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Hello 算法
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正在初始化搜索引擎
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg>
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krahets/hello-algo
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<!--Section: hero -->
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<section data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="grey" class="home-div"
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style="height: min(100vh, 120vw); position: relative; margin-top:-2.4rem; padding: 0; overflow: hidden;">
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<!-- background -->
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<img src="assets/hero/universe_bg.png" class="hero-bg">
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<!-- heading and buttons -->
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<div style="width: 100%; position: absolute; transform: translateX(-50%); left: 50%; bottom: min(2vh, 3vw);">
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src="https://readme-typing-svg.demolab.com/?font=Noto+Sans+SC&weight=400&duration=3500&pause=2000&color=FFF¢er=true&vCenter=true&random=false&width=200&lines=Hello%2C+%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95+!"
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<p style="color: #fff; margin-top: max(-0.6vh, -1.2vw); margin-bottom: min(2.5vh, 4vw);">
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动画图解、一键运行的数据结构与算法教程
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</p>
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<div>
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<a href="https://www.hello-algo.com/chapter_preface/" class="rounded-button hero-btn">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="16px" width="15.5px"
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viewBox="0 0 576 512"><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.-->
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<path
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<p style="margin-top: 2em;">500 幅动画图解、12 种编程语言代码、2000 条社区问答，助你快速入门数据结构与算法</p>
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<h3 style="text-align: center; margin: 1em auto;">推荐语</h3>
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<div class="intro-container" style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
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<div class="intro-text endor-text">
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0;">“一本通俗易懂的数据结构与算法入门书，引导读者手脑并用地学习，强烈推荐算法初学者阅读。”</p>
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<p style="font-weight: bold;">—— 邓俊辉，清华大学计算机系教授</p>
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</div>
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<div class="intro-text endor-text">
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0;">“如果我当年学数据结构与算法的时候有《Hello 算法》，学起来应该会简单 10 倍！”</p>
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<p style="font-weight: bold;">—— 李沐，亚马逊资深首席科学家</p>
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<h3 style="margin-left: 0.5em;">动画图解</h3>
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</div>
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<p style="margin: 0;">内容清晰易懂，学习曲线平滑</p>
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<p class="intro-quote">"A picture is worth a thousand words."</br>“一图胜千言”</p>
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<img class="intro-image" src="index.assets/animation.gif">
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d="M392.8 1.2c-17-4.9-34.7 5-39.6 22l-128 448c-4.9 17 5 34.7 22 39.6s34.7-5 39.6-22l128-448c4.9-17-5-34.7-22-39.6zm80.6 120.1c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L562.7 256l-89.4 89.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l112-112c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-112-112c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0zm-306.7 0c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-112 112c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l112 112c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L77.3 256l89.4-89.4c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3z" />
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</svg>
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<h3 style="margin-left: 0.5em;">一键运行</h3>
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</div>
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<p style="margin: 0;">十余种编程语言，代码可视化运行</p>
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<p class="intro-quote">"Talk is cheap. Show me the code."</br>“少吹牛，看代码”</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="intro-container">
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<div class="intro-text">
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<div>
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="1.5em" width="1.5em"
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viewBox="0 0 640 512"><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.-->
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<path fill="var(--md-primary-bg-color)"
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</svg>
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<h3 style="margin-left: 0.5em;">互助学习</h3>
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</div>
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<p style="margin: 0;">欢迎讨论与提问，读者间携手共进</p>
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<p class="intro-quote">"Knowledge increases by sharing."</br>“知识在分享中得以增长”</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<img class="intro-image" src="index.assets/comment.gif">
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</div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<!-- Section: contributors -->
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<section data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="grey" class="home-div">
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<div class="section-content" style="max-width: 90vw;">
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<!-- author -->
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<div style="margin: 2em auto;">
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<h3>作者</h3>
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<div class="profile-div">
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/krahets">
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<img class="profile-img" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/26993056?v=4" alt="krahets" />
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<br><b>靳宇栋（@krahets）</b>
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</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<!-- reviewers -->
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<div style="margin: 2em auto;">
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<h3>代码审阅者</h3>
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<div class="profile-div">
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/codingonion">
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<img class="profile-img" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/99076655?v=4" alt="codingonion" />
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<br><b>codingonion</b>
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<br><sub>Zig, Rust</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/Gonglja">
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<img class="profile-img" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/39959756?v=4" alt="Gonglja" />
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<br><b>Gonglja</b>
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<br><sub>C, C++</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/gvenusleo">
