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第 1 章 初识算法
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1.1 算法无处不在
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 2 章 复杂度分析
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第 2 章 复杂度分析
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<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/performance_evaluation/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.1 算法效率评估
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.2 迭代与递归
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</span>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.3 时间复杂度
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<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.4 空间复杂度
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</span>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.5 小结
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 3 章 数据结构
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</a>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 3 章 数据结构
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<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/classification_of_data_structure/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.1 数据结构分类
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</span>
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<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/basic_data_types/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.2 基本数据类型
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</span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/number_encoding/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.3 数字编码 *
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<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/character_encoding/" class="md-nav__link">
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3.4 字符编码 *
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.5 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 4 章 数组与链表
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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第 4 章 数组与链表
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.1 数组
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.2 链表
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.3 列表
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/ram_and_cache/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.4 内存与缓存 *
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.5 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 5 章 栈与队列
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</span>
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</a>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 5 章 栈与队列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.1 栈
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.2 队列
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.3 双向队列
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</span>
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.4 小结
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.3 17.89c1.32-2.1.7-4.89-1.41-6.21a4.52 4.52 0 0 0-6.21 1.41C10.36 15.2 11 18 13.09 19.3c1.47.92 3.33.92 4.8 0L21 22.39 22.39 21l-3.09-3.11m-2-.62c-.98.98-2.56.97-3.54 0-.97-.98-.97-2.56.01-3.54.97-.97 2.55-.97 3.53 0 .96.99.95 2.57-.03 3.54h.03M19 4H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h5.81a6.3 6.3 0 0 1-1.31-2H5v-4h4.18c.16-.71.43-1.39.82-2H5V8h6v2.81a6.3 6.3 0 0 1 2-1.31V8h6v2a6.499 6.499 0 0 1 2 2V6a2 2 0 0 0-2-2Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 6 章 哈希表
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 6 章 哈希表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.1 哈希表
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.2 哈希冲突
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.3 哈希算法
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.5 17c-.14 0-.26 0-.39.04L17.5 13.8c.45-.45.75-1.09.75-1.8a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5c-.14 0-.25 0-.4.04L13.74 6.3c.47-.46.76-1.09.76-1.8a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0c0 .7.29 1.34.76 1.79L8.65 9.54c-.15-.04-.26-.04-.4-.04a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5c0 .71.29 1.34.75 1.79l-1.61 3.25C4.76 17 4.64 17 4.5 17a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 19.5c0-.7-.29-1.34-.76-1.79l1.62-3.25c.14.04.26.04.39.04s.25 0 .38-.04l1.63 3.25c-.47.45-.76 1.09-.76 1.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 17c-.13 0-.26 0-.39.04L10 13.8c.45-.45.75-1.09.75-1.8 0-.7-.29-1.33-.75-1.79l1.61-3.25c.13.04.26.04.39.04s.26 0 .39-.04L14 10.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.75 4.29c.13 0 .25 0 .38-.04l1.63 3.25c-.47.45-.76 1.09-.76 1.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5m-15 3.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1m8.5-1c0 .55-.45 1-1 1s-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1M7.25 12c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1M11 4.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1m3.75 7.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1m4.75 8.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 7 章 树
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 7 章 树
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.1 二叉树
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.2 二叉树遍历
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.3 二叉树数组表示
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.4 二叉搜索树
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.5 AVL 树 *
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.6 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 11 5.79V7H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 14.29V15H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 .5 20.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4 18.21V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 9 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 8.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 9.71V9h10v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15.5 12a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5 2.29V15h-1a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 21 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-1v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 20.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19 9.71V9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-4V5.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5-2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 1m0 1.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M6 11a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m12 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M3 19.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 8 章 堆
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 8 章 堆
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.1 堆
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.2 建堆操作
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/top_k/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.3 Top-k 问题
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" checked>
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 5.37-.44-.06L6 14.9c.24.21.4.48.47.78h11.06c.07-.3.23-.57.47-.78l-5.56-9.59-.44.06M6.6 16.53l4.28 2.53c.29-.27.69-.43 1.12-.43.43 0 .83.16 1.12.43l4.28-2.53H6.6M12 22a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68l.09-.56-4.3-2.55c-.31.36-.76.58-1.27.58a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68c0-.79.53-1.45 1.26-1.64V9.36c-.83-.11-1.47-.82-1.47-1.68A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 4.63 6c.55 0 1.03.26 1.34.66l4.41-2.53-.06-.45c0-.93.75-1.68 1.68-1.68.93 0 1.68.75 1.68 1.68l-.06.45 4.41 2.53c.31-.4.79-.66 1.34-.66a1.68 1.68 0 0 1 1.68 1.68c0 .86-.64 1.57-1.47 1.68v5.11c.73.19 1.26.85 1.26 1.64a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68 1.68c-.51 0-.96-.22-1.27-.58l-4.3 2.55.09.56A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 12 22M10.8 4.86 6.3 7.44l.02.24c0 .71-.44 1.32-1.06 1.57l.03 5.25 5.51-9.64m2.4 0 5.51 9.64.03-5.25c-.62-.25-1.06-.86-1.06-1.57l.02-.24-4.5-2.58Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 9 章 图
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="true">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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第 9 章 图
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../graph/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.1 图
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.2 图基础操作
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
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<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.3 图的遍历
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</span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.3 图的遍历
|
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</span>
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目录">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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目录
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#931" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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9.3.1 广度优先遍历
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</span>
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</a>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="9.3.1 广度优先遍历">
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#1" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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1. 算法实现
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#2" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2. 复杂度分析
|
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#932" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.3.2 深度优先遍历
|
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</span>
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="9.3.2 深度优先遍历">
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#1_1" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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1. 算法实现
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#2_1" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2. 复杂度分析
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.31 18.9 3.08 3.1L21 23.39l-3.12-3.07c-.69.43-1.51.68-2.38.68-2.5 0-4.5-2-4.5-4.5s2-4.5 4.5-4.5 4.5 2 4.5 4.5c0 .88-.25 1.71-.69 2.4m-3.81.1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0-5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5M21 4v2H3V4h18M3 16v-2h6v2H3m0-5V9h18v2h-2.03c-1.01-.63-2.2-1-3.47-1s-2.46.37-3.47 1H3Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 10 章 搜索
|
|
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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第 10 章 搜索
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.1 二分查找
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_insertion/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.2 二分查找插入点
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.3 二分查找边界
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.4 哈希优化策略
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.5 重识搜索算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.6 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 17h3l-4 4-4-4h3V3h2M2 17h10v2H2M6 5v2H2V5m0 6h7v2H2v-2Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 11 章 排序
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 11 章 排序
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.1 排序算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.2 选择排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.3 冒泡排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.4 插入排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.5 快速排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.6 归并排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.7 堆排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.8 桶排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.9 计数排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.10 基数排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.11 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 7v2h5V7h-5M2 9v6h5V9H2m10 0v2H9v2h3v2l3-3-3-3m5 2v2h5v-2h-5m0 4v2h5v-2h-5Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 12 章 分治
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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第 12 章 分治
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.1 分治算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/binary_search_recur/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.2 分治搜索策略
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.3 构建树问题
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/hanota_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.4 汉诺塔问题
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.5 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 15a3 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 1-3 3 2.99 2.99 0 0 1-2.83-2H14v-2h1.17c.41-1.17 1.52-2 2.83-2m0 2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1m0-9a1.43 1.43 0 0 0 1.43-1.43 1.43 1.43 0 1 0-2.86 0A1.43 1.43 0 0 0 18 8m0-5.43a4 4 0 0 1 4 4C22 9.56 18 14 18 14s-4-4.44-4-7.43a4 4 0 0 1 4-4M8.83 17H10v2H8.83A2.99 2.99 0 0 1 6 21a3 3 0 0 1-3-3c0-1.31.83-2.42 2-2.83V14h2v1.17c.85.3 1.53.98 1.83 1.83M6 17a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1M6 3a3 3 0 0 1 3 3c0 1.31-.83 2.42-2 2.83V10H5V8.83A2.99 2.99 0 0 1 3 6a3 3 0 0 1 3-3m0 2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1m5 14v-2h2v2h-2m-4-6H5v-2h2v2Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 13 章 回溯
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 13 章 回溯
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.1 回溯算法
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.2 全排列问题
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.3 子集和问题
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.4 N 皇后问题
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.5 小结
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第 14 章 动态规划
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第 14 章 动态规划
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.1 初探动态规划
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_problem_features/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.2 DP 问题特性
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_solution_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
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14.3 DP 解题思路
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14.4 0-1 背包问题
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/unbounded_knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.5 完全背包问题
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/edit_distance_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.6 编辑距离问题
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.7 小结
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 15 章 贪心
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</span>
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</a>
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第 15 章 贪心
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.1 贪心算法
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</span>
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15.2 分数背包问题
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<a href="../../chapter_greedy/max_capacity_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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15.3 最大容量问题
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<a href="../../chapter_greedy/max_product_cutting_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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15.4 最大切分乘积问题
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</span>
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15.5 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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第 16 章 附录
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<h1 id="93">9.3 图的遍历<a class="headerlink" href="#93" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<p>树代表的是“一对多”的关系，而图则具有更高的自由度，可以表示任意的“多对多”关系。因此，我们可以把树看作图的一种特例。显然，<strong>树的遍历操作也是图的遍历操作的一种特例</strong>。</p>
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<p>图和树都需要应用搜索算法来实现遍历操作。图的遍历方式也可分为两种：<u>广度优先遍历</u>和<u>深度优先遍历</u>。</p>
