nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
                     nums[j + 1] = tmp;
-                    flag = true;  // 记录交换元素
+                    flag = true; // 记录交换元素
                 }
             }
-            if (!flag) break;     // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素，直接跳出
+            if (!flag)
+                break; // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素，直接跳出
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/counting_sort.java b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/counting_sort.java
index 2742442b5..afdbeb8cc 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/counting_sort.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/counting_sort.java
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public class counting_sort {
         int[] nums = { 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 0, 2, 2, 4 };
         countingSortNaive(nums);
         System.out.println("计数排序（无法排序对象）完成后 nums = " + Arrays.toString(nums));
-        
+
         int[] nums1 = { 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 0, 2, 2, 4 };
         countingSort(nums1);
         System.out.println("计数排序完成后 nums1 = " + Arrays.toString(nums1));
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.java b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.java
index fb5b2cd66..e79610fac 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/insertion_sort.java
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ public class insertion_sort {
             int base = nums[i], j = i - 1;
             // 内循环：将 base 插入到左边的正确位置
             while (j >= 0 && nums[j] > base) {
-                nums[j + 1] = nums[j];  // 1. 将 nums[j] 向右移动一位
+                nums[j + 1] = nums[j]; // 1. 将 nums[j] 向右移动一位
                 j--;
             }
-            nums[j + 1] = base;         // 2. 将 base 赋值到正确位置
+            nums[j + 1] = base;        // 2. 将 base 赋值到正确位置
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.java b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.java
index 6b4a2fc71..936435db2 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/merge_sort.java
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ public class merge_sort {
     // 右子数组区间 [mid + 1, right]
     static void merge(int[] nums, int left, int mid, int right) {
         // 初始化辅助数组
-        int[] tmp = Arrays.copyOfRange(nums, left, right + 1);   
-        // 左子数组的起始索引和结束索引  
+        int[] tmp = Arrays.copyOfRange(nums, left, right + 1);
+        // 左子数组的起始索引和结束索引
         int leftStart = left - left, leftEnd = mid - left;
-        // 右子数组的起始索引和结束索引       
+        // 右子数组的起始索引和结束索引
         int rightStart = mid + 1 - left, rightEnd = right - left;
         // i, j 分别指向左子数组、右子数组的首元素
-        int i = leftStart, j = rightStart;                
+        int i = leftStart, j = rightStart;
         // 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
         for (int k = left; k <= right; k++) {
             // 若“左子数组已全部合并完”，则选取右子数组元素，并且 j++
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ public class merge_sort {
     /* 归并排序 */
     static void mergeSort(int[] nums, int left, int right) {
         // 终止条件
-        if (left >= right) return;       // 当子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
+        if (left >= right)
+            return;                      // 当子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
         // 划分阶段
         int mid = (left + right) / 2;    // 计算中点
         mergeSort(nums, left, mid);      // 递归左子数组
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.java b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.java
index 1fdf96a9e..2bc1634fd 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/quick_sort.java
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class QuickSortTailCall {
             swap(nums, i, j); // 交换这两个元素
         }
         swap(nums, i, left);  // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
-        return i; // 返回基准数的索引
+        return i;             // 返回基准数的索引
     }
 
     /* 快速排序（尾递归优化） */
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ class QuickSortTailCall {
             int pivot = partition(nums, left, right);
             // 对两个子数组中较短的那个执行快排
             if (pivot - left < right - pivot) {
-                quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1);  // 递归排序左子数组
-                left = pivot + 1;  // 剩余待排序区间为 [pivot + 1, right]
+                quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1); // 递归排序左子数组
+                left = pivot + 1; // 剩余待排序区间为 [pivot + 1, right]
             } else {
                 quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right); // 递归排序右子数组
                 right = pivot - 1; // 剩余待排序区间为 [left, pivot - 1]
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/radix_sort.java b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/radix_sort.java
index 2690b127b..843ffc18a 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_sorting/radix_sort.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_sorting/radix_sort.java
@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ public class radix_sort {
         // 获取数组的最大元素，用于判断最大位数
         int m = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
         for (int num : nums)
-            if (num > m) m = num;
+            if (num > m)
+                m = num;
         // 按照从低位到高位的顺序遍历
         for (int exp = 1; exp <= m; exp *= 10)
             // 对数组元素的第 k 位执行计数排序
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ public class radix_sort {
 