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<img class="profile-img" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/79075347?v=4" alt="gvenusleo" />
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<br><b>gvenusleo</b>
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<br><sub>Dart</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/hpstory">
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<img class="profile-img" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/33348162?v=4" alt="hpstory" />
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<br><b>hpstory</b>
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<br><sub>C#</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/justin-tse">
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<img class="profile-img" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/24556310?v=4" alt="justin-tse" />
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<br><b>justin-tse</b>
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<br><sub>JS, TS</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/krahets">
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<img class="profile-img" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/26993056?v=4" alt="krahets" />
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<br><b>krahets</b>
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<br><sub>Python, Java</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/night-cruise">
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<img class="profile-img" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/77157236?v=4" alt="night-cruise" />
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<br><b>night-cruise</b>
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<br><sub>Rust</sub>
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|
</a>
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</div>
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|
<div class="profile-cell">
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<a href="https://github.com/nuomi1">
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<img class="profile-img" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3739017?v=4" alt="nuomi1" />
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<br><b>nuomi1</b>
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<br><sub>Swift</sub>
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</a>
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</div>
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<div class="profile-cell">
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|
<a href="https://github.com/Reanon">
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|
<img class="profile-img" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22005836?v=4" alt="Reanon" />
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<br><b>Reanon</b>
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|
<br><sub>Go, C</sub>
|
|
|
</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<!-- contributors -->
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<div style="margin: 2em auto;">
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<h3>贡献者</h3>
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<p>本书在开源社区 130 多位贡献者的共同努力下不断完善，感谢他们付出的时间与精力！</p>
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<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo/graphs/contributors">
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<img src="https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=krahets/hello-algo" style="width: 100%; max-width: 38.5em;">
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</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
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<div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
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<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" hidden>
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<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary" aria-label="导航栏" data-md-level="0">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
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<a href="." title="Hello 算法" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Hello 算法" data-md-component="logo">
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<img src="assets/images/logo.svg" alt="logo">
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</a>
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Hello 算法
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</label>
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<div class="md-nav__source">
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<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo" title="前往仓库" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg>
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</div>
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<div class="md-source__repository">
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krahets/hello-algo
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</div>
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</a>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h18a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V6a2 2 0 0 0-2-2M3 19V6h8v13H3m18 0h-8V6h8v13m-7-9.5h6V11h-6V9.5m0 2.5h6v1.5h-6V12m0 2.5h6V16h-6v-1.5Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 0 章 前言
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_1" id="__nav_1_label" tabindex="0">
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
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第 0 章 前言
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="chapter_preface/about_the_book/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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0.1 关于本书
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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0.2 如何使用本书
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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0.3 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="chapter_introduction/" class="md-nav__link ">
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第 1 章 初识算法
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第 1 章 初识算法
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1.1 算法无处不在
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1.2 算法是什么
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1.3 小结
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 2 章 复杂度分析
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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第 2 章 复杂度分析
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.1 算法效率评估
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</span>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.2 迭代与递归
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</span>
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<a href="chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.3 时间复杂度
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<a href="chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.4 空间复杂度
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<a href="chapter_computational_complexity/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.5 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 3 章 数据结构
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
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</div>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 3 章 数据结构
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_data_structure/classification_of_data_structure/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.1 数据结构分类
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_data_structure/basic_data_types/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.2 基本数据类型