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<h2 id="931">9.3.1 广度优先遍历<a class="headerlink" href="#931" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<p><strong>广度优先遍历是一种由近及远的遍历方式，从某个节点出发，始终优先访问距离最近的顶点，并一层层向外扩张</strong>。如图 9-9 所示，从左上角顶点出发，首先遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点，然后遍历下一个顶点的所有邻接顶点，以此类推，直至所有顶点访问完毕。</p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="图的广度优先遍历" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs.png" /></a></p>
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<p align="center"> 图 9-9 图的广度优先遍历 </p>
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<h3 id="1">1. 算法实现<a class="headerlink" href="#1" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
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<p>BFS 通常借助队列来实现，代码如下所示。队列具有“先入先出”的性质，这与 BFS 的“由近及远”的思想异曲同工。</p>
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<ol>
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<li>将遍历起始顶点 <code>startVet</code> 加入队列，并开启循环。</li>
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<li>在循环的每轮迭代中，弹出队首顶点并记录访问，然后将该顶点的所有邻接顶点加入到队列尾部。</li>
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<li>循环步骤 <code>2.</code> ，直到所有顶点被访问完毕后结束。</li>
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</ol>
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<p>为了防止重复遍历顶点，我们需要借助一个哈希集合 <code>visited</code> 来记录哪些节点已被访问。</p>
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<div class="admonition tip">
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<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
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<p>哈希集合可以看作一个只存储 <code>key</code> 而不存储 <code>value</code> 的哈希表，它可以在 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 时间复杂度下进行 <code>key</code> 的增删查改操作。根据 <code>key</code> 的唯一性，哈希集合通常用于数据去重等场景。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="1:14"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_1_1" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_2" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_3" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_4" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_5" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_6" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_7" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_8" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_9" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_10" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_11" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_12" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_13" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_14" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_1_1">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_1_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_1_3">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_1_4">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_1_5">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_1_6">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_1_7">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_1_8">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_1_9">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_1_10">Rust</label><label for="__tabbed_1_11">C</label><label for="__tabbed_1_12">Kotlin</label><label for="__tabbed_1_13">Ruby</label><label for="__tabbed_1_14">Zig</label></div>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">graph_bfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]:</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""广度优先遍历"""</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a> <span class="c1"># 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a> <span class="c1"># 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a> <span class="c1"># 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a> <span class="n">visited</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]([</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a> <span class="c1"># 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a> <span class="n">que</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deque</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]([</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10" href="#__codelineno-0-10"></a> <span class="c1"># 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11" href="#__codelineno-0-11"></a> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12" href="#__codelineno-0-12"></a> <span class="n">vet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">que</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">popleft</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13" href="#__codelineno-0-13"></a> <span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14" href="#__codelineno-0-14"></a> <span class="c1"># 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15" href="#__codelineno-0-15"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">adj_vet</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">adj_list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">]:</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16" href="#__codelineno-0-16"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">adj_vet</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17" href="#__codelineno-0-17"></a> <span class="k">continue</span> <span class="c1"># 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18" href="#__codelineno-0-18"></a> <span class="n">que</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19" href="#__codelineno-0-19"></a> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20" href="#__codelineno-0-20"></a> <span class="c1"># 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21" href="#__codelineno-0-21"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">res</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">unordered_set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">};</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">queue</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10" href="#__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11" href="#__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12" href="#__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">empty</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13" href="#__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">front</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14" href="#__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15" href="#__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16" href="#__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17" href="#__codelineno-1-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">adjList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18" href="#__codelineno-1-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-19" name="__codelineno-1-19" href="#__codelineno-1-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20" href="#__codelineno-1-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-21" name="__codelineno-1-21" href="#__codelineno-1-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-22" name="__codelineno-1-22" href="#__codelineno-1-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-23" name="__codelineno-1-23" href="#__codelineno-1-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-24" name="__codelineno-1-24" href="#__codelineno-1-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-25" name="__codelineno-1-25" href="#__codelineno-1-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-1-26" name="__codelineno-1-26" href="#__codelineno-1-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o"><></span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o"><></span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10" href="#__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LinkedList</span><span class="o"><></span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11" href="#__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">offer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12" href="#__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13" href="#__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">isEmpty</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14" href="#__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">poll</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15" href="#__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16" href="#__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17" href="#__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">adjList</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18" href="#__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19" href="#__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20" href="#__codelineno-2-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">offer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21" href="#__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22" href="#__codelineno-2-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23" href="#__codelineno-2-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-24" name="__codelineno-2-24" href="#__codelineno-2-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-25" name="__codelineno-2-25" href="#__codelineno-2-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-2-26" name="__codelineno-2-26" href="#__codelineno-2-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GraphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8" href="#__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9" href="#__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10" href="#__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Enqueue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11" href="#__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12" href="#__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13" href="#__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Dequeue</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14" href="#__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15" href="#__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">foreach</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">adjList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16" href="#__codelineno-3-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17" href="#__codelineno-3-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18" href="#__codelineno-3-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19" href="#__codelineno-3-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Enqueue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20" href="#__codelineno-3-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-21" name="__codelineno-3-21" href="#__codelineno-3-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-22" name="__codelineno-3-22" href="#__codelineno-3-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-23" name="__codelineno-3-23" href="#__codelineno-3-23"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-24" name="__codelineno-3-24" href="#__codelineno-3-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-25" name="__codelineno-3-25" href="#__codelineno-3-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-3-26" name="__codelineno-3-26" href="#__codelineno-3-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.go</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">graphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7" href="#__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="p">{})</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8" href="#__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="p">{}{}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9" href="#__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS, 使用切片模拟队列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10" href="#__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11" href="#__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">queue</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12" href="#__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13" href="#__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">queue</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14" href="#__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15" href="#__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">queue</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16" href="#__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">queue</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17" href="#__codelineno-4-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18" href="#__codelineno-4-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-19" name="__codelineno-4-19" href="#__codelineno-4-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-20" name="__codelineno-4-20" href="#__codelineno-4-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">range</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">adjList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-21" name="__codelineno-4-21" href="#__codelineno-4-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">isExist</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-22" name="__codelineno-4-22" href="#__codelineno-4-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-23" name="__codelineno-4-23" href="#__codelineno-4-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">!</span><span class="nx">isExist</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-24" name="__codelineno-4-24" href="#__codelineno-4-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">queue</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-25" name="__codelineno-4-25" href="#__codelineno-4-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="p">{}{}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-26" name="__codelineno-4-26" href="#__codelineno-4-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-27" name="__codelineno-4-27" href="#__codelineno-4-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-28" name="__codelineno-4-28" href="#__codelineno-4-28"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-29" name="__codelineno-4-29" href="#__codelineno-4-29"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-30" name="__codelineno-4-30" href="#__codelineno-4-30"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-4-31" name="__codelineno-4-31" href="#__codelineno-4-31"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.swift</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-></span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a> <span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">res</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a> <span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">visited</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Set</span><span class="p"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8" href="#__codelineno-5-8"></a> <span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9" href="#__codelineno-5-9"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">que</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10" href="#__codelineno-5-10"></a> <span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11" href="#__codelineno-5-11"></a> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="o">!</span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">isEmpty</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12" href="#__codelineno-5-12"></a> <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">vet</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">removeFirst</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13" href="#__codelineno-5-13"></a> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14" href="#__codelineno-5-14"></a> <span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15" href="#__codelineno-5-15"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">adjVet</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">adjList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">??