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         // 基数排序
-        int[] nums = { 10546151, 35663510, 42865989, 34862445, 81883077, 
+        int[] nums = { 10546151, 35663510, 42865989, 34862445, 81883077,
                        88906420, 72429244, 30524779, 82060337, 63832996 };
         radixSort(nums);
         System.out.println("基数排序完成后 nums = " + Arrays.toString(nums));
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.java b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.java
index 1c3aa4dec..af8bced22 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_deque.java
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import java.util.*;
 
 /* 基于环形数组实现的双向队列 */
 class ArrayDeque {
-    private int[] nums;  // 用于存储双向队列元素的数组
-    private int front;   // 队首指针，指向队首元素
+    private int[] nums; // 用于存储双向队列元素的数组
+    private int front; // 队首指针，指向队首元素
     private int queSize; // 双向队列长度
 
     /* 构造方法 */
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.java b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.java
index c7dd46b1d..254973362 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_queue.java
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import java.util.*;
 
 /* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
 class ArrayQueue {
-    private int[] nums;  // 用于存储队列元素的数组
-    private int front;   // 队首指针，指向队首元素
+    private int[] nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
+    private int front; // 队首指针，指向队首元素
     private int queSize; // 队列长度
 
     public ArrayQueue(int capacity) {
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.java b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.java
index e32b16404..07557b3ea 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/array_stack.java
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import java.util.*;
 /* 基于数组实现的栈 */
 class ArrayStack {
     private ArrayList<Integer> stack;
+
     public ArrayStack() {
         // 初始化列表（动态数组）
         stack = new ArrayList<>();
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.java b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.java
index a9504474c..11ad3117d 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_deque.java
@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ import java.util.*;
 
 /* 双向链表节点 */
 class ListNode {
-    int val;       // 节点值
+    int val; // 节点值
     ListNode next; // 后继节点引用（指针）
     ListNode prev; // 前驱节点引用（指针）
+
     ListNode(int val) {
         this.val = val;
         prev = next = null;
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class ListNode {
 /* 基于双向链表实现的双向队列 */
 class LinkedListDeque {
     private ListNode front, rear; // 头节点 front ，尾节点 rear
-    private int queSize = 0;      // 双向队列的长度
+    private int queSize = 0; // 双向队列的长度
 
     public LinkedListDeque() {
         front = rear = null;
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ class LinkedListDeque {
             // 将 node 添加至链表尾部
             rear.next = node;
             node.prev = rear;
-            rear = node;  // 更新尾节点
+            rear = node; // 更新尾节点
         }
         queSize++; // 更新队列长度
     }
@@ -85,17 +86,17 @@ class LinkedListDeque {
                 fNext.prev = null;
                 front.next = null;
             }
-            front = fNext;   // 更新头节点
+            front = fNext; // 更新头节点
         // 队尾出队操作
         } else {
-            val = rear.val;  // 暂存尾节点值
+            val = rear.val; // 暂存尾节点值
             // 删除尾节点
             ListNode rPrev = rear.prev;
             if (rPrev != null) {
                 rPrev.next = null;
                 rear.prev = null;
             }
-            rear = rPrev;    // 更新尾节点
+            rear = rPrev; // 更新尾节点
         }
         queSize--; // 更新队列长度
         return val;
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.java b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.java
index 93176dbbb..5b0ee8438 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_queue.java
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import java.util.*;
 
