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2. 复杂度
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2.1. 算法效率评估
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2.2. 时间复杂度
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2.3. 空间复杂度
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2.4. 小结
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3. 数据结构
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3.1. 数据结构分类
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3.2. 基本数据类型
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3.3. 数字编码 *
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3.4. 字符编码 *
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3.5. 小结
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4. 数组与链表
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4.1. 数组
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4.2. 链表
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4.3. 列表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/">5. 栈与队列</a>
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<label for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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5. 栈与队列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.1. 栈
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.2. 队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.3. 双向队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" checked>
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../">6. 散列表</a>
|
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<label for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="true">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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6. 散列表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.1. 哈希表（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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6.2. 哈希冲突（New）
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../hash_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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6.3. 哈希算法（New）
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
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<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
|
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6.4. 小结
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
|
|
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6.4. 小结
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目录">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
目录
|
|
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</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#641-q-a" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
6.4.1. Q & A
|
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/">7. 树</a>
|
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|
<label for="__nav_8">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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7. 树
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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7.1. 二叉树
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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7.2. 二叉树遍历
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.3. 二叉树数组表示
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.4. 二叉搜索树
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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7.5. AVL 树 *
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.6. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/">8. 堆</a>
|
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<label for="__nav_9">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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8. 堆
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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8.1. 堆
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
8.2. 建堆操作
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/top_k/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.3. Top-K 问题（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.4. 小结
|
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_graph/">9. 图</a>
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_10">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
|
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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9. 图
|
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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9.1. 图
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.2. 图基础操作
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.3. 图的遍历
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/">10. 搜索</a>
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<label for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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10. 搜索
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.1. 二分查找
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.2. 二分查找边界
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.3. 哈希优化策略
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.4. 重识搜索算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.5. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/">11. 排序</a>
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<label for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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11. 排序
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.1. 排序算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.2. 选择排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.3. 冒泡排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.4. 插入排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.5. 快速排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.6. 归并排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.7. 堆排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.8. 桶排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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11.9. 计数排序
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.10. 基数排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.11. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/">12. 回溯</a>
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_13">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
12. 回溯
|
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</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
12.1. 回溯算法
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.2. 全排列问题
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.3. 子集和问题（New）
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.4. N 皇后问题
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.5. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/">13. 动态规划</a>
|
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|
<label for="__nav_14">
|
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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13. 动态规划
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</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/intro_to_dynamic_programming/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
13.1. 初识动态规划
|
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
|
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14. 附录
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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<h1 id="64">6.4. 小结<a class="headerlink" href="#64" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<ul>
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<li>输入 <code>key</code> ，哈希表能够在 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 时间内查询到 <code>value</code> ，效率非常高。</li>
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<li>常见的哈希表操作包括查询、添加键值对、删除键值对和遍历哈希表等。</li>
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<li>哈希函数将 <code>key</code> 映射为数组索引，从而访问对应桶并获取 <code>value</code> 。</li>
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<li>两个不同的 <code>key</code> 可能在经过哈希函数后得到相同的数组索引，导致查询结果出错，这种现象被称为哈希冲突。</li>
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<li>哈希表容量越大，哈希冲突的概率就越低。因此可以通过扩容哈希表来缓解哈希冲突。与数组扩容类似，哈希表扩容操作的开销很大。</li>
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<li>负载因子定义为哈希表中元素数量除以桶数量，反映了哈希冲突的严重程度，常用作触发哈希表扩容的条件。</li>
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<li>链式地址通过将单个元素转化为链表，将所有冲突元素存储在同一个链表中。然而，链表过长会降低查询效率，可以进一步将链表转换为红黑树来提高效率。</li>
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<li>开放寻址通过多次探测来处理哈希冲突。线性探测使用固定步长，缺点是不能删除元素，且容易产生聚集。多次哈希使用多个哈希函数进行探测，相较线性探测更不易产生聚集，但多个哈希函数增加了计算量。</li>
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<li>不同编程语言采取了不同的哈希表实现。例如，Java 的 <code>HashMap</code> 使用链式地址，而 Python 的 <code>Dict</code> 采用开放寻址。</li>
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<li>在哈希表中，我们希望哈希算法具有确定性、高效率和均匀分布的特点。在密码学中，哈希算法还应该具备抗碰撞性和雪崩效应。</li>
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<li>哈希算法通常采用大质数作为模数，以最大化地保证哈希值的均匀分布，减少哈希冲突。</li>
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<li>常见的哈希算法包括 MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA3 等。MD5 常用语校验文件完整性，SHA-2 常用于安全应用与协议。</li>
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<li>编程语言通常会为数据类型提供内置哈希算法，用于计算哈希表中的桶索引。通常情况下，只有不可变对象是可哈希的。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="641-q-a">6.4.1. Q & A<a class="headerlink" href="#641-q-a" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">哈希表的时间复杂度为什么不是 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> ？</p>
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<p>当哈希冲突比较严重时，哈希表的时间复杂度会退化至 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> 。当哈希函数设计的比较好、容量设置比较合理、冲突比较平均时，时间复杂度是 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 。我们使用编程语言内置的哈希表时，通常认为时间复杂度是 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">为什么不使用哈希函数 <span class="arithmatex">\(f(x) = x\)</span> 呢？这样就不会有冲突了</p>
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<p>在 <span class="arithmatex">\(f(x) = x\)</span> 哈希函数下，每个元素对应唯一的桶索引，这与数组等价。然而，输入空间通常远大于输出空间（数组长度），因此哈希函数的最后一步往往是对数组长度取模。换句话说，哈希表的目标是将一个较大的状态空间映射到一个较小的空间，并提供 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 的查询效率。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">哈希表底层实现是数组、链表、二叉树，但为什么效率可以比他们更高呢？</p>
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<p>首先，哈希表的时间效率变高，但空间效率变低了。哈希表有相当一部分的内存是未使用的，</p>
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<p>其次，只是在特定使用场景下时间效率变高了。如果一个功能能够在相同的时间复杂度下使用数组或链表实现，那么通常比哈希表更快。这是因为哈希函数计算需要开销，时间复杂度的常数项更大。</p>
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<p>最后，哈希表的时间复杂度可能发生劣化。例如在链式地址中，我们采取在链表或红黑树中执行查找操作，仍然有退化至 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> 时间的风险。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">多次哈希有不能直接删除元素的缺陷吗？对于标记已删除的空间，这个空间还能再次使用吗？</p>
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<p>多次哈希是开放寻址的一种，开放寻址法都有不能直接删除元素的缺陷，需要通过标记删除。被标记为已删除的空间是可以再次被使用的。当将新元素插入哈希表，并且通过哈希函数找到了被标记为已删除的位置时，该位置可以被新的元素使用。这样做既能保持哈希表的探测序列不变，又能保证哈希表的空间使用率。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">为什么在线性探测中，查找元素的时候会出现哈希冲突呢？</p>
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<p>查找的时候通过哈希函数找到对应的桶和键值对，发现 <code>key</code> 不匹配，这就代表有哈希冲突。因此，线性探测法会根据预先设定的步长依次向下查找，直至找到正确的键值对或无法找到跳出为止。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">为什么哈希表扩容能够缓解哈希冲突？</p>
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|
<p>哈希函数的最后一步往往是对数组长度 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 取余，让输出值落入在数组索引范围；在扩容后，数组长度 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 发生变化，而 <code>key</code> 对应的索引也可能发生变化。原先落在同一个桶的多个 <code>key</code> ，在扩容后可能会被分配到多个桶中，从而实现哈希冲突的缓解。</p>
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