</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16" href="#__codelineno-5-16"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17" href="#__codelineno-5-17"></a> <span class="k">continue</span> <span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18" href="#__codelineno-5-18"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19" href="#__codelineno-5-19"></a> <span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20" href="#__codelineno-5-20"></a> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21" href="#__codelineno-5-21"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-22" name="__codelineno-5-22" href="#__codelineno-5-22"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-23" name="__codelineno-5-23" href="#__codelineno-5-23"></a> <span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-24" name="__codelineno-5-24" href="#__codelineno-5-24"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">res</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-5-25" name="__codelineno-5-25" href="#__codelineno-5-25"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.js</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7" href="#__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Set</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8" href="#__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9" href="#__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10" href="#__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11" href="#__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12" href="#__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13" href="#__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">shift</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14" href="#__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15" href="#__codelineno-6-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16" href="#__codelineno-6-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">adjList</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">??</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17" href="#__codelineno-6-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">has</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18" href="#__codelineno-6-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19" href="#__codelineno-6-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-20" name="__codelineno-6-20" href="#__codelineno-6-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-21" name="__codelineno-6-21" href="#__codelineno-6-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-22" name="__codelineno-6-22" href="#__codelineno-6-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-23" name="__codelineno-6-23" href="#__codelineno-6-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-24" name="__codelineno-6-24" href="#__codelineno-6-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-25" name="__codelineno-6-25" href="#__codelineno-6-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-6-26" name="__codelineno-6-26" href="#__codelineno-6-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.ts</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Vertex</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Set</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10" href="#__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11" href="#__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12" href="#__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13" href="#__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">shift</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14" href="#__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15" href="#__codelineno-7-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16" href="#__codelineno-7-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">adjList</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">??</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17" href="#__codelineno-7-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">has</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18" href="#__codelineno-7-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-19" name="__codelineno-7-19" href="#__codelineno-7-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-20" name="__codelineno-7-20" href="#__codelineno-7-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 只入队未访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-21" name="__codelineno-7-21" href="#__codelineno-7-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-22" name="__codelineno-7-22" href="#__codelineno-7-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-23" name="__codelineno-7-23" href="#__codelineno-7-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-24" name="__codelineno-7-24" href="#__codelineno-7-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-25" name="__codelineno-7-25" href="#__codelineno-7-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-7-26" name="__codelineno-7-26" href="#__codelineno-7-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.dart</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5" href="#__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6" href="#__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7" href="#__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{};</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8" href="#__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9" href="#__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10" href="#__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11" href="#__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12" href="#__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13" href="#__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">isNotEmpty</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14" href="#__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">removeFirst</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15" href="#__codelineno-8-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16" href="#__codelineno-8-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17" href="#__codelineno-8-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">adjList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18" href="#__codelineno-8-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19" href="#__codelineno-8-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20" href="#__codelineno-8-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-21" name="__codelineno-8-21" href="#__codelineno-8-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-22" name="__codelineno-8-22" href="#__codelineno-8-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-23" name="__codelineno-8-23" href="#__codelineno-8-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-24" name="__codelineno-8-24" href="#__codelineno-8-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-25" name="__codelineno-8-25" href="#__codelineno-8-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-26" name="__codelineno-8-26" href="#__codelineno-8-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-8-27" name="__codelineno-8-27" href="#__codelineno-8-27"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.rs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">graph_bfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span>: <span class="nc">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span>: <span class="nc">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-> <span class="nb">Vec</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">vec!</span><span class="p">[];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span>::<span class="n">new</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8" href="#__codelineno-9-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9" href="#__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10" href="#__codelineno-9-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">VecDeque</span>::<span class="n">new</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11" href="#__codelineno-9-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12" href="#__codelineno-9-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-13" name="__codelineno-9-13" href="#__codelineno-9-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">is_empty</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-14" name="__codelineno-9-14" href="#__codelineno-9-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pop_front</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-15" name="__codelineno-9-15" href="#__codelineno-9-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-16" name="__codelineno-9-16" href="#__codelineno-9-16"></a>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-9-17" name="__codelineno-9-17" href="#__codelineno-9-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-18" name="__codelineno-9-18" href="#__codelineno-9-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vets</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">adj_list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-19" name="__codelineno-9-19" href="#__codelineno-9-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vets</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-20" name="__codelineno-9-20" href="#__codelineno-9-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-21" name="__codelineno-9-21" href="#__codelineno-9-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-22" name="__codelineno-9-22" href="#__codelineno-9-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-23" name="__codelineno-9-23" href="#__codelineno-9-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-24" name="__codelineno-9-24" href="#__codelineno-9-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-25" name="__codelineno-9-25" href="#__codelineno-9-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-26" name="__codelineno-9-26" href="#__codelineno-9-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-27" name="__codelineno-9-27" href="#__codelineno-9-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-28" name="__codelineno-9-28" href="#__codelineno-9-28"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-29" name="__codelineno-9-29" href="#__codelineno-9-29"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-9-30" name="__codelineno-9-30" href="#__codelineno-9-30"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 节点队列结构体 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2" href="#__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="k">typedef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3" href="#__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vertices</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">MAX_SIZE</span><span class="p">];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4" href="#__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">front</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rear</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5" href="#__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6" href="#__codelineno-10-6"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7" href="#__codelineno-10-7"></a><span class="cm">/* 构造函数 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8" href="#__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">newQueue</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9" href="#__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="p">));</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10" href="#__codelineno-10-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">front</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">rear</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11" href="#__codelineno-10-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-12" name="__codelineno-10-12" href="#__codelineno-10-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-13" name="__codelineno-10-13" href="#__codelineno-10-13"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-14" name="__codelineno-10-14" href="#__codelineno-10-14"></a><span class="cm">/* 判断队列是否为空 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-15" name="__codelineno-10-15" href="#__codelineno-10-15"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">isEmpty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-16" name="__codelineno-10-16" href="#__codelineno-10-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-17" name="__codelineno-10-17" href="#__codelineno-10-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-18" name="__codelineno-10-18" href="#__codelineno-10-18"></a>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-10-19" name="__codelineno-10-19" href="#__codelineno-10-19"></a><span class="cm">/* 入队操作 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-20" name="__codelineno-10-20" href="#__codelineno-10-20"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">enqueue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-21" name="__codelineno-10-21" href="#__codelineno-10-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">vertices</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">rear</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-22" name="__codelineno-10-22" href="#__codelineno-10-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">rear</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">rear</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MAX_SIZE</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-23" name="__codelineno-10-23" href="#__codelineno-10-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">;</span>
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|
<a id="__codelineno-10-24" name="__codelineno-10-24" href="#__codelineno-10-24"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-25" name="__codelineno-10-25" href="#__codelineno-10-25"></a>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-10-26" name="__codelineno-10-26" href="#__codelineno-10-26"></a><span class="cm">/* 出队操作 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-27" name="__codelineno-10-27" href="#__codelineno-10-27"></a><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">dequeue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-28" name="__codelineno-10-28" href="#__codelineno-10-28"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">vertices</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">front</span><span class="p">];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-29" name="__codelineno-10-29" href="#__codelineno-10-29"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">front</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">front</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MAX_SIZE</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-30" name="__codelineno-10-30" href="#__codelineno-10-30"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">--</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-31" name="__codelineno-10-31" href="#__codelineno-10-31"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-32" name="__codelineno-10-32" href="#__codelineno-10-32"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-10-33" name="__codelineno-10-33" href="#__codelineno-10-33"></a>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-10-34" name="__codelineno-10-34" href="#__codelineno-10-34"></a><span class="cm">/* 检查顶点是否已被访问 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-35" name="__codelineno-10-35" href="#__codelineno-10-35"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">isVisited</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-36" name="__codelineno-10-36" href="#__codelineno-10-36"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历查找节点，使用 O(n) 时间</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-37" name="__codelineno-10-37" href="#__codelineno-10-37"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-10-38" name="__codelineno-10-38" href="#__codelineno-10-38"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-39" name="__codelineno-10-39" href="#__codelineno-10-39"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
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|
<a id="__codelineno-10-40" name="__codelineno-10-40" href="#__codelineno-10-40"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-41" name="__codelineno-10-41" href="#__codelineno-10-41"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-10-42" name="__codelineno-10-42" href="#__codelineno-10-42"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-10-43" name="__codelineno-10-43" href="#__codelineno-10-43"></a>
|
