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hello-algo/docs/chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_problem_features.md

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14.2   动态规划问题特性

在上一节中，我们学习了动态规划是如何通过子问题分解来求解原问题的。实际上，子问题分解是一种通用的算法思路，在分治、动态规划、回溯中的侧重点不同。

  • 分治算法递归地将原问题划分为多个相互独立的子问题，直至最小子问题，并在回溯中合并子问题的解，最终得到原问题的解。
  • 动态规划也对问题进行递归分解，但与分治算法的主要区别是，动态规划中的子问题是相互依赖的，在分解过程中会出现许多重叠子问题。
  • 回溯算法在尝试和回退中穷举所有可能的解，并通过剪枝避免不必要的搜索分支。原问题的解由一系列决策步骤构成，我们可以将每个决策步骤之前的子序列看作一个子问题。

实际上，动态规划常用来求解最优化问题，它们不仅包含重叠子问题，还具有另外两大特性：最优子结构、无后效性。

14.2.1   最优子结构

我们对爬楼梯问题稍作改动，使之更加适合展示最优子结构概念。

!!! question "爬楼梯最小代价"

给定一个楼梯，你每步可以上 $1$ 阶或者 $2$ 阶，每一阶楼梯上都贴有一个非负整数，表示你在该台阶所需要付出的代价。给定一个非负整数数组 $cost$ ，其中 $cost[i]$ 表示在第 $i$ 个台阶需要付出的代价，$cost[0]$ 为地面（起始点）。请计算最少需要付出多少代价才能到达顶部？

如图 14-6 所示，若第 1、2、3 阶的代价分别为 1、10、1 ，则从地面爬到第 3 阶的最小代价为 2 。

爬到第 3 阶的最小代价{ class="animation-figure" }

图 14-6   爬到第 3 阶的最小代价

设 dp[i] 为爬到第 i 阶累计付出的代价，由于第 i 阶只可能从 i - 1 阶或 i - 2 阶走来，因此 dp[i] 只可能等于 dp[i - 1] + cost[i] 或 dp[i - 2] + cost[i] 。为了尽可能减少代价，我们应该选择两者中较小的那一个：


dp[i] = \min(dp[i-1], dp[i-2]) + cost[i]

这便可以引出最优子结构的含义：原问题的最优解是从子问题的最优解构建得来的。

本题显然具有最优子结构：我们从两个子问题最优解 dp[i-1] 和 dp[i-2] 中挑选出较优的那一个，并用它构建出原问题 dp[i] 的最优解。

那么，上一节的爬楼梯题目有没有最优子结构呢？它的目标是求解方案数量，看似是一个计数问题，但如果换一种问法：“求解最大方案数量”。我们意外地发现，虽然题目修改前后是等价的，但最优子结构浮现出来了：第 n 阶最大方案数量等于第 n-1 阶和第 n-2 阶最大方案数量之和。所以说，最优子结构的解释方式比较灵活，在不同问题中会有不同的含义。

根据状态转移方程，以及初始状态 dp[1] = cost[1] 和 dp[2] = cost[2] ，我们就可以得到动态规划代码：

=== "Python"

```python title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.py"
def min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp(cost: list[int]) -> int:
    """爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划"""
    n = len(cost) - 1
    if n == 1 or n == 2:
        return cost[n]
    # 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    dp = [0] * (n + 1)
    # 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1], dp[2] = cost[1], cost[2]
    # 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for i in range(3, n + 1):
        dp[i] = min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i]
    return dp[n]
```

=== "C++"

```cpp title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.cpp"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划 */
int minCostClimbingStairsDP(vector<int> &cost) {
    int n = cost.size() - 1;
    if (n == 1 || n == 2)
        return cost[n];
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    vector<int> dp(n + 1);
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1] = cost[1];
    dp[2] = cost[2];
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i] = min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i];
    }
    return dp[n];
}
```

