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Data structures and algorithms crash course with animated illustrations and off-the-shelf code
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</div>
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<p style="margin-top: 2em;">
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500 animated illustrations, 14 programming languages, and 3000 community Q&As to help you quickly get started with data structures and algorithms
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Endorsements
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<div class="intro-container" style="margin: 0 auto;">
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<div class="intro-text endor-text">
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0;">
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“An easy-to-understand book on data structures and algorithms, which guides readers to learn by minds-on and hands-on. Strongly recommended for algorithm beginners!”
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</p>
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<p style="font-weight: bold;">
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—— Junhui Deng, Professor, Department of computer science and technology, Tsinghua University
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<div class="intro-text endor-text">
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0;">
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“If I had 'Hello Algo' when I was learning data structures and algorithms, it would have been 10 times easier!”
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</p>
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<p style="font-weight: bold;">
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—— Mu Li, Senior principal scientist, Amazon
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</p>
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</div>
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<section class="home-div" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-scheme="default">
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</path>
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</svg>
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<h3 style="margin-left: 0.5em;">
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Animated illustrations
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</h3>
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</div>
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<p style="margin: 0;">
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It's crafted for ease of understanding, ensuring a smooth learning journey.
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</p>
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<p class="intro-quote">
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"A picture is worth a thousand words."
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<img alt="Animation example" class="intro-image" src="index.assets/animation.gif"/>
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</div>
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<div class="intro-container">
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<img alt="Running code example" class="intro-image" src="index.assets/running_code.gif"/>
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<div class="intro-text">
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<div>
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<svg height="1.5em" viewbox="0 0 640 512" width="1.5em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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<path d="M392.8 1.2c-17-4.9-34.7 5-39.6 22l-128 448c-4.9 17 5 34.7 22 39.6s34.7-5 39.6-22l128-448c4.9-17-5-34.7-22-39.6zm80.6 120.1c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L562.7 256l-89.4 89.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l112-112c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-112-112c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0zm-306.7 0c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-112 112c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l112 112c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L77.3 256l89.4-89.4c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3z" fill="var(--md-primary-bg-color)">
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</path>
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</svg>
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<h3 style="margin-left: 0.5em;">
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Off-the-shelf code
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|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
<p style="margin: 0;">
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|
|
Featuring multiple programming languages, all runnable with a single click.
|
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|
</p>
|
|
|
<p class="intro-quote">
|
|
|
"Talk is cheap. Show me the code."
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="intro-container">
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<div class="intro-text">
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<div>
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<svg height="1.5em" viewbox="0 0 640 512" width="1.5em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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<path d="M88.2 309.1c9.8-18.3 6.8-40.8-7.5-55.8C59.4 230.9 48 204 48 176c0-63.5 63.8-128 160-128s160 64.5 160 128s-63.8 128-160 128c-13.1 0-25.8-1.3-37.8-3.6c-10.4-2-21.2-.6-30.7 4.2c-4.1 2.1-8.3 4.1-12.6 6c-16 7.2-32.9 13.5-49.9 18c2.8-4.6 5.4-9.1 7.9-13.6c1.1-1.9 2.2-3.9 3.2-5.9zM0 176c0 41.8 17.2 80.1 45.9 110.3c-.9 1.7-1.9 3.5-2.8 5.1c-10.3 18.4-22.3 36.5-36.6 52.1c-6.6 7-8.3 17.2-4.6 25.9C5.8 378.3 14.4 384 24 384c43 0 86.5-13.3 122.7-29.7c4.8-2.2 9.6-4.5 14.2-6.8c15.1 3 30.9 4.5 47.1 4.5c114.9 0 208-78.8 208-176S322.9 0 208 0S0 78.8 0 176zM432 480c16.2 0 31.9-1.6 47.1-4.5c4.6 2.3 9.4 4.6 14.2 6.8C529.5 498.7 573 512 616 512c9.6 0 18.2-5.7 22-14.5c3.8-8.8 2-19-4.6-25.9c-14.2-15.6-26.2-33.7-36.6-52.1c-.9-1.7-1.9-3.4-2.8-5.1C622.8 384.1 640 345.8 640 304c0-94.4-87.9-171.5-198.2-175.8c4.1 15.2 6.2 31.2 6.2 47.8l0 .6c87.2 6.7 144 67.5 144 127.4c0 28-11.4 54.9-32.7 77.2c-14.3 15-17.3 37.6-7.5 55.8c1.1 2 2.2 4 3.2 5.9c2.5 4.5 5.2 9 7.9 13.6c-17-4.5-33.9-10.7-49.9-18c-4.3-1.9-8.5-3.9-12.6-6c-9.5-4.8-20.3-6.2-30.7-4.2c-12.1 2.4-24.7 3.6-37.8 3.6c-61.7 0-110-26.5-136.8-62.3c-16 5.4-32.8 9.4-50 11.8C279 439.8 350 480 432 480z" fill="var(--md-primary-bg-color)">
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</path>
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</svg>
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<h3 style="margin-left: 0.5em;">
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Learning together
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</h3>
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</div>
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<p style="margin: 0;">
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Welcome discussions and questions with open arms.
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</p>
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<p class="intro-quote">
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"Learning by teaching."