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-10-44" name="__codelineno-10-44" href="#__codelineno-10-44"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-45" name="__codelineno-10-45" href="#__codelineno-10-45"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-46" name="__codelineno-10-46" href="#__codelineno-10-46"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">resSize</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">visitedSize</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-47" name="__codelineno-10-47" href="#__codelineno-10-47"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-48" name="__codelineno-10-48" href="#__codelineno-10-48"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">queue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newQueue</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-49" name="__codelineno-10-49" href="#__codelineno-10-49"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enqueue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">queue</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-50" name="__codelineno-10-50" href="#__codelineno-10-50"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">visitedSize</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-51" name="__codelineno-10-51" href="#__codelineno-10-51"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-52" name="__codelineno-10-52" href="#__codelineno-10-52"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isEmpty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">queue</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-53" name="__codelineno-10-53" href="#__codelineno-10-53"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dequeue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">queue</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-54" name="__codelineno-10-54" href="#__codelineno-10-54"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">resSize</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-55" name="__codelineno-10-55" href="#__codelineno-10-55"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-56" name="__codelineno-10-56" href="#__codelineno-10-56"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AdjListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">findNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-57" name="__codelineno-10-57" href="#__codelineno-10-57"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-58" name="__codelineno-10-58" href="#__codelineno-10-58"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-59" name="__codelineno-10-59" href="#__codelineno-10-59"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isVisited</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">visitedSize</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-60" name="__codelineno-10-60" href="#__codelineno-10-60"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enqueue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">queue</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-61" name="__codelineno-10-61" href="#__codelineno-10-61"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">visitedSize</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-62" name="__codelineno-10-62" href="#__codelineno-10-62"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-63" name="__codelineno-10-63" href="#__codelineno-10-63"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-64" name="__codelineno-10-64" href="#__codelineno-10-64"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-65" name="__codelineno-10-65" href="#__codelineno-10-65"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-66" name="__codelineno-10-66" href="#__codelineno-10-66"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 释放内存</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-67" name="__codelineno-10-67" href="#__codelineno-10-67"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">queue</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-10-68" name="__codelineno-10-68" href="#__codelineno-10-68"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.kt</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 广度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2" href="#__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3" href="#__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="kd">fun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graphBFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MutableList</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex?></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5" href="#__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mutableListOf</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex?></span><span class="p">()</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6" href="#__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">()</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8" href="#__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9" href="#__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10" href="#__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LinkedList</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">()</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11" href="#__codelineno-11-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">offer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-12" name="__codelineno-11-12" href="#__codelineno-11-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-13" name="__codelineno-11-13" href="#__codelineno-11-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">isEmpty</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-14" name="__codelineno-11-14" href="#__codelineno-11-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">poll</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-15" name="__codelineno-11-15" href="#__codelineno-11-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-16" name="__codelineno-11-16" href="#__codelineno-11-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-17" name="__codelineno-11-17" href="#__codelineno-11-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">adjList</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="o">]!!</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-18" name="__codelineno-11-18" href="#__codelineno-11-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-19" name="__codelineno-11-19" href="#__codelineno-11-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-20" name="__codelineno-11-20" href="#__codelineno-11-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">offer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-21" name="__codelineno-11-21" href="#__codelineno-11-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-22" name="__codelineno-11-22" href="#__codelineno-11-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-23" name="__codelineno-11-23" href="#__codelineno-11-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-24" name="__codelineno-11-24" href="#__codelineno-11-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-25" name="__codelineno-11-25" href="#__codelineno-11-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-26" name="__codelineno-11-26" href="#__codelineno-11-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c1">### 广度优先遍历 ###</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graph_bfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6" href="#__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7" href="#__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">Set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8" href="#__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 队列用于实现 BFS</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9" href="#__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="o">]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10" href="#__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 以顶点 vet 为起点，循环直至访问完所有顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11" href="#__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">length</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12" href="#__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shift</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 队首顶点出队</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13" href="#__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14" href="#__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15" href="#__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="o">]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16" href="#__codelineno-12-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17" href="#__codelineno-12-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">que</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 只入队未访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-18" name="__codelineno-12-18" href="#__codelineno-12-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-19" name="__codelineno-12-19" href="#__codelineno-12-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-20" name="__codelineno-12-20" href="#__codelineno-12-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-21" name="__codelineno-12-21" href="#__codelineno-12-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-22" name="__codelineno-12-22" href="#__codelineno-12-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-12-23" name="__codelineno-12-23" href="#__codelineno-12-23"></a><span class="k">end</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_bfs.zig</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">graphBFS</span><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<details class="pythontutor">
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<summary>可视化运行</summary>
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<p><div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=from%20collections%20import%20deque%0A%0Aclass%20Vertex%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%20%3D%20val%0A%0Adef%20vals_to_vets%28vals%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20list%5B%22Vertex%22%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%20vals%20%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%20vets%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20return%20%5BVertex%28val%29%20for%20val%20in%20vals%5D%0A%0Aclass%20GraphAdjList%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E8%A1%A8%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A0%E5%90%91%E5%9B%BE%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20edges%3A%20list%5Blist%5BVertex%5D%5D%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%20%3D%20dict%5BVertex,%20list%5BVertex%5D%5D%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20edge%20in%20edges%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_vertex%28edge%5B0%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_vertex%28edge%5B1%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_edge%28edge%5B0%5D,%20edge%5B1%5D%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20add_edge%28self,%20vet1%3A%20Vertex,%20vet2%3A%20Vertex%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%B9%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20vet1%20not%20in%20self.adj_list%20or%20vet2%20not%20in%20self.adj_list%20or%20vet1%20%3D%3D%20vet2%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20raise%20ValueError%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet1%5D.append%28vet2%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet2%5D.append%28vet1%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20add_vertex%28self,%20vet%3A%20Vertex%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20vet%20in%20self.adj_list%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet%5D%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%0A%0Adef%20graph_bfs%28graph%3A%20GraphAdjList,%20start_vet%3A%20Vertex%29%20-%3E%20list%5BVertex%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20visited%20%3D%20set%5BVertex%5D%28%5Bstart_vet%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%20BFS%0A%20%20%20%20que%20%3D%20deque%5BVertex%5D%28%5Bstart_vet%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E4%BB%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%20vet%20%E4%B8%BA%E8%B5%B7%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E7%9B%B4%E8%87%B3%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%AE%8C%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20while%20len%28que%29%20%3E%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20vet%20%3D%20que.popleft%28%29%20%20%23%20%E9%98%9F%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E5%87%BA%E9%98%9F%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20res.append%28vet%29%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E8%AF%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20adj_vet%20in%20graph.adj_list%5Bvet%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20adj_vet%20in%20visited%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20continue%20%20%23%20%E8%B7%B3%E8%BF%87%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20que.append%28adj_vet%29%20%20%23%20%E5%8F%AA%E5%85%A5%E9%98%9F%E6%9C%AA%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20visited.add%28adj_vet%29%20%20%23%20%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0%E8%AF%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20return%20res%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E6%97%A0%E5%90%91%E5%9B%BE%0A%20%20%20%20v%20%3D%20vals_to_vets%28%5B0,%201,%202,%203,%204%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20edges%20%3D%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B0%5D,%20v%5B1%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B0%5D,%20v%5B3%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B1%5D,%20v%5B2%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B1%5D,%20v%5B4%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B3%5D,%20v%5B4%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%5D%0A%20%20%20%20graph%20%3D%20GraphAdjList%28edges%29%0A%20%20%20%20del%20edges%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20graph_bfs%28graph,%20v%5B0%5D%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=131&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3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</iframe></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=from%20collections%20import%20deque%0A%0Aclass%20Vertex%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%20%3D%20val%0A%0Adef%20vals_to_vets%28vals%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20list%5B%22Vertex%22%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%20vals%20%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%20vets%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20return%20%5BVertex%28val%29%20for%20val%20in%20vals%5D%0A%0Aclass%20GraphAdjList%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E8%A1%A8%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A0%E5%90%91%E5%9B%BE%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20edges%3A%20list%5Blist%5BVertex%5D%5D%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%20%3D%20dict%5BVertex,%20list%5BVertex%5D%5D%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20edge%20in%20edges%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_vertex%28edge%5B0%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_vertex%28edge%5B1%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_edge%28edge%5B0%5D,%20edge%5B1%5D%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20add_edge%28self,%20vet1%3A%20Vertex,%20vet2%3A%20Vertex%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%B9%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20vet1%20not%20in%20self.adj_list%20or%20vet2%20not%20in%20self.adj_list%20or%20vet1%20%3D%3D%20vet2%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20raise%20ValueError%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet1%5D.append%28vet2%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet2%5D.append%28vet1%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20add_vertex%28self,%20vet%3A%20Vertex%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20vet%20in%20self.adj_list%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet%5D%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%0A%0Adef%20graph_bfs%28graph%3A%20GraphAdjList,%20start_vet%3A%20Vertex%29%20-%3E%20list%5BVertex%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20visited%20%3D%20set%5BVertex%5D%28%5Bstart_vet%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%20BFS%0A%20%20%20%20que%20%3D%20deque%5BVertex%5D%28%5Bstart_vet%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E4%BB%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%20vet%20%E4%B8%BA%E8%B5%B7%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E7%9B%B4%E8%87%B3%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%AE%8C%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20while%20len%28que%29%20%3E%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20vet%20%3D%20que.popleft%28%29%20%20%23%20%E9%98%9F%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E5%87%BA%E9%98%9F%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20res.append%28vet%29%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E8%AF%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20adj_vet%20in%20graph.adj_list%5Bvet%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20adj_vet%20in%20visited%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20continue%20%20%23%20%E8%B7%B3%E8%BF%87%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20que.append%28adj_vet%29%20%20%23%20%E5%8F%AA%E5%85%A5%E9%98%9F%E6%9C%AA%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20visited.add%28adj_vet%29%20%20%23%20%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0%E8%AF%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20return%20res%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E6%97%A0%E5%90%91%E5%9B%BE%0A%20%20%20%20v%20%3D%20vals_to_vets%28%5B0,%201,%202,%203,%204%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20edges%20%3D%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B0%5D,%20v%5B1%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B0%5D,%20v%5B3%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B1%5D,%20v%5B2%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B1%5D,%20v%5B4%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B3%5D,%20v%5B4%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%5D%0A%20%20%20%20graph%20%3D%20GraphAdjList%28edges%29%0A%20%20%20%20del%20edges%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20graph_bfs%28graph,%20v%5B0%5D%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=131&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div></p>