=== "Java"

```java title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.java"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划 */
int minCostClimbingStairsDP(int[] cost) {
    int n = cost.length - 1;
    if (n == 1 || n == 2)
        return cost[n];
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    int[] dp = new int[n + 1];
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1] = cost[1];
    dp[2] = cost[2];
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i] = Math.min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i];
    }
    return dp[n];
}
```

=== "C#"

```csharp title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.cs"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划 */
int MinCostClimbingStairsDP(int[] cost) {
    int n = cost.Length - 1;
    if (n == 1 || n == 2)
        return cost[n];
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    int[] dp = new int[n + 1];
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1] = cost[1];
    dp[2] = cost[2];
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i] = Math.Min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i];
    }
    return dp[n];
}
```

=== "Go"

```go title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.go"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划 */
func minCostClimbingStairsDP(cost []int) int {
    n := len(cost) - 1
    if n == 1 || n == 2 {
        return cost[n]
    }
    min := func(a, b int) int {
        if a < b {
            return a
        }
        return b
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    dp := make([]int, n+1)
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1] = cost[1]
    dp[2] = cost[2]
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for i := 3; i <= n; i++ {
        dp[i] = min(dp[i-1], dp[i-2]) + cost[i]
    }
    return dp[n]
}
```

=== "Swift"

```swift title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.swift"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划 */
func minCostClimbingStairsDP(cost: [Int]) -> Int {
    let n = cost.count - 1
    if n == 1 || n == 2 {
        return cost[n]
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    var dp = Array(repeating: 0, count: n + 1)
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1] = cost[1]
    dp[2] = cost[2]
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for i in stride(from: 3, through: n, by: 1) {
        dp[i] = min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i]
    }
    return dp[n]
}
```

=== "JS"

```javascript title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.js"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划 */
function minCostClimbingStairsDP(cost) {
    const n = cost.length - 1;
    if (n === 1 || n === 2) {
        return cost[n];
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    const dp = new Array(n + 1);
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1] = cost[1];
    dp[2] = cost[2];
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (let i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i] = Math.min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i];
    }
    return dp[n];
}
```

=== "TS"

```typescript title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.ts"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划 */
function minCostClimbingStairsDP(cost: Array<number>): number {
    const n = cost.length - 1;
    if (n === 1 || n === 2) {
        return cost[n];
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    const dp = new Array(n + 1);
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1] = cost[1];
    dp[2] = cost[2];
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (let i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i] = Math.min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i];
    }
    return dp[n];
}
```

=== "Dart"

```dart title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.dart"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划 */
int minCostClimbingStairsDP(List<int> cost) {
  int n = cost.length - 1;
  if (n == 1 || n == 2) return cost[n];
  // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
  List<int> dp = List.filled(n + 1, 0);
  // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
  dp[1] = cost[1];
  dp[2] = cost[2];
  // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
  for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
    dp[i] = min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i];
  }
  return dp[n];
}
```

=== "Rust"

```rust title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.rs"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划 */
fn min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp(cost: &[i32]) -> i32 {
    let n = cost.len() - 1;
    if n == 1 || n == 2 { return cost[n]; }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    let mut dp = vec![-1; n + 1];
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1] = cost[1];
    dp[2] = cost[2];
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for i in 3..=n {
        dp[i] = cmp::min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i];
    }
    dp[n]
}
```

=== "C"

```c title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.c"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划 */
int minCostClimbingStairsDP(int cost[], int costSize) {
    int n = costSize - 1;
    if (n == 1 || n == 2)
        return cost[n];
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    int *dp = calloc(n + 1, sizeof(int));
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1] = cost[1];
    dp[2] = cost[2];
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i] = myMin(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i];
    }
    int res = dp[n];
    // 释放内存
    free(dp);
    return res;
}
```