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<img alt="Comments example" class="intro-image" src="index.assets/comment.gif"/>
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</div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section class="home-div" data-md-color-primary="grey" data-md-color-scheme="slate">
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<div class="section-content" style="max-width: 90vw;">
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<div style="margin: 2em auto;">
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<h3>
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Author
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</h3>
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<div class="profile-div">
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/krahets">
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<img alt="Author: yudongjin" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_yudongjin.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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Yudong Jin（@krahets）
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div style="margin: 2em auto;">
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<h3>
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Code reviewers
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</h3>
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<div class="profile-div">
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/codingonion">
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<img alt="Reviewer: codingonion" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_codingonion.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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codingonion
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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Zig, Rust
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/curtishd">
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<img alt="Reviewer: curtishd" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_curtishd.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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curtishd
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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Kotlin
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/Gonglja">
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<img alt="Reviewer: Gonglja" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_Gonglja.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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Gonglja
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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C, C++
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/gvenusleo">
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<img alt="Reviewer: gvenusleo" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_gvenusleo.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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gvenusleo
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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Dart
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/hpstory">
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<img alt="Reviewer: hpstory" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_hpstory.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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hpstory
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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C#
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/justin-tse">
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<img alt="Reviewer: justin-tse" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_justin-tse.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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justin-tse
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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JS, TS
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/khoaxuantu">
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<img alt="Reviewer: khoaxuantu" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_khoaxuantu.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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khoaxuantu
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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Ruby
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/krahets">
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<img alt="Reviewer: krahets" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_krahets.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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krahets
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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Python, Java
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/night-cruise">
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<img alt="Reviewer: night-cruise" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_night-cruise.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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night-cruise
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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Rust
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/nuomi1">
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<img alt="Reviewer: nuomi1" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_nuomi1.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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nuomi1
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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|
Swift
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/Reanon">
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<img alt="Reviewer: Reanon" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_Reanon.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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Reanon
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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|
Go, C
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</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/rongyi">
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<img alt="Reviewer: rongyi" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_rongyi.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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|
rongyi
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</b>
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<br/>
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<sub>
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|
Rust
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|
</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div style="margin: 2em auto;">
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<h3>
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|
English version reviewers
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|
</h3>
|
|
|
<div class="profile-div">
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|
<div class="profile-cell">
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|
<a href="https://github.com/yuelinxin">
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<img alt="Reviewer: yuelinxin" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_yuelinxin.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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|
yuelinxin
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/K3v123">
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<img alt="Reviewer: K3v123" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_K3v123.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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|
K3v123
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/QiLOL">
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<img alt="Reviewer: QiLOL" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_QiLOL.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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|
QiLOL
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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|
<a href="https://github.com/Phoenix0415">
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<img alt="Reviewer: Phoenix0415" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_Phoenix0415.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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|
Phoenix0415
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/SamJin98">
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<img alt="Reviewer: SamJin98" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_SamJin98.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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|
SamJin98
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/yanedie">
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<img alt="Reviewer: yanedie" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_yanedie.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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yanedie
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/RafaelCaso">
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<img alt="Reviewer: RafaelCaso" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_RafaelCaso.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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|
RafaelCaso
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/pengchzn">
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<img alt="Reviewer: pengchzn" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_pengchzn.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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pengchzn
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/thomasq0">
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<img alt="Reviewer: thomasq0" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_thomasq0.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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<b>
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thomasq0
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/magentaqin">
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<img alt="Reviewer: magentaqin" class="profile-img" src="../assets/avatar/avatar_magentaqin.jpg"/>
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<br/>
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|
<b>
|
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|
magentaqin
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</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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|
<div style="margin: 2em auto;">
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
Contributors
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
This book has been enhanced through the collaborative efforts of more than 100 contributors. Thanks for their invaluable time and input!
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo/graphs/contributors">
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|
<img alt="Contributors" src="https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=krahets/hello-algo&max=300&columns=16" style="width: 100%; max-width: 38.5em;"/>
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</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main" style="height: 0;">
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<div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
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<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
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<nav aria-label="Navigation" class="md-nav md-nav--primary" data-md-level="0">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
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<a aria-label="Hello Algo" class="md-nav__button md-logo" data-md-component="logo" href="." title="Hello Algo">
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<img alt="logo" src="assets/images/logo.svg"/>
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</a>
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Hello Algo
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</label>
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<a class="md-source" data-md-component="source" href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo" title="Go to repository">
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<path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z">
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<div class="md-source__repository">
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krahets/hello-algo
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Chapter 10. Searching
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10.1 Binary search
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10.2 Binary search insertion
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10.3 Binary search boundaries
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10.4 Hashing optimization strategies
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10.5 Search algorithms revisited
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Chapter 11. Sorting
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11.1 Sorting algorithms
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11.2 Selection sort
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11.3 Bubble sort
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11.4 Insertion sort
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11.5 Quick sort
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11.6 Merge sort
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11.7 Heap sort
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11.8 Bucket sort
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11.9 Counting sort
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11.10 Radix sort
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11.11 Summary
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Chapter 12. Divide and conquer
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12.1 Divide and conquer algorithms
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12.2 Divide and conquer search strategy
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13.1 Backtracking algorithms
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14.1 Introduction to dynamic programming
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