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</details>
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<p>代码相对抽象，建议对照图 9-10 来加深理解。</p>
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<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="2:11"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_2_1" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_2" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_3" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_4" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_5" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_6" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_7" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_8" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_9" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_10" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_2_11" name="__tabbed_2" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_2_1"><1></label><label for="__tabbed_2_2"><2></label><label for="__tabbed_2_3"><3></label><label for="__tabbed_2_4"><4></label><label for="__tabbed_2_5"><5></label><label for="__tabbed_2_6"><6></label><label for="__tabbed_2_7"><7></label><label for="__tabbed_2_8"><8></label><label for="__tabbed_2_9"><9></label><label for="__tabbed_2_10"><10></label><label for="__tabbed_2_11"><11></label></div>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="图的广度优先遍历步骤" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step1.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step2.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_bfs_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step2.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step3.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_bfs_step3" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step3.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step4.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_bfs_step4" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step4.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step5.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_bfs_step5" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step5.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step6.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_bfs_step6" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step6.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step7.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_bfs_step7" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step7.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step8.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_bfs_step8" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step8.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step9.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_bfs_step9" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step9.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step10.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_bfs_step10" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step10.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step11.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_bfs_step11" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_bfs_step11.png" /></a></p>
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<p align="center"> 图 9-10 图的广度优先遍历步骤 </p>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">广度优先遍历的序列是否唯一？</p>
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<p>不唯一。广度优先遍历只要求按“由近及远”的顺序遍历，<strong>而多个相同距离的顶点的遍历顺序允许被任意打乱</strong>。以图 9-10 为例，顶点 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(3\)</span> 的访问顺序可以交换，顶点 <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(4\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(6\)</span> 的访问顺序也可以任意交换。</p>
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<h3 id="2">2. 复杂度分析<a class="headerlink" href="#2" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
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<p><strong>时间复杂度</strong>：所有顶点都会入队并出队一次，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 时间；在遍历邻接顶点的过程中，由于是无向图，因此所有边都会被访问 <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span> 次，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(2|E|)\)</span> 时间；总体使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V| + |E|)\)</span> 时间。</p>
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<p><strong>空间复杂度</strong>：列表 <code>res</code> ，哈希集合 <code>visited</code> ，队列 <code>que</code> 中的顶点数量最多为 <span class="arithmatex">\(|V|\)</span> ，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 空间。</p>
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<h2 id="932">9.3.2 深度优先遍历<a class="headerlink" href="#932" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<p><strong>深度优先遍历是一种优先走到底、无路可走再回头的遍历方式</strong>。如图 9-11 所示，从左上角顶点出发，访问当前顶点的某个邻接顶点，直到走到尽头时返回，再继续走到尽头并返回，以此类推，直至所有顶点遍历完成。</p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="图的深度优先遍历" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs.png" /></a></p>
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<p align="center"> 图 9-11 图的深度优先遍历 </p>
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<h3 id="1_1">1. 算法实现<a class="headerlink" href="#1_1" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
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<p>这种“走到尽头再返回”的算法范式通常基于递归来实现。与广度优先遍历类似，在深度优先遍历中，我们也需要借助一个哈希集合 <code>visited</code> 来记录已被访问的顶点，以避免重复访问顶点。</p>
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<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="3:14"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_3_1" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_2" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_3" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_4" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_5" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_6" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_7" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_8" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_9" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_10" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_11" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_12" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_13" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_3_14" name="__tabbed_3" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_3_1">Python</label><label for="__tabbed_3_2">C++</label><label for="__tabbed_3_3">Java</label><label for="__tabbed_3_4">C#</label><label for="__tabbed_3_5">Go</label><label for="__tabbed_3_6">Swift</label><label for="__tabbed_3_7">JS</label><label for="__tabbed_3_8">TS</label><label for="__tabbed_3_9">Dart</label><label for="__tabbed_3_10">Rust</label><label for="__tabbed_3_11">C</label><label for="__tabbed_3_12">Kotlin</label><label for="__tabbed_3_13">Ruby</label><label for="__tabbed_3_14">Zig</label></div>
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.py</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2" href="#__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""深度优先遍历辅助函数"""</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3" href="#__codelineno-14-3"></a> <span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4" href="#__codelineno-14-4"></a> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5" href="#__codelineno-14-5"></a> <span class="c1"># 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6" href="#__codelineno-14-6"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">adjVet</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">adj_list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">]:</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7" href="#__codelineno-14-7"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">adjVet</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8" href="#__codelineno-14-8"></a> <span class="k">continue</span> <span class="c1"># 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9" href="#__codelineno-14-9"></a> <span class="c1"># 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10" href="#__codelineno-14-10"></a> <span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11" href="#__codelineno-14-11"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12" href="#__codelineno-14-12"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">graph_dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]:</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-13" name="__codelineno-14-13" href="#__codelineno-14-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""深度优先遍历"""</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-14" name="__codelineno-14-14" href="#__codelineno-14-14"></a> <span class="c1"># 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-15" name="__codelineno-14-15" href="#__codelineno-14-15"></a> <span class="c1"># 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-16" name="__codelineno-14-16" href="#__codelineno-14-16"></a> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-17" name="__codelineno-14-17" href="#__codelineno-14-17"></a> <span class="c1"># 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-18" name="__codelineno-14-18" href="#__codelineno-14-18"></a> <span class="n">visited</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]()</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-19" name="__codelineno-14-19" href="#__codelineno-14-19"></a> <span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-14-20" name="__codelineno-14-20" href="#__codelineno-14-20"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">res</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.cpp</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1" href="#__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历辅助函数 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2" href="#__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">unordered_set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3" href="#__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4" href="#__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5" href="#__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6" href="#__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">adjList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7" href="#__codelineno-15-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8" href="#__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9" href="#__codelineno-15-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10" href="#__codelineno-15-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11" href="#__codelineno-15-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-12" name="__codelineno-15-12" href="#__codelineno-15-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-13" name="__codelineno-15-13" href="#__codelineno-15-13"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-14" name="__codelineno-15-14" href="#__codelineno-15-14"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-15" name="__codelineno-15-15" href="#__codelineno-15-15"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-16" name="__codelineno-15-16" href="#__codelineno-15-16"></a><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-17" name="__codelineno-15-17" href="#__codelineno-15-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-18" name="__codelineno-15-18" href="#__codelineno-15-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-19" name="__codelineno-15-19" href="#__codelineno-15-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-20" name="__codelineno-15-20" href="#__codelineno-15-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">unordered_set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-21" name="__codelineno-15-21" href="#__codelineno-15-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-22" name="__codelineno-15-22" href="#__codelineno-15-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-15-23" name="__codelineno-15-23" href="#__codelineno-15-23"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.java</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1" href="#__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历辅助函数 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2" href="#__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3" href="#__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4" href="#__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5" href="#__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6" href="#__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">adjList</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7" href="#__codelineno-16-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8" href="#__codelineno-16-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-9" name="__codelineno-16-9" href="#__codelineno-16-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-10" name="__codelineno-16-10" href="#__codelineno-16-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-11" name="__codelineno-16-11" href="#__codelineno-16-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-12" name="__codelineno-16-12" href="#__codelineno-16-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-13" name="__codelineno-16-13" href="#__codelineno-16-13"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-14" name="__codelineno-16-14" href="#__codelineno-16-14"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-15" name="__codelineno-16-15" href="#__codelineno-16-15"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-16" name="__codelineno-16-16" href="#__codelineno-16-16"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-17" name="__codelineno-16-17" href="#__codelineno-16-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-18" name="__codelineno-16-18" href="#__codelineno-16-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o"><></span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-19" name="__codelineno-16-19" href="#__codelineno-16-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-20" name="__codelineno-16-20" href="#__codelineno-16-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o"><></span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-21" name="__codelineno-16-21" href="#__codelineno-16-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-22" name="__codelineno-16-22" href="#__codelineno-16-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-16-23" name="__codelineno-16-23" href="#__codelineno-16-23"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.cs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1" href="#__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历辅助函数 