=== "Zig"

```zig title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.zig"
// 爬楼梯最小代价：动态规划
fn minCostClimbingStairsDP(comptime cost: []i32) i32 {
    comptime var n = cost.len - 1;
    if (n == 1 or n == 2) {
        return cost[n];
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    var dp = [_]i32{-1} ** (n + 1);
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1] = cost[1];
    dp[2] = cost[2];
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (3..n + 1) |i| {
        dp[i] = @min(dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2]) + cost[i];
    }
    return dp[n];
}
```

??? pythontutor "可视化运行"

<div style="height: 560px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp%28cost%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E7%88%AC%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%EF%BC%9A%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%20len%28cost%29%20-%201%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3D%3D%201%20or%20n%20%3D%3D%202%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20cost%5Bn%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%20dp%20%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%0A%20%20%20%20dp%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20*%20%28n%20%2B%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%EF%BC%9A%E9%A2%84%E8%AE%BE%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%0A%20%20%20%20dp%5B1%5D,%20dp%5B2%5D%20%3D%20cost%5B1%5D,%20cost%5B2%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E8%BE%83%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E9%80%90%E6%AD%A5%E6%B1%82%E8%A7%A3%E8%BE%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%283,%20n%20%2B%201%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20dp%5Bi%5D%20%3D%20min%28dp%5Bi%20-%201%5D,%20dp%5Bi%20-%202%5D%29%20%2B%20cost%5Bi%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20dp%5Bn%5D%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20cost%20%3D%20%5B0,%201,%2010,%201,%201,%201,%2010,%201,%201,%2010,%201%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bcost%7D%22%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp%28cost%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E7%88%AC%E5%AE%8C%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bres%7D%22%29&codeDivHeight=470&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=4&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp%28cost%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E7%88%AC%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%EF%BC%9A%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%20len%28cost%29%20-%201%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3D%3D%201%20or%20n%20%3D%3D%202%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20cost%5Bn%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%20dp%20%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%0A%20%20%20%20dp%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20*%20%28n%20%2B%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%EF%BC%9A%E9%A2%84%E8%AE%BE%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%0A%20%20%20%20dp%5B1%5D,%20dp%5B2%5D%20%3D%20cost%5B1%5D,%20cost%5B2%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E8%BE%83%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E9%80%90%E6%AD%A5%E6%B1%82%E8%A7%A3%E8%BE%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%283,%20n%20%2B%201%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20dp%5Bi%5D%20%3D%20min%28dp%5Bi%20-%201%5D,%20dp%5Bi%20-%202%5D%29%20%2B%20cost%5Bi%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20dp%5Bn%5D%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20cost%20%3D%20%5B0,%201,%2010,%201,%201,%201,%2010,%201,%201,%2010,%201%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bcost%7D%22%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp%28cost%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E7%88%AC%E5%AE%8C%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bres%7D%22%29&codeDivHeight=470&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=4&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a>

图 14-7 展示了以上代码的动态规划过程。

爬楼梯最小代价的动态规划过程{ class="animation-figure" }

图 14-7   爬楼梯最小代价的动态规划过程

本题也可以进行空间优化，将一维压缩至零维，使得空间复杂度从 O(n) 降至 O(1) ：

=== "Python"

```python title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.py"
def min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp_comp(cost: list[int]) -> int:
    """爬楼梯最小代价：空间优化后的动态规划"""
    n = len(cost) - 1
    if n == 1 or n == 2:
        return cost[n]
    a, b = cost[1], cost[2]
    for i in range(3, n + 1):
        a, b = b, min(a, b) + cost[i]
    return b
```

=== "C++"

```cpp title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.cpp"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：空间优化后的动态规划 */
int minCostClimbingStairsDPComp(vector<int> &cost) {
    int n = cost.size() - 1;
    if (n == 1 || n == 2)
        return cost[n];
    int a = cost[1], b = cost[2];
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        int tmp = b;
        b = min(a, tmp) + cost[i];
        a = tmp;
    }
    return b;
}
```