 /* 基于链表实现的队列 */
 class LinkedListQueue {
-    private ListNode front, rear;  // 头节点 front ，尾节点 rear 
+    private ListNode front, rear; // 头节点 front ，尾节点 rear
     private int queSize = 0;
 
     public LinkedListQueue() {
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.java b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.java
index 3f8988175..1022fb328 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_stack_and_queue/linkedlist_stack.java
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import include.*;
 
 /* 基于链表实现的栈 */
 class LinkedListStack {
-    private ListNode stackPeek;  // 将头节点作为栈顶
-    private int stkSize = 0;   // 栈的长度
-    
+    private ListNode stackPeek; // 将头节点作为栈顶
+    private int stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
+
     public LinkedListStack() {
         stackPeek = null;
     }
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_tree/avl_tree.java b/codes/java/chapter_tree/avl_tree.java
index 8deb787cc..70a5340b3 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_tree/avl_tree.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_tree/avl_tree.java
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ class AVLTree {
     /* 获取平衡因子 */
     public int balanceFactor(TreeNode node) {
         // 空节点平衡因子为 0
-        if (node == null) return 0;
+        if (node == null)
+            return 0;
         // 节点平衡因子 = 左子树高度 - 右子树高度
         return height(node.left) - height(node.right);
     }
@@ -98,15 +99,16 @@ class AVLTree {
 
     /* 递归插入节点（辅助方法） */
     private TreeNode insertHelper(TreeNode node, int val) {
-        if (node == null) return new TreeNode(val);
+        if (node == null)
+            return new TreeNode(val);
         /* 1. 查找插入位置，并插入节点 */
         if (val < node.val)
             node.left = insertHelper(node.left, val);
         else if (val > node.val)
             node.right = insertHelper(node.right, val);
         else
-            return node;     // 重复节点不插入，直接返回
-        updateHeight(node);  // 更新节点高度
+            return node; // 重复节点不插入，直接返回
+        updateHeight(node); // 更新节点高度
         /* 2. 执行旋转操作，使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
         node = rotate(node);
         // 返回子树的根节点
@@ -121,7 +123,8 @@ class AVLTree {
 
     /* 递归删除节点（辅助方法） */
     private TreeNode removeHelper(TreeNode node, int val) {
-        if (node == null) return null;
+        if (node == null)
+            return null;
         /* 1. 查找节点，并删除之 */
         if (val < node.val)
             node.left = removeHelper(node.left, val);
@@ -143,7 +146,7 @@ class AVLTree {
                 node.val = temp.val;
             }
         }
-        updateHeight(node);  // 更新节点高度
+        updateHeight(node); // 更新节点高度
         /* 2. 执行旋转操作，使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
         node = rotate(node);
         // 返回子树的根节点
@@ -152,7 +155,8 @@ class AVLTree {
 
     /* 获取中序遍历中的下一个节点（仅适用于 root 有左子节点的情况） */
     private TreeNode getInOrderNext(TreeNode node) {
-        if (node == null) return node;
+        if (node == null)
+            return node;
         // 循环访问左子节点，直到叶节点时为最小节点，跳出
         while (node.left != null) {
             node = node.left;
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.java b/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.java
index 0d6436f10..0f81d4099 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_search_tree.java
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
 
     public BinarySearchTree(int[] nums) {
         Arrays.sort(nums); // 排序数组
-        root = buildTree(nums, 0, nums.length - 1);  // 构建二叉搜索树
+        root = buildTree(nums, 0, nums.length - 1); // 构建二叉搜索树
     }
 