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2" href="#__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">DFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3" href="#__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4" href="#__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5" href="#__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6" href="#__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">foreach</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">adjList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7" href="#__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8" href="#__codelineno-17-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点 </span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-9" name="__codelineno-17-9" href="#__codelineno-17-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-10" name="__codelineno-17-10" href="#__codelineno-17-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-11" name="__codelineno-17-11" href="#__codelineno-17-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-12" name="__codelineno-17-12" href="#__codelineno-17-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-13" name="__codelineno-17-13" href="#__codelineno-17-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-14" name="__codelineno-17-14" href="#__codelineno-17-14"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-15" name="__codelineno-17-15" href="#__codelineno-17-15"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-16" name="__codelineno-17-16" href="#__codelineno-17-16"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-17" name="__codelineno-17-17" href="#__codelineno-17-17"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GraphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-18" name="__codelineno-17-18" href="#__codelineno-17-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-19" name="__codelineno-17-19" href="#__codelineno-17-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-20" name="__codelineno-17-20" href="#__codelineno-17-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-21" name="__codelineno-17-21" href="#__codelineno-17-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-22" name="__codelineno-17-22" href="#__codelineno-17-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-23" name="__codelineno-17-23" href="#__codelineno-17-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-17-24" name="__codelineno-17-24" href="#__codelineno-17-24"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.go</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1" href="#__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历辅助函数 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2" href="#__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">graphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="p">{},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3" href="#__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// append 操作会返回新的的引用，必须让原引用重新赋值为新slice的引用</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4" href="#__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5" href="#__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="p">{}{}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6" href="#__codelineno-18-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7" href="#__codelineno-18-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">range</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">adjList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-8" name="__codelineno-18-8" href="#__codelineno-18-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">isExist</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-9" name="__codelineno-18-9" href="#__codelineno-18-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-10" name="__codelineno-18-10" href="#__codelineno-18-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">!</span><span class="nx">isExist</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-11" name="__codelineno-18-11" href="#__codelineno-18-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-12" name="__codelineno-18-12" href="#__codelineno-18-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-13" name="__codelineno-18-13" href="#__codelineno-18-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-14" name="__codelineno-18-14" href="#__codelineno-18-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-15" name="__codelineno-18-15" href="#__codelineno-18-15"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-16" name="__codelineno-18-16" href="#__codelineno-18-16"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-17" name="__codelineno-18-17" href="#__codelineno-18-17"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-18" name="__codelineno-18-18" href="#__codelineno-18-18"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">graphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-19" name="__codelineno-18-19" href="#__codelineno-18-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-20" name="__codelineno-18-20" href="#__codelineno-18-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-21" name="__codelineno-18-21" href="#__codelineno-18-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-22" name="__codelineno-18-22" href="#__codelineno-18-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="p">{})</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-23" name="__codelineno-18-23" href="#__codelineno-18-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">g</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-24" name="__codelineno-18-24" href="#__codelineno-18-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 返回顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-25" name="__codelineno-18-25" href="#__codelineno-18-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-18-26" name="__codelineno-18-26" href="#__codelineno-18-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.swift</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1" href="#__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历辅助函数 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2" href="#__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">inout</span> <span class="n">Set</span><span class="p"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">>,</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">inout</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3" href="#__codelineno-19-3"></a> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4" href="#__codelineno-19-4"></a> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5" href="#__codelineno-19-5"></a> <span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6" href="#__codelineno-19-6"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">adjVet</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">adjList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">??</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-7" name="__codelineno-19-7" href="#__codelineno-19-7"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-8" name="__codelineno-19-8" href="#__codelineno-19-8"></a> <span class="k">continue</span> <span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-9" name="__codelineno-19-9" href="#__codelineno-19-9"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-10" name="__codelineno-19-10" href="#__codelineno-19-10"></a> <span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-11" name="__codelineno-19-11" href="#__codelineno-19-11"></a> <span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">&</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">&</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-12" name="__codelineno-19-12" href="#__codelineno-19-12"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-13" name="__codelineno-19-13" href="#__codelineno-19-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-14" name="__codelineno-19-14" href="#__codelineno-19-14"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-15" name="__codelineno-19-15" href="#__codelineno-19-15"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-16" name="__codelineno-19-16" href="#__codelineno-19-16"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-17" name="__codelineno-19-17" href="#__codelineno-19-17"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-></span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-18" name="__codelineno-19-18" href="#__codelineno-19-18"></a> <span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-19" name="__codelineno-19-19" href="#__codelineno-19-19"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">res</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-20" name="__codelineno-19-20" href="#__codelineno-19-20"></a> <span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-21" name="__codelineno-19-21" href="#__codelineno-19-21"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">visited</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Set</span><span class="p"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-22" name="__codelineno-19-22" href="#__codelineno-19-22"></a> <span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">&</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">&</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-23" name="__codelineno-19-23" href="#__codelineno-19-23"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">res</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-19-24" name="__codelineno-19-24" href="#__codelineno-19-24"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.js</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1" href="#__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2" href="#__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3" href="#__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4" href="#__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-5" name="__codelineno-20-5" href="#__codelineno-20-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-6" name="__codelineno-20-6" href="#__codelineno-20-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-7" name="__codelineno-20-7" href="#__codelineno-20-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">adjList</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-8" name="__codelineno-20-8" href="#__codelineno-20-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">has</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-9" name="__codelineno-20-9" href="#__codelineno-20-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-10" name="__codelineno-20-10" href="#__codelineno-20-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-11" name="__codelineno-20-11" href="#__codelineno-20-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-12" name="__codelineno-20-12" href="#__codelineno-20-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-13" name="__codelineno-20-13" href="#__codelineno-20-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-14" name="__codelineno-20-14" href="#__codelineno-20-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-15" name="__codelineno-20-15" href="#__codelineno-20-15"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-16" name="__codelineno-20-16" href="#__codelineno-20-16"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-17" name="__codelineno-20-17" href="#__codelineno-20-17"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-18" name="__codelineno-20-18" href="#__codelineno-20-18"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-19" name="__codelineno-20-19" href="#__codelineno-20-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-20" name="__codelineno-20-20" href="#__codelineno-20-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-21" name="__codelineno-20-21" href="#__codelineno-20-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-22" name="__codelineno-20-22" href="#__codelineno-20-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Set</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-23" name="__codelineno-20-23" href="#__codelineno-20-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-24" name="__codelineno-20-24" href="#__codelineno-20-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-20-25" name="__codelineno-20-25" href="#__codelineno-20-25"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.ts</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1" href="#__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历辅助函数 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2" href="#__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3" href="#__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4" href="#__codelineno-21-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5" href="#__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Vertex</span><span class="p">[],</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-6" name="__codelineno-21-6" href="#__codelineno-21-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Vertex</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-7" name="__codelineno-21-7" href="#__codelineno-21-7"></a><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-8" name="__codelineno-21-8" href="#__codelineno-21-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-9" name="__codelineno-21-9" href="#__codelineno-21-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-10" name="__codelineno-21-10" href="#__codelineno-21-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-11" name="__codelineno-21-11" href="#__codelineno-21-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">adjList</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">vet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-12" name="__codelineno-21-12" href="#__codelineno-21-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">has</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-21-13" name="__codelineno-21-13" href="#__codelineno-21-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-14" name="__codelineno-21-14" href="#__codelineno-21-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-21-15" name="__codelineno-21-15" href="#__codelineno-21-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-16" name="__codelineno-21-16" href="#__codelineno-21-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-17" name="__codelineno-21-17" href="#__codelineno-21-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-18" name="__codelineno-21-18" href="#__codelineno-21-18"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-21-19" name="__codelineno-21-19" href="#__codelineno-21-19"></a>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-21-20" name="__codelineno-21-20" href="#__codelineno-21-20"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-21-21" name="__codelineno-21-21" href="#__codelineno-21-21"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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|
<a id="__codelineno-21-22" name="__codelineno-21-22" href="#__codelineno-21-22"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-21-23" name="__codelineno-21-23" href="#__codelineno-21-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-24" name="__codelineno-21-24" href="#__codelineno-21-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Vertex</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-21-25" name="__codelineno-21-25" href="#__codelineno-21-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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|
<a id="__codelineno-21-26" name="__codelineno-21-26" href="#__codelineno-21-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Set</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-27" name="__codelineno-21-27" href="#__codelineno-21-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-21-28" name="__codelineno-21-28" href="#__codelineno-21-28"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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|
<a id="__codelineno-21-29" name="__codelineno-21-29" href="#__codelineno-21-29"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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|
</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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|
<div class="tabbed-block">
|