=== "Java"

```java title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.java"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：空间优化后的动态规划 */
int minCostClimbingStairsDPComp(int[] cost) {
    int n = cost.length - 1;
    if (n == 1 || n == 2)
        return cost[n];
    int a = cost[1], b = cost[2];
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        int tmp = b;
        b = Math.min(a, tmp) + cost[i];
        a = tmp;
    }
    return b;
}
```

=== "C#"

```csharp title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.cs"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：空间优化后的动态规划 */
int MinCostClimbingStairsDPComp(int[] cost) {
    int n = cost.Length - 1;
    if (n == 1 || n == 2)
        return cost[n];
    int a = cost[1], b = cost[2];
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        int tmp = b;
        b = Math.Min(a, tmp) + cost[i];
        a = tmp;
    }
    return b;
}
```

=== "Go"

```go title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.go"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：空间优化后的动态规划 */
func minCostClimbingStairsDPComp(cost []int) int {
    n := len(cost) - 1
    if n == 1 || n == 2 {
        return cost[n]
    }
    min := func(a, b int) int {
        if a < b {
            return a
        }
        return b
    }
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    a, b := cost[1], cost[2]
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for i := 3; i <= n; i++ {
        tmp := b
        b = min(a, tmp) + cost[i]
        a = tmp
    }
    return b
}
```

=== "Swift"

```swift title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.swift"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：空间优化后的动态规划 */
func minCostClimbingStairsDPComp(cost: [Int]) -> Int {
    let n = cost.count - 1
    if n == 1 || n == 2 {
        return cost[n]
    }
    var (a, b) = (cost[1], cost[2])
    for i in stride(from: 3, through: n, by: 1) {
        (a, b) = (b, min(a, b) + cost[i])
    }
    return b
}
```

=== "JS"

```javascript title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.js"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：状态压缩后的动态规划 */
function minCostClimbingStairsDPComp(cost) {
    const n = cost.length - 1;
    if (n === 1 || n === 2) {
        return cost[n];
    }
    let a = cost[1],
        b = cost[2];
    for (let i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        const tmp = b;
        b = Math.min(a, tmp) + cost[i];
        a = tmp;
    }
    return b;
}
```

=== "TS"

```typescript title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.ts"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：状态压缩后的动态规划 */
function minCostClimbingStairsDPComp(cost: Array<number>): number {
    const n = cost.length - 1;
    if (n === 1 || n === 2) {
        return cost[n];
    }
    let a = cost[1],
        b = cost[2];
    for (let i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        const tmp = b;
        b = Math.min(a, tmp) + cost[i];
        a = tmp;
    }
    return b;
}
```

=== "Dart"

```dart title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.dart"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：空间优化后的动态规划 */
int minCostClimbingStairsDPComp(List<int> cost) {
  int n = cost.length - 1;
  if (n == 1 || n == 2) return cost[n];
  int a = cost[1], b = cost[2];
  for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
    int tmp = b;
    b = min(a, tmp) + cost[i];
    a = tmp;
  }
  return b;
}
```

=== "Rust"

```rust title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.rs"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：空间优化后的动态规划 */
fn min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp_comp(cost: &[i32]) -> i32 {
    let n = cost.len() - 1;
    if n == 1 || n == 2 { return cost[n] };
    let (mut a, mut b) = (cost[1], cost[2]);
    for i in 3..=n {
        let tmp = b;
        b = cmp::min(a, tmp) + cost[i];
        a = tmp;
    }
    b
}
```

=== "C"

```c title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.c"
/* 爬楼梯最小代价：空间优化后的动态规划 */
int minCostClimbingStairsDPComp(int cost[], int costSize) {
    int n = costSize - 1;
    if (n == 1 || n == 2)
        return cost[n];
    int a = cost[1], b = cost[2];
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        int tmp = b;
        b = myMin(a, tmp) + cost[i];
        a = tmp;
    }
    return b;
}
```