     /* 获取二叉树根节点 */
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
 
     /* 构建二叉搜索树 */
     public TreeNode buildTree(int[] nums, int i, int j) {
-        if (i > j) return null;
+        if (i > j)
+            return null;
         // 将数组中间节点作为根节点
         int mid = (i + j) / 2;
         TreeNode root = new TreeNode(nums[mid]);
@@ -41,11 +42,14 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
         // 循环查找，越过叶节点后跳出
         while (cur != null) {
             // 目标节点在 cur 的右子树中
-            if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
+            if (cur.val < num)
+                cur = cur.right;
             // 目标节点在 cur 的左子树中
-            else if (cur.val > num) cur = cur.left;
+            else if (cur.val > num)
+                cur = cur.left;
             // 找到目标节点，跳出循环
-            else break;
+            else
+                break;
         }
         // 返回目标节点
         return cur;
@@ -54,49 +58,62 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
     /* 插入节点 */
     public TreeNode insert(int num) {
         // 若树为空，直接提前返回
-        if (root == null) return null;
+        if (root == null)
+            return null;
         TreeNode cur = root, pre = null;
         // 循环查找，越过叶节点后跳出
         while (cur != null) {
             // 找到重复节点，直接返回
-            if (cur.val == num) return null;
+            if (cur.val == num)
+                return null;
             pre = cur;
             // 插入位置在 cur 的右子树中
-            if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
+            if (cur.val < num)
+                cur = cur.right;
             // 插入位置在 cur 的左子树中
-            else cur = cur.left;
+            else
+                cur = cur.left;
         }
         // 插入节点 val
         TreeNode node = new TreeNode(num);
-        if (pre.val < num) pre.right = node;
-        else pre.left = node;
+        if (pre.val < num)
+            pre.right = node;
+        else
+            pre.left = node;
         return node;
     }
 
     /* 删除节点 */
     public TreeNode remove(int num) {
         // 若树为空，直接提前返回
-        if (root == null) return null;
+        if (root == null)
+            return null;
         TreeNode cur = root, pre = null;
         // 循环查找，越过叶节点后跳出
         while (cur != null) {
             // 找到待删除节点，跳出循环
-            if (cur.val == num) break;
+            if (cur.val == num)
+                break;
             pre = cur;
             // 待删除节点在 cur 的右子树中
-            if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
+            if (cur.val < num)
+                cur = cur.right;
             // 待删除节点在 cur 的左子树中
-            else cur = cur.left;
+            else
+                cur = cur.left;
         }
         // 若无待删除节点，则直接返回
-        if (cur == null) return null;
+        if (cur == null)
+            return null;
         // 子节点数量 = 0 or 1
         if (cur.left == null || cur.right == null) {
             // 当子节点数量 = 0 / 1 时， child = null / 该子节点
             TreeNode child = cur.left != null ? cur.left : cur.right;
             // 删除节点 cur
-            if (pre.left == cur) pre.left = child;
-            else pre.right = child;
+            if (pre.left == cur)
+                pre.left = child;
+            else
+                pre.right = child;
         }
         // 子节点数量 = 2
         else {
@@ -113,7 +130,8 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
 
     /* 获取中序遍历中的下一个节点（仅适用于 root 有左子节点的情况） */
     public TreeNode getInOrderNext(TreeNode root) {
-        if (root == null) return root;
+        if (root == null)
+            return root;
         // 循环访问左子节点，直到叶节点时为最小节点，跳出
         while (root.left != null) {
             root = root.left;
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.java b/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.java
index e631420f1..2fb060ad8 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_tree_bfs.java
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ public class binary_tree_bfs {
         // 初始化一个列表，用于保存遍历序列
         List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
         while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
-            TreeNode node = queue.poll();  // 队列出队
-            list.add(node.val);            // 保存节点值
+            TreeNode node = queue.poll(); // 队列出队
+            list.add(node.val);           // 保存节点值
             if (node.left != null)
-                queue.offer(node.left);    // 左子节点入队
+                queue.offer(node.left);   // 左子节点入队
             if (node.right != null)
-                queue.offer(node.right);   // 右子节点入队
+                queue.offer(node.right);  // 右子节点入队
         }
         return list;
     }
diff --git a/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.java b/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.java
index 4c27bbcde..e04c691cd 100644
--- a/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.java
+++ b/codes/java/chapter_tree/binary_tree_dfs.java
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ public class binary_tree_dfs {
 