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.dart</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1" href="#__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历辅助函数 */</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2" href="#__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3" href="#__codelineno-22-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4" href="#__codelineno-22-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5" href="#__codelineno-22-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6" href="#__codelineno-22-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-7" name="__codelineno-22-7" href="#__codelineno-22-7"></a><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-8" name="__codelineno-22-8" href="#__codelineno-22-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-9" name="__codelineno-22-9" href="#__codelineno-22-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-22-10" name="__codelineno-22-10" href="#__codelineno-22-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-11" name="__codelineno-22-11" href="#__codelineno-22-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">adjList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-12" name="__codelineno-22-12" href="#__codelineno-22-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-13" name="__codelineno-22-13" href="#__codelineno-22-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-14" name="__codelineno-22-14" href="#__codelineno-22-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-15" name="__codelineno-22-15" href="#__codelineno-22-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-16" name="__codelineno-22-16" href="#__codelineno-22-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-17" name="__codelineno-22-17" href="#__codelineno-22-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-18" name="__codelineno-22-18" href="#__codelineno-22-18"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-19" name="__codelineno-22-19" href="#__codelineno-22-19"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-20" name="__codelineno-22-20" href="#__codelineno-22-20"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-21" name="__codelineno-22-21" href="#__codelineno-22-21"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-22" name="__codelineno-22-22" href="#__codelineno-22-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-23" name="__codelineno-22-23" href="#__codelineno-22-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-24" name="__codelineno-22-24" href="#__codelineno-22-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-25" name="__codelineno-22-25" href="#__codelineno-22-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{};</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-26" name="__codelineno-22-26" href="#__codelineno-22-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-27" name="__codelineno-22-27" href="#__codelineno-22-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-22-28" name="__codelineno-22-28" href="#__codelineno-22-28"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.rs</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1" href="#__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历辅助函数 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2" href="#__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span>: <span class="kp">&</span><span class="nc">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span>: <span class="kp">&</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span>: <span class="kp">&</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Vec</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span>: <span class="nc">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3" href="#__codelineno-23-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4" href="#__codelineno-23-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5" href="#__codelineno-23-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6" href="#__codelineno-23-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vets</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">adj_list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-7" name="__codelineno-23-7" href="#__codelineno-23-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vets</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-8" name="__codelineno-23-8" href="#__codelineno-23-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-9" name="__codelineno-23-9" href="#__codelineno-23-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-10" name="__codelineno-23-10" href="#__codelineno-23-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-11" name="__codelineno-23-11" href="#__codelineno-23-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-12" name="__codelineno-23-12" href="#__codelineno-23-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-13" name="__codelineno-23-13" href="#__codelineno-23-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-14" name="__codelineno-23-14" href="#__codelineno-23-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-15" name="__codelineno-23-15" href="#__codelineno-23-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-16" name="__codelineno-23-16" href="#__codelineno-23-16"></a>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-23-17" name="__codelineno-23-17" href="#__codelineno-23-17"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-18" name="__codelineno-23-18" href="#__codelineno-23-18"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-19" name="__codelineno-23-19" href="#__codelineno-23-19"></a><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">graph_dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span>: <span class="nc">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span>: <span class="nc">Vertex</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-> <span class="nb">Vec</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-20" name="__codelineno-23-20" href="#__codelineno-23-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-21" name="__codelineno-23-21" href="#__codelineno-23-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">vec!</span><span class="p">[];</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-22" name="__codelineno-23-22" href="#__codelineno-23-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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|
<a id="__codelineno-23-23" name="__codelineno-23-23" href="#__codelineno-23-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span>::<span class="n">new</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-23-24" name="__codelineno-23-24" href="#__codelineno-23-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-23-25" name="__codelineno-23-25" href="#__codelineno-23-25"></a>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-23-26" name="__codelineno-23-26" href="#__codelineno-23-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-23-27" name="__codelineno-23-27" href="#__codelineno-23-27"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.c</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1" href="#__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 检查顶点是否已被访问 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2" href="#__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">isVisited</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3" href="#__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历查找节点，使用 O(n) 时间</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4" href="#__codelineno-24-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5" href="#__codelineno-24-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-6" name="__codelineno-24-6" href="#__codelineno-24-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-7" name="__codelineno-24-7" href="#__codelineno-24-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-8" name="__codelineno-24-8" href="#__codelineno-24-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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|
<a id="__codelineno-24-9" name="__codelineno-24-9" href="#__codelineno-24-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-24-10" name="__codelineno-24-10" href="#__codelineno-24-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-24-11" name="__codelineno-24-11" href="#__codelineno-24-11"></a>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-24-12" name="__codelineno-24-12" href="#__codelineno-24-12"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历辅助函数 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-13" name="__codelineno-24-13" href="#__codelineno-24-13"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">resSize</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-24-14" name="__codelineno-24-14" href="#__codelineno-24-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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|
<a id="__codelineno-24-15" name="__codelineno-24-15" href="#__codelineno-24-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">resSize</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
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|
<a id="__codelineno-24-16" name="__codelineno-24-16" href="#__codelineno-24-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-17" name="__codelineno-24-17" href="#__codelineno-24-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AdjListNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">findNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-18" name="__codelineno-24-18" href="#__codelineno-24-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-19" name="__codelineno-24-19" href="#__codelineno-24-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-20" name="__codelineno-24-20" href="#__codelineno-24-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isVisited</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">resSize</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-21" name="__codelineno-24-21" href="#__codelineno-24-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-22" name="__codelineno-24-22" href="#__codelineno-24-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">resSize</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">vertex</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-23" name="__codelineno-24-23" href="#__codelineno-24-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-24" name="__codelineno-24-24" href="#__codelineno-24-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-25" name="__codelineno-24-25" href="#__codelineno-24-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-26" name="__codelineno-24-26" href="#__codelineno-24-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-27" name="__codelineno-24-27" href="#__codelineno-24-27"></a>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-24-28" name="__codelineno-24-28" href="#__codelineno-24-28"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-24-29" name="__codelineno-24-29" href="#__codelineno-24-29"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-24-30" name="__codelineno-24-30" href="#__codelineno-24-30"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">resSize</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-31" name="__codelineno-24-31" href="#__codelineno-24-31"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">resSize</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-24-32" name="__codelineno-24-32" href="#__codelineno-24-32"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.kt</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1" href="#__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历辅助函数 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2" href="#__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="kd">fun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3" href="#__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4" href="#__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MutableSet</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex?></span><span class="p">,</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5" href="#__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MutableList</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex?></span><span class="p">,</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6" href="#__codelineno-25-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex?</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7" href="#__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8" href="#__codelineno-25-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9" href="#__codelineno-25-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-10" name="__codelineno-25-10" href="#__codelineno-25-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-11" name="__codelineno-25-11" href="#__codelineno-25-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">adjList</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="o">]!!</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-12" name="__codelineno-25-12" href="#__codelineno-25-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-13" name="__codelineno-25-13" href="#__codelineno-25-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-14" name="__codelineno-25-14" href="#__codelineno-25-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-15" name="__codelineno-25-15" href="#__codelineno-25-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-16" name="__codelineno-25-16" href="#__codelineno-25-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-17" name="__codelineno-25-17" href="#__codelineno-25-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-18" name="__codelineno-25-18" href="#__codelineno-25-18"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-19" name="__codelineno-25-19" href="#__codelineno-25-19"></a><span class="cm">/* 深度优先遍历 */</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-20" name="__codelineno-25-20" href="#__codelineno-25-20"></a><span class="c1">// 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-21" name="__codelineno-25-21" href="#__codelineno-25-21"></a><span class="kd">fun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graphDFS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GraphAdjList</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex?)</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MutableList</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex?></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-22" name="__codelineno-25-22" href="#__codelineno-25-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-23" name="__codelineno-25-23" href="#__codelineno-25-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mutableListOf</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex?></span><span class="p">()</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-24" name="__codelineno-25-24" href="#__codelineno-25-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-25" name="__codelineno-25-25" href="#__codelineno-25-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Vertex?></span><span class="p">()</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-26" name="__codelineno-25-26" href="#__codelineno-25-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startVet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-27" name="__codelineno-25-27" href="#__codelineno-25-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-25-28" name="__codelineno-25-28" href="#__codelineno-25-28"></a><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.rb</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1" href="#__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="c1">### 深度优先遍历辅助函数 ###</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2" href="#__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3" href="#__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 记录访问顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4" href="#__codelineno-26-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 标记该顶点已被访问</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5" href="#__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 遍历该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6" href="#__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">adj_list</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="o">]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7" href="#__codelineno-26-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">include?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 跳过已被访问的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8" href="#__codelineno-26-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 递归访问邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-9" name="__codelineno-26-9" href="#__codelineno-26-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adj_vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-10" name="__codelineno-26-10" href="#__codelineno-26-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-11" name="__codelineno-26-11" href="#__codelineno-26-11"></a><span class="k">end</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-12" name="__codelineno-26-12" href="#__codelineno-26-12"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-13" name="__codelineno-26-13" href="#__codelineno-26-13"></a><span class="c1">### 深度优先遍历 ###</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-14" name="__codelineno-26-14" href="#__codelineno-26-14"></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">graph_dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-15" name="__codelineno-26-15" href="#__codelineno-26-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 使用邻接表来表示图，以便获取指定顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-16" name="__codelineno-26-16" href="#__codelineno-26-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 顶点遍历序列</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-17" name="__codelineno-26-17" href="#__codelineno-26-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[]</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-18" name="__codelineno-26-18" href="#__codelineno-26-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 哈希集合，用于记录已被访问过的顶点</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-19" name="__codelineno-26-19" href="#__codelineno-26-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">Set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-20" name="__codelineno-26-20" href="#__codelineno-26-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start_vet</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-21" name="__codelineno-26-21" href="#__codelineno-26-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-26-22" name="__codelineno-26-22" href="#__codelineno-26-22"></a><span class="k">end</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<div class="highlight"><span class="filename">graph_dfs.zig</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1" href="#__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">dfs</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2" href="#__codelineno-27-2"></a>