=== "Zig"

```zig title="min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp.zig"
// 爬楼梯最小代价：空间优化后的动态规划
fn minCostClimbingStairsDPComp(cost: []i32) i32 {
    var n = cost.len - 1;
    if (n == 1 or n == 2) {
        return cost[n];
    }
    var a = cost[1];
    var b = cost[2];
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (3..n + 1) |i| {
        var tmp = b;
        b = @min(a, tmp) + cost[i];
        a = tmp;
    }
    return b;
}
```

??? pythontutor "可视化运行"

<div style="height: 560px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp_comp%28cost%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E7%88%AC%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%EF%BC%9A%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%20len%28cost%29%20-%201%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3D%3D%201%20or%20n%20%3D%3D%202%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20cost%5Bn%5D%0A%20%20%20%20a,%20b%20%3D%20cost%5B1%5D,%20cost%5B2%5D%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%283,%20n%20%2B%201%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20a,%20b%20%3D%20b,%20min%28a,%20b%29%20%2B%20cost%5Bi%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20b%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20cost%20%3D%20%5B0,%201,%2010,%201,%201,%201,%2010,%201,%201,%2010,%201%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bcost%7D%22%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp_comp%28cost%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E7%88%AC%E5%AE%8C%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bres%7D%22%29&codeDivHeight=470&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=5&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp_comp%28cost%3A%20list%5Bint%5D%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E7%88%AC%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%EF%BC%9A%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%20len%28cost%29%20-%201%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3D%3D%201%20or%20n%20%3D%3D%202%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20cost%5Bn%5D%0A%20%20%20%20a,%20b%20%3D%20cost%5B1%5D,%20cost%5B2%5D%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%283,%20n%20%2B%201%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20a,%20b%20%3D%20b,%20min%28a,%20b%29%20%2B%20cost%5Bi%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20b%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20cost%20%3D%20%5B0,%201,%2010,%201,%201,%201,%2010,%201,%201,%2010,%201%5D%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bcost%7D%22%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20min_cost_climbing_stairs_dp_comp%28cost%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E7%88%AC%E5%AE%8C%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bres%7D%22%29&codeDivHeight=470&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=5&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a>

14.2.2   无后效性

无后效性是动态规划能够有效解决问题的重要特性之一，其定义为：给定一个确定的状态，它的未来发展只与当前状态有关，而与过去经历的所有状态无关。

以爬楼梯问题为例，给定状态 i ，它会发展出状态 i+1 和状态 i+2 ，分别对应跳 1 步和跳 2 步。在做出这两种选择时，我们无须考虑状态 i 之前的状态，它们对状态 i 的未来没有影响。

然而，如果我们给爬楼梯问题添加一个约束，情况就不一样了。

!!! question "带约束爬楼梯"

给定一个共有 $n$ 阶的楼梯，你每步可以上 $1$ 阶或者 $2$ 阶，**但不能连续两轮跳 $1$ 阶**，请问有多少种方案可以爬到楼顶？

如图 14-8 所示，爬上第 3 阶仅剩 2 种可行方案，其中连续三次跳 1 阶的方案不满足约束条件，因此被舍弃。

带约束爬到第 3 阶的方案数量{ class="animation-figure" }

图 14-8   带约束爬到第 3 阶的方案数量

在该问题中，如果上一轮是跳 1 阶上来的，那么下一轮就必须跳 2 阶。这意味着，下一步选择不能由当前状态（当前所在楼梯阶数）独立决定，还和前一个状态（上一轮所在楼梯阶数）有关。

不难发现，此问题已不满足无后效性，状态转移方程 dp[i] = dp[i-1] + dp[i-2] 也失效了，因为 dp[i-1] 代表本轮跳 1 阶，但其中包含了许多“上一轮是跳 1 阶上来的”方案，而为了满足约束，我们就不能将 dp[i-1] 直接计入 dp[i] 中。

为此，我们需要扩展状态定义：状态 [i, j] 表示处在第 i 阶并且上一轮跳了 j 阶，其中 j \in \{1, 2\} 。此状态定义有效地区分了上一轮跳了 1 阶还是 2 阶，我们可以据此判断当前状态是从何而来的。

