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hello-algo/en/codes/cpp/chapter_backtracking/permutations_i.cpp

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/**
* File: permutations_i.cpp
* Created Time: 2023-04-24
* Author: krahets (krahets@163.com)
*/
#include "../utils/common.hpp"
/* Backtracking algorithm: Permutation I */
void backtrack(vector<int> &state, const vector<int> &choices, vector<bool> &selected, vector<vector<int>> &res) {
// When the state length equals the number of elements, record the solution
if (state.size() == choices.size()) {
res.push_back(state);
return;
}
// Traverse all choices
for (int i = 0; i < choices.size(); i++) {
int choice = choices[i];
// Pruning: do not allow repeated selection of elements
if (!selected[i]) {
// Attempt: make a choice, update the state
selected[i] = true;
state.push_back(choice);
// Proceed to the next round of selection
backtrack(state, choices, selected, res);
// Retract: undo the choice, restore to the previous state
selected[i] = false;
state.pop_back();
}
}
}
/* Permutation I */
vector<vector<int>> permutationsI(vector<int> nums) {
vector<int> state;
vector<bool> selected(nums.size(), false);
vector<vector<int>> res;
backtrack(state, nums, selected, res);
return res;
}
/* Driver Code */
int main() {
vector<int> nums = {1, 2, 3};
vector<vector<int>> res = permutationsI(nums);
cout << "Input array nums = ";
printVector(nums);
cout << "All permutations res = ";
printVectorMatrix(res);
return 0;
}