     /* 前序遍历 */
     static void preOrder(TreeNode root) {
-        if (root == null) return;
+        if (root == null)
+            return;
         // 访问优先级：根节点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
         list.add(root.val);
         preOrder(root.left);
@@ -24,7 +25,8 @@ public class binary_tree_dfs {
 
     /* 中序遍历 */
     static void inOrder(TreeNode root) {
-        if (root == null) return;
+        if (root == null)
+            return;
         // 访问优先级：左子树 -> 根节点 -> 右子树
         inOrder(root.left);
         list.add(root.val);
@@ -33,7 +35,8 @@ public class binary_tree_dfs {
 
     /* 后序遍历 */
     static void postOrder(TreeNode root) {
-        if (root == null) return;
+        if (root == null)
+            return;
         // 访问优先级：左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根节点
         postOrder(root.left);
         postOrder(root.right);
diff --git a/codes/java/include/ListNode.java b/codes/java/include/ListNode.java
index 60590100a..ee65d0ede 100755
--- a/codes/java/include/ListNode.java
+++ b/codes/java/include/ListNode.java
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 
 package include;
 
-/**
- * Definition for a singly-linked list node
- */
+/* Definition for a singly-linked list node */
 public class ListNode {
     public int val;
     public ListNode next;
@@ -16,12 +14,8 @@ public class ListNode {
     public ListNode(int x) {
         val = x;
     }
-    
-    /**
-     * Generate a linked list with an array
-     * @param arr
-     * @return
-     */
+
+    /* Generate a linked list with an array */
     public static ListNode arrToLinkedList(int[] arr) {
         ListNode dum = new ListNode(0);
         ListNode head = dum;
@@ -32,12 +26,7 @@ public class ListNode {
         return dum.next;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Get a list node with specific value from a linked list
-     * @param head
-     * @param val
-     * @return
-     */
+    /* Get a list node with specific value from a linked list */
     public static ListNode getListNode(ListNode head, int val) {
         while (head != null && head.val != val) {
             head = head.next;
diff --git a/codes/java/include/PrintUtil.java b/codes/java/include/PrintUtil.java
index c8bdf1f74..8dd576e7e 100755
--- a/codes/java/include/PrintUtil.java
+++ b/codes/java/include/PrintUtil.java
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ package include;
 
 import java.util.*;
 
-
 class Trunk {
     Trunk prev;
     String str;
@@ -21,11 +20,7 @@ class Trunk {
 
 public class PrintUtil {
 
-    /**
-     * Print a matrix (Array)
-     * @param <T>
-     * @param matrix
-     */
+    /* Print a matrix (Array) */
     public static <T> void printMatrix(T[][] matrix) {
         System.out.println("[");
         for (T[] row : matrix) {
@@ -34,11 +29,7 @@ public class PrintUtil {
         System.out.println("]");
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Print a matrix (List)
-     * @param <T>
-     * @param matrix
-     */
+    /* Print a matrix (List) */
     public static <T> void printMatrix(List<List<T>> matrix) {
         System.out.println("[");
         for (List<T> row : matrix) {
@@ -47,10 +38,7 @@ public class PrintUtil {
         System.out.println("]");
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Print a linked list
-     * @param head
-     */
+    /* Print a linked list */
     public static void printLinkedList(ListNode head) {
         List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
         while (head != null) {
@@ -64,18 +52,12 @@ public class PrintUtil {
      * The interface of the tree printer
      * This tree printer is borrowed from TECHIE DELIGHT
      * https://www.techiedelight.com/c-program-print-binary-tree/
-     * @param root
      */
     public static void printTree(TreeNode root) {
         printTree(root, null, false);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Print a binary tree
-     * @param root
-     * @param prev
-     * @param isLeft
-     */
+    /* Print a binary tree */
     public static void printTree(TreeNode root, Trunk prev, boolean isLeft) {
         if (root == null) {
             return;
@@ -107,10 +89,7 @@ public class PrintUtil {
         printTree(root.left, trunk, false);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Helper function to print branches of the binary tree
-     * @param p
-     */
+    /* Helper function to print branches of the binary tree */
     public static void showTrunks(Trunk p) {
         if (p == null) {
             return;
@@ -120,22 +99,14 @@ public class PrintUtil {
         System.out.print(p.str);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Print a hash map
-     * @param <K>
-     * @param <V>
-     * @param map
-     */
+    /* Print a hash map */
     public static <K, V> void printHashMap(Map<K, V> map) {
-        for (Map.Entry <K, V> kv: map.entrySet()) {
+        for (Map.Entry<K, V> kv : map.entrySet()) {
             System.out.println(kv.getKey() + " -> " + kv.getValue());
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Print a heap (PriorityQueue)
-     * @param queue
-     */
+    /* Print a heap (PriorityQueue) */
     public static void printHeap(Queue<Integer> queue) {
         List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(queue);
         System.out.print("堆的数组表示：");
diff --git a/codes/java/include/TreeNode.java b/codes/java/include/TreeNode.java
index 29cdc947d..de583ff10 100644
--- a/codes/java/include/TreeNode.java
+++ b/codes/java/include/TreeNode.java
@@ -8,40 +8,36 @@ package include;
 