  • 当上一轮跳了 1 阶时，上上一轮只能选择跳 2 阶，即 dp[i, 1] 只能从 dp[i-1, 2] 转移过来。
  • 当上一轮跳了 2 阶时，上上一轮可选择跳 1 阶或跳 2 阶，即 dp[i, 2] 可以从 dp[i-2, 1] 或 dp[i-2, 2] 转移过来。

如图 14-9 所示，在该定义下，dp[i, j] 表示状态 [i, j] 对应的方案数。此时状态转移方程为：


\begin{cases}
dp[i, 1] = dp[i-1, 2] \\
dp[i, 2] = dp[i-2, 1] + dp[i-2, 2]
\end{cases}

考虑约束下的递推关系{ class="animation-figure" }

图 14-9   考虑约束下的递推关系

最终，返回 dp[n, 1] + dp[n, 2] 即可，两者之和代表爬到第 n 阶的方案总数：

=== "Python"

```python title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.py"
def climbing_stairs_constraint_dp(n: int) -> int:
    """带约束爬楼梯：动态规划"""
    if n == 1 or n == 2:
        return 1
    # 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    dp = [[0] * 3 for _ in range(n + 1)]
    # 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1][1], dp[1][2] = 1, 0
    dp[2][1], dp[2][2] = 0, 1
    # 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for i in range(3, n + 1):
        dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2]
        dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2]
    return dp[n][1] + dp[n][2]
```

=== "C++"

```cpp title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.cpp"
/* 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 */
int climbingStairsConstraintDP(int n) {
    if (n == 1 || n == 2) {
        return 1;
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    vector<vector<int>> dp(n + 1, vector<int>(3, 0));
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1][1] = 1;
    dp[1][2] = 0;
    dp[2][1] = 0;
    dp[2][2] = 1;
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2];
        dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2];
    }
    return dp[n][1] + dp[n][2];
}
```

=== "Java"

```java title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.java"
/* 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 */
int climbingStairsConstraintDP(int n) {
    if (n == 1 || n == 2) {
        return 1;
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    int[][] dp = new int[n + 1][3];
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1][1] = 1;
    dp[1][2] = 0;
    dp[2][1] = 0;
    dp[2][2] = 1;
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2];
        dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2];
    }
    return dp[n][1] + dp[n][2];
}
```

=== "C#"

```csharp title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.cs"
/* 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 */
int ClimbingStairsConstraintDP(int n) {
    if (n == 1 || n == 2) {
        return 1;
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    int[,] dp = new int[n + 1, 3];
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1, 1] = 1;
    dp[1, 2] = 0;
    dp[2, 1] = 0;
    dp[2, 2] = 1;
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i, 1] = dp[i - 1, 2];
        dp[i, 2] = dp[i - 2, 1] + dp[i - 2, 2];
    }
    return dp[n, 1] + dp[n, 2];
}
```

=== "Go"

```go title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.go"
/* 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 */
func climbingStairsConstraintDP(n int) int {
    if n == 1 || n == 2 {
        return 1
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    dp := make([][3]int, n+1)
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1][1] = 1
    dp[1][2] = 0
    dp[2][1] = 0
    dp[2][2] = 1
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for i := 3; i <= n; i++ {
        dp[i][1] = dp[i-1][2]
        dp[i][2] = dp[i-2][1] + dp[i-2][2]
    }
    return dp[n][1] + dp[n][2]
}
```

=== "Swift"

```swift title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.swift"
/* 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 */
func climbingStairsConstraintDP(n: Int) -> Int {
    if n == 1 || n == 2 {
        return 1
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    var dp = Array(repeating: Array(repeating: 0, count: 3), count: n + 1)
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1][1] = 1
    dp[1][2] = 0
    dp[2][1] = 0
    dp[2][2] = 1
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for i in stride(from: 3, through: n, by: 1) {
        dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2]
        dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2]
    }
    return dp[n][1] + dp[n][2]
}
```

