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hello-algo/codes/dart/chapter_dynamic_programming/min_path_sum.dart

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/**
* File: min_path_sum.dart
* Created Time: 2023-08-11
* Author: liuyuxin (gvenusleo@gmail.com)
*/
import 'dart:math';
/* 最小路径和:暴力搜索 */
int minPathSumDFS(List<List<int>> grid, int i, int j) {
// 若为左上角单元格,则终止搜索
if (i == 0 && j == 0) {
return grid[0][0];
}
// 若行列索引越界,则返回 +∞ 代价
if (i < 0 || j < 0) {
// 在 Dart 中int 类型是固定范围的整数,不存在表示“无穷大”的值
return BigInt.from(2).pow(31).toInt();
}
// 计算从左上角到 (i-1, j) 和 (i, j-1) 的最小路径代价
int up = minPathSumDFS(grid, i - 1, j);
int left = minPathSumDFS(grid, i, j - 1);
// 返回从左上角到 (i, j) 的最小路径代价
return min(left, up) + grid[i][j];
}
/* 最小路径和:记忆化搜索 */
int minPathSumDFSMem(List<List<int>> grid, List<List<int>> mem, int i, int j) {
// 若为左上角单元格,则终止搜索
if (i == 0 && j == 0) {
return grid[0][0];
}
// 若行列索引越界,则返回 +∞ 代价
if (i < 0 || j < 0) {
// 在 Dart 中int 类型是固定范围的整数,不存在表示“无穷大”的值
return BigInt.from(2).pow(31).toInt();
}
// 若已有记录,则直接返回
if (mem[i][j] != -1) {
return mem[i][j];
}
// 左边和上边单元格的最小路径代价
int up = minPathSumDFSMem(grid, mem, i - 1, j);
int left = minPathSumDFSMem(grid, mem, i, j - 1);
// 记录并返回左上角到 (i, j) 的最小路径代价
mem[i][j] = min(left, up) + grid[i][j];
return mem[i][j];
}
/* 最小路径和:动态规划 */
int minPathSumDP(List<List<int>> grid) {
int n = grid.length, m = grid[0].length;
// 初始化 dp 表
List<List<int>> dp = List.generate(n, (i) => List.filled(m, 0));
dp[0][0] = grid[0][0];
// 状态转移:首行
for (int j = 1; j < m; j++) {
dp[0][j] = dp[0][j - 1] + grid[0][j];
}
// 状态转移:首列
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
dp[i][0] = dp[i - 1][0] + grid[i][0];
}
// 状态转移:其余行和列
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j < m; j++) {
dp[i][j] = min(dp[i][j - 1], dp[i - 1][j]) + grid[i][j];
}
}
return dp[n - 1][m - 1];
}
/* 最小路径和:空间优化后的动态规划 */
int minPathSumDPComp(List<List<int>> grid) {
int n = grid.length, m = grid[0].length;
// 初始化 dp 表
List<int> dp = List.filled(m, 0);
dp[0] = grid[0][0];
for (int j = 1; j < m; j++) {
dp[j] = dp[j - 1] + grid[0][j];
}
// 状态转移:其余行
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
// 状态转移:首列
dp[0] = dp[0] + grid[i][0];
// 状态转移:其余列
for (int j = 1; j < m; j++) {
dp[j] = min(dp[j - 1], dp[j]) + grid[i][j];
}
}
return dp[m - 1];
}
/* Driver Code */
void main() {
List<List<int>> grid = [
[1, 3, 1, 5],
[2, 2, 4, 2],
[5, 3, 2, 1],
[4, 3, 5, 2],
];
int n = grid.length, m = grid[0].length;
// 暴力搜索
int res = minPathSumDFS(grid, n - 1, m - 1);
print("从左上角到右下角的最小路径和为 $res");
// 记忆化搜索
List<List<int>> mem = List.generate(n, (i) => List.filled(m, -1));
res = minPathSumDFSMem(grid, mem, n - 1, m - 1);
print("从左上角到右下角的最小路径和为 $res");
// 动态规划
res = minPathSumDP(grid);
print("从左上角到右下角的最小路径和为 $res");
// 空间优化后的动态规划
res = minPathSumDPComp(grid);
print("从左上角到右下角的最小路径和为 $res");
}