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<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3" href="#__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">class</span><span class="p">]{}</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">]{</span><span class="n">graphDFS</span><span class="p">}</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<details class="pythontutor">
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<summary>可视化运行</summary>
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<p><div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20Vertex%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%20%3D%20val%0A%0Adef%20vals_to_vets%28vals%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20list%5B%22Vertex%22%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%20vals%20%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%20vets%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20return%20%5BVertex%28val%29%20for%20val%20in%20vals%5D%0A%0Aclass%20GraphAdjList%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E8%A1%A8%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A0%E5%90%91%E5%9B%BE%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20edges%3A%20list%5Blist%5BVertex%5D%5D%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%20%3D%20dict%5BVertex,%20list%5BVertex%5D%5D%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20edge%20in%20edges%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_vertex%28edge%5B0%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_vertex%28edge%5B1%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_edge%28edge%5B0%5D,%20edge%5B1%5D%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20add_edge%28self,%20vet1%3A%20Vertex,%20vet2%3A%20Vertex%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%B9%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20vet1%20not%20in%20self.adj_list%20or%20vet2%20not%20in%20self.adj_list%20or%20vet1%20%3D%3D%20vet2%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20raise%20ValueError%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet1%5D.append%28vet2%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet2%5D.append%28vet1%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20add_vertex%28self,%20vet%3A%20Vertex%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20vet%20in%20self.adj_list%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet%5D%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%0A%0Adef%20dfs%28graph%3A%20GraphAdjList,%20visited%3A%20set%5BVertex%5D,%20res%3A%20list%5BVertex%5D,%20vet%3A%20Vertex%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20res.append%28vet%29%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20visited.add%28vet%29%20%20%23%20%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0%E8%AF%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E8%AF%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20for%20adjVet%20in%20graph.adj_list%5Bvet%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20adjVet%20in%20visited%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20continue%20%20%23%20%E8%B7%B3%E8%BF%87%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20dfs%28graph,%20visited,%20res,%20adjVet%29%0A%0A%0Adef%20graph_dfs%28graph%3A%20GraphAdjList,%20start_vet%3A%20Vertex%29%20-%3E%20list%5BVertex%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E8%A1%A8%E6%9D%A5%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E4%BE%BF%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20visited%20%3D%20set%5BVertex%5D%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20dfs%28graph,%20visited,%20res,%20start_vet%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20res%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E6%97%A0%E5%90%91%E5%9B%BE%0A%20%20%20%20v%20%3D%20vals_to_vets%28%5B0,%201,%202,%203,%204%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20edges%20%3D%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B0%5D,%20v%5B1%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B0%5D,%20v%5B3%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B1%5D,%20v%5B2%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B1%5D,%20v%5B4%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B3%5D,%20v%5B4%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%5D%0A%20%20%20%20graph%20%3D%20GraphAdjList%28edges%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20graph_dfs%28graph,%20v%5B0%5D%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=130&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20Vertex%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%20%3D%20val%0A%0Adef%20vals_to_vets%28vals%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20list%5B%22Vertex%22%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%20vals%20%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%20vets%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20return%20%5BVertex%28val%29%20for%20val%20in%20vals%5D%0A%0Aclass%20GraphAdjList%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E8%A1%A8%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A0%E5%90%91%E5%9B%BE%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20edges%3A%20list%5Blist%5BVertex%5D%5D%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%20%3D%20dict%5BVertex,%20list%5BVertex%5D%5D%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20edge%20in%20edges%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_vertex%28edge%5B0%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_vertex%28edge%5B1%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.add_edge%28edge%5B0%5D,%20edge%5B1%5D%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20add_edge%28self,%20vet1%3A%20Vertex,%20vet2%3A%20Vertex%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%B9%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20vet1%20not%20in%20self.adj_list%20or%20vet2%20not%20in%20self.adj_list%20or%20vet1%20%3D%3D%20vet2%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20raise%20ValueError%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet1%5D.append%28vet2%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet2%5D.append%28vet1%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20add_vertex%28self,%20vet%3A%20Vertex%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20vet%20in%20self.adj_list%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.adj_list%5Bvet%5D%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%0A%0Adef%20dfs%28graph%3A%20GraphAdjList,%20visited%3A%20set%5BVertex%5D,%20res%3A%20list%5BVertex%5D,%20vet%3A%20Vertex%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20res.append%28vet%29%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20visited.add%28vet%29%20%20%23%20%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0%E8%AF%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E8%AF%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20for%20adjVet%20in%20graph.adj_list%5Bvet%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20adjVet%20in%20visited%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20continue%20%20%23%20%E8%B7%B3%E8%BF%87%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20dfs%28graph,%20visited,%20res,%20adjVet%29%0A%0A%0Adef%20graph_dfs%28graph%3A%20GraphAdjList,%20start_vet%3A%20Vertex%29%20-%3E%20list%5BVertex%5D%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E8%A1%A8%E6%9D%A5%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E4%BE%BF%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20visited%20%3D%20set%5BVertex%5D%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20dfs%28graph,%20visited,%20res,%20start_vet%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20res%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E6%97%A0%E5%90%91%E5%9B%BE%0A%20%20%20%20v%20%3D%20vals_to_vets%28%5B0,%201,%202,%203,%204%5D%29%0A%20%20%20%20edges%20%3D%20%5B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B0%5D,%20v%5B1%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B0%5D,%20v%5B3%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B1%5D,%20v%5B2%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B1%5D,%20v%5B4%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bv%5B3%5D,%20v%5B4%5D%5D,%0A%20%20%20%20%5D%0A%20%20%20%20graph%20%3D%20GraphAdjList%28edges%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20graph_dfs%28graph,%20v%5B0%5D%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=130&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a></div></p>
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</details>
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<p>深度优先遍历的算法流程如图 9-12 所示。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>直虚线代表向下递推</strong>，表示开启了一个新的递归方法来访问新顶点。</li>
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<li><strong>曲虚线代表向上回溯</strong>，表示此递归方法已经返回，回溯到了开启此方法的位置。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>为了加深理解，建议将图 9-12 与代码结合起来，在脑中模拟（或者用笔画下来）整个 DFS 过程，包括每个递归方法何时开启、何时返回。</p>
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<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="4:11"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_4_1" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_2" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_3" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_4" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_5" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_6" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_7" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_8" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_9" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_10" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_4_11" name="__tabbed_4" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_4_1"><1></label><label for="__tabbed_4_2"><2></label><label for="__tabbed_4_3"><3></label><label for="__tabbed_4_4"><4></label><label for="__tabbed_4_5"><5></label><label for="__tabbed_4_6"><6></label><label for="__tabbed_4_7"><7></label><label for="__tabbed_4_8"><8></label><label for="__tabbed_4_9"><9></label><label for="__tabbed_4_10"><10></label><label for="__tabbed_4_11"><11></label></div>
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<div class="tabbed-content">
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="图的深度优先遍历步骤" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step1.png" /></a></p>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step2.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_dfs_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step2.png" /></a></p>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step3.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_dfs_step3" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step3.png" /></a></p>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step4.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_dfs_step4" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step4.png" /></a></p>
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</div>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step5.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_dfs_step5" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step5.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step6.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_dfs_step6" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step6.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step7.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_dfs_step7" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step7.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step8.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_dfs_step8" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step8.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step9.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_dfs_step9" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step9.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step10.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_dfs_step10" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step10.png" /></a></p>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step11.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="graph_dfs_step11" class="animation-figure" src="../graph_traversal.assets/graph_dfs_step11.png" /></a></p>
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<p align="center"> 图 9-12 图的深度优先遍历步骤 </p>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">深度优先遍历的序列是否唯一？</p>
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<p>与广度优先遍历类似，深度优先遍历序列的顺序也不是唯一的。给定某顶点，先往哪个方向探索都可以，即邻接顶点的顺序可以任意打乱，都是深度优先遍历。</p>
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<p>以树的遍历为例，“根 <span class="arithmatex">\(\rightarrow\)</span> 左 <span class="arithmatex">\(\rightarrow\)</span> 右”“左 <span class="arithmatex">\(\rightarrow\)</span> 根 <span class="arithmatex">\(\rightarrow\)</span> 右”“左 <span class="arithmatex">\(\rightarrow\)</span> 右 <span class="arithmatex">\(\rightarrow\)</span> 根”分别对应前序、中序、后序遍历，它们展示了三种遍历优先级，然而这三者都属于深度优先遍历。</p>
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</div>
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<h3 id="2_1">2. 复杂度分析<a class="headerlink" href="#2_1" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
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<p><strong>时间复杂度</strong>：所有顶点都会被访问 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 次，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 时间；所有边都会被访问 <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span> 次，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(2|E|)\)</span> 时间；总体使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V| + |E|)\)</span> 时间。</p>
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<p><strong>空间复杂度</strong>：列表 <code>res</code> ，哈希集合 <code>visited</code> 顶点数量最多为 <span class="arithmatex">\(|V|\)</span> ，递归深度最大为 <span class="arithmatex">\(|V|\)</span> ，因此使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(|V|)\)</span> 空间。</p>
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