=== "JS"

```javascript title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.js"
/* 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 */
function climbingStairsConstraintDP(n) {
    if (n === 1 || n === 2) {
        return 1;
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    const dp = Array.from(new Array(n + 1), () => new Array(3));
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1][1] = 1;
    dp[1][2] = 0;
    dp[2][1] = 0;
    dp[2][2] = 1;
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (let i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2];
        dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2];
    }
    return dp[n][1] + dp[n][2];
}
```

=== "TS"

```typescript title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.ts"
/* 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 */
function climbingStairsConstraintDP(n: number): number {
    if (n === 1 || n === 2) {
        return 1;
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    const dp = Array.from({ length: n + 1 }, () => new Array(3));
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1][1] = 1;
    dp[1][2] = 0;
    dp[2][1] = 0;
    dp[2][2] = 1;
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (let i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2];
        dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2];
    }
    return dp[n][1] + dp[n][2];
}
```

=== "Dart"

```dart title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.dart"
/* 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 */
int climbingStairsConstraintDP(int n) {
  if (n == 1 || n == 2) {
    return 1;
  }
  // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
  List<List<int>> dp = List.generate(n + 1, (index) => List.filled(3, 0));
  // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
  dp[1][1] = 1;
  dp[1][2] = 0;
  dp[2][1] = 0;
  dp[2][2] = 1;
  // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
  for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
    dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2];
    dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2];
  }
  return dp[n][1] + dp[n][2];
}
```

=== "Rust"

```rust title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.rs"
/* 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 */
fn climbing_stairs_constraint_dp(n: usize) -> i32 {
    if n == 1 || n == 2 { return 1 };
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    let mut dp = vec![vec![-1; 3]; n + 1];
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1][1] = 1;
    dp[1][2] = 0;
    dp[2][1] = 0;
    dp[2][2] = 1;
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for i in 3..=n {
        dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2];
        dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2];
    }
    dp[n][1] + dp[n][2]
}
```

=== "C"

```c title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.c"
/* 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划 */
int climbingStairsConstraintDP(int n) {
    if (n == 1 || n == 2) {
        return 1;
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    int **dp = malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int *));
    for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i] = calloc(3, sizeof(int));
    }
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1][1] = 1;
    dp[1][2] = 0;
    dp[2][1] = 0;
    dp[2][2] = 1;
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
        dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2];
        dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2];
    }
    int res = dp[n][1] + dp[n][2];
    // 释放内存
    for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        free(dp[i]);
    }
    free(dp);
    return res;
}
```

=== "Zig"

```zig title="climbing_stairs_constraint_dp.zig"
// 带约束爬楼梯：动态规划
fn climbingStairsConstraintDP(comptime n: usize) i32 {
    if (n == 1 or n == 2) {
        return 1;
    }
    // 初始化 dp 表，用于存储子问题的解
    var dp = [_][3]i32{ [_]i32{ -1, -1, -1 } } ** (n + 1);
    // 初始状态：预设最小子问题的解
    dp[1][1] = 1;
    dp[1][2] = 0;
    dp[2][1] = 0;
    dp[2][2] = 1;
    // 状态转移：从较小子问题逐步求解较大子问题
    for (3..n + 1) |i| {
        dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][2];
        dp[i][2] = dp[i - 2][1] + dp[i - 2][2];
    }
    return dp[n][1] + dp[n][2];
}
```

??? pythontutor "可视化运行"