 import java.util.*;
 
-/**
- * Definition for a binary tree node.
- */
+/* Definition for a binary tree node. */
 public class TreeNode {
-    public int val;        // 节点值
-    public int height;     // 节点高度
-    public TreeNode left;  // 左子节点引用
+    public int val; // 节点值
+    public int height; // 节点高度
+    public TreeNode left; // 左子节点引用
     public TreeNode right; // 右子节点引用
 
     public TreeNode(int x) {
         val = x;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Generate a binary tree given an array
-     * @param list
-     * @return
-     */
+    /* Generate a binary tree given an array */
     public static TreeNode listToTree(List<Integer> list) {
         int size = list.size();
         if (size == 0)
             return null;
-        
+
         TreeNode root = new TreeNode(list.get(0));
         Queue<TreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<>() {{ add(root); }};
         int i = 0;
-        while(!queue.isEmpty()) {
+        while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
             TreeNode node = queue.poll();
-            if (++i >= size) break;
+            if (++i >= size)
+                break;
             if (list.get(i) != null) {
                 node.left = new TreeNode(list.get(i));
                 queue.add(node.left);
             }
-            if (++i >= size) break;
+            if (++i >= size)
+                break;
             if (list.get(i) != null) {
                 node.right = new TreeNode(list.get(i));
                 queue.add(node.right);
@@ -50,23 +46,19 @@ public class TreeNode {
         return root;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Serialize a binary tree to a list
-     * @param root
-     * @return
-     */
+    /* Serialize a binary tree to a list */
     public static List<Integer> treeToList(TreeNode root) {
         List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
-        if(root == null) return list;
+        if (root == null)
+            return list;
         Queue<TreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<>() {{ add(root); }};
-        while(!queue.isEmpty()) {
+        while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
             TreeNode node = queue.poll();
-            if(node != null) {
+            if (node != null) {
                 list.add(node.val);
                 queue.add(node.left);
                 queue.add(node.right);
-            }
-            else {
+            } else {
                 list.add(null);
             }
         }
diff --git a/codes/java/include/Vertex.java b/codes/java/include/Vertex.java
index ade707d82..5696a2fe9 100644
--- a/codes/java/include/Vertex.java
+++ b/codes/java/include/Vertex.java
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import java.util.*;
 /* 顶点类 */
 public class Vertex {
     public int val;
+
     public Vertex(int val) {
         this.val = val;
     }
@@ -32,4 +33,4 @@ public class Vertex {
         }
         return vals;
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/codes/python/.gitignore b/codes/python/.gitignore
index ff6f73153..bee8a64b7 100644
--- a/codes/python/.gitignore
+++ b/codes/python/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1 @@
 __pycache__
-
-test_all.sh