<div style="height: 560px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20climbing_stairs_constraint_dp%28n%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%B8%A6%E7%BA%A6%E6%9D%9F%E7%88%AC%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%EF%BC%9A%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3D%3D%201%20or%20n%20%3D%3D%202%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%201%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%20dp%20%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%0A%20%20%20%20dp%20%3D%20%5B%5B0%5D%20*%203%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%20%2B%201%29%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%EF%BC%9A%E9%A2%84%E8%AE%BE%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%0A%20%20%20%20dp%5B1%5D%5B1%5D,%20dp%5B1%5D%5B2%5D%20%3D%201,%200%0A%20%20%20%20dp%5B2%5D%5B1%5D,%20dp%5B2%5D%5B2%5D%20%3D%200,%201%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E8%BE%83%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E9%80%90%E6%AD%A5%E6%B1%82%E8%A7%A3%E8%BE%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%283,%20n%20%2B%201%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20dp%5Bi%5D%5B1%5D%20%3D%20dp%5Bi%20-%201%5D%5B2%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20dp%5Bi%5D%5B2%5D%20%3D%20dp%5Bi%20-%202%5D%5B1%5D%20%2B%20dp%5Bi%20-%202%5D%5B2%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20dp%5Bn%5D%5B1%5D%20%2B%20dp%5Bn%5D%5B2%5D%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%209%0A%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20climbing_stairs_constraint_dp%28n%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E7%88%AC%20%7Bn%7D%20%E9%98%B6%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%20%7Bres%7D%20%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88%22%29&codeDivHeight=470&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=4&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
<a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20climbing_stairs_constraint_dp%28n%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%B8%A6%E7%BA%A6%E6%9D%9F%E7%88%AC%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%EF%BC%9A%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3D%3D%201%20or%20n%20%3D%3D%202%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%201%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%20dp%20%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%0A%20%20%20%20dp%20%3D%20%5B%5B0%5D%20*%203%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%20%2B%201%29%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%EF%BC%9A%E9%A2%84%E8%AE%BE%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%0A%20%20%20%20dp%5B1%5D%5B1%5D,%20dp%5B1%5D%5B2%5D%20%3D%201,%200%0A%20%20%20%20dp%5B2%5D%5B1%5D,%20dp%5B2%5D%5B2%5D%20%3D%200,%201%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E8%BE%83%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E9%80%90%E6%AD%A5%E6%B1%82%E8%A7%A3%E8%BE%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%283,%20n%20%2B%201%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20dp%5Bi%5D%5B1%5D%20%3D%20dp%5Bi%20-%201%5D%5B2%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20dp%5Bi%5D%5B2%5D%20%3D%20dp%5Bi%20-%202%5D%5B1%5D%20%2B%20dp%5Bi%20-%202%5D%5B2%5D%0A%20%20%20%20return%20dp%5Bn%5D%5B1%5D%20%2B%20dp%5Bn%5D%5B2%5D%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%209%0A%0A%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20climbing_stairs_constraint_dp%28n%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E7%88%AC%20%7Bn%7D%20%E9%98%B6%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%AF%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%20%7Bres%7D%20%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88%22%29&codeDivHeight=470&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=4&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a>

在上面的案例中，由于仅需多考虑前面一个状态，因此我们仍然可以通过扩展状态定义，使得问题重新满足无后效性。然而，某些问题具有非常严重的“有后效性”。

!!! question "爬楼梯与障碍生成"

给定一个共有 $n$ 阶的楼梯，你每步可以上 $1$ 阶或者 $2$ 阶。**规定当爬到第 $i$ 阶时，系统自动会在第 $2i$ 阶上放上障碍物，之后所有轮都不允许跳到第 $2i$ 阶上**。例如，前两轮分别跳到了第 $2$、$3$ 阶上，则之后就不能跳到第 $4$、$6$ 阶上。请问有多少种方案可以爬到楼顶？

在这个问题中，下次跳跃依赖过去所有的状态，因为每一次跳跃都会在更高的阶梯上设置障碍，并影响未来的跳跃。对于这类问题，动态规划往往难以解决。

实际上，许多复杂的组合优化问题（例如旅行商问题）不满足无后效性。对于这类问题，我们通常会选择使用其他方法，例如启发式搜索、遗传算法、强化学习等，从而在有限时间内得到可用的局部最优解。