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_data_structure/number_encoding/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.3 数字编码 *
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</span>
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<a href="chapter_data_structure/character_encoding/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.4 字符编码 *
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.5 小结
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</a>
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<a href="chapter_array_and_linkedlist/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 4 章 数组与链表
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 4 章 数组与链表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.1 数组
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.2 链表
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.3 列表
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</span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_array_and_linkedlist/ram_and_cache/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.4 内存与缓存 *
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<span class="md-status md-status--new" title="最近添加">
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</span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.5 小结
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="chapter_stack_and_queue/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.36 20.2v-5.38h1.79V22H3v-7.18h1.8v5.38h12.56M6.77 14.32l.37-1.76 8.79 1.85-.37 1.76-8.79-1.85m1.16-4.21.76-1.61 8.14 3.78-.76 1.62-8.14-3.79m2.26-3.99 1.15-1.38 6.9 5.76-1.15 1.37-6.9-5.75m4.45-4.25L20 9.08l-1.44 1.07-5.36-7.21 1.44-1.07M6.59 18.41v-1.8h8.98v1.8H6.59Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 5 章 栈与队列
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 5 章 栈与队列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.1 栈
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.2 队列
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.3 双向队列
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</span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="chapter_hashing/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.3 17.89c1.32-2.1.7-4.89-1.41-6.21a4.52 4.52 0 0 0-6.21 1.41C10.36 15.2 11 18 13.09 19.3c1.47.92 3.33.92 4.8 0L21 22.39 22.39 21l-3.09-3.11m-2-.62c-.98.98-2.56.97-3.54 0-.97-.98-.97-2.56.01-3.54.97-.97 2.55-.97 3.53 0 .96.99.95 2.57-.03 3.54h.03M19 4H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h5.81a6.3 6.3 0 0 1-1.31-2H5v-4h4.18c.16-.71.43-1.39.82-2H5V8h6v2.81a6.3 6.3 0 0 1 2-1.31V8h6v2a6.499 6.499 0 0 1 2 2V6a2 2 0 0 0-2-2Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 6 章 哈希表
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 6 章 哈希表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.1 哈希表
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.2 哈希冲突
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.3 哈希算法
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="chapter_tree/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.5 17c-.14 0-.26 0-.39.04L17.5 13.8c.45-.45.75-1.09.75-1.8a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5c-.14 0-.25 0-.4.04L13.74 6.3c.47-.46.76-1.09.76-1.8a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0c0 .7.29 1.34.76 1.79L8.65 9.54c-.15-.04-.26-.04-.4-.04a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5c0 .71.29 1.34.75 1.79l-1.61 3.25C4.76 17 4.64 17 4.5 17a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 19.5c0-.7-.29-1.34-.76-1.79l1.62-3.25c.14.04.26.04.39.04s.25 0 .38-.04l1.63 3.25c-.47.45-.76 1.09-.76 1.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 17c-.13 0-.26 0-.39.04L10 13.8c.45-.45.75-1.09.75-1.8 0-.7-.29-1.33-.75-1.79l1.61-3.25c.13.04.26.04.39.04s.26 0 .39-.04L14 10.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.75 4.29c.13 0 .25 0 .38-.04l1.63 3.25c-.47.45-.76 1.09-.76 1.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5m-15 3.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1m8.5-1c0 .55-.45 1-1 1s-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1M7.25 12c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1M11 4.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1m3.75 7.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1m4.75 8.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 7 章 树
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 7 章 树
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.1 二叉树
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.2 二叉树遍历
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.3 二叉树数组表示
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.4 二叉搜索树
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.5 AVL 树 *
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.6 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="chapter_heap/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 11 5.79V7H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 14.29V15H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 .5 20.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4 18.21V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 9 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 8.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 9.71V9h10v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15.5 12a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5 2.29V15h-1a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 21 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-1v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 20.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19 9.71V9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-4V5.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5-2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 1m0 1.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M6 11a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m12 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M3 19.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 8 章 堆
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 8 章 堆
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.1 堆
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.2 建堆操作
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_heap/top_k/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.3 Top-k 问题
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="chapter_graph/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 5.37-.44-.06L6 14.9c.24.21.4.48.47.78h11.06c.07-.3.23-.57.47-.78l-5.56-9.59-.44.06M6.6 16.53l4.28 2.53c.29-.27.69-.43 1.12-.43.43 0 .83.16 1.12.43l4.28-2.53H6.6M12 22a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68l.09-.56-4.3-2.55c-.31.36-.76.58-1.27.58a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68c0-.79.53-1.45 1.26-1.64V9.36c-.83-.11-1.47-.82-1.47-1.68A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 4.63 6c.55 0 1.03.26 1.34.66l4.41-2.53-.06-.45c0-.93.75-1.68 1.68-1.68.93 0 1.68.75 1.68 1.68l-.06.45 4.41 2.53c.31-.4.79-.66 1.34-.66a1.68 1.68 0 0 1 1.68 1.68c0 .86-.64 1.57-1.47 1.68v5.11c.73.19 1.26.85 1.26 1.64a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68 1.68c-.51 0-.96-.22-1.27-.58l-4.3 2.55.09.56A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 12 22M10.8 4.86 6.3 7.44l.02.24c0 .71-.44 1.32-1.06 1.57l.03 5.25 5.51-9.64m2.4 0 5.51 9.64.03-5.25c-.62-.25-1.06-.86-1.06-1.57l.02-.24-4.5-2.58Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 9 章 图
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 9 章 图
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.1 图
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.2 图基础操作
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.3 图的遍历
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_graph/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="chapter_searching/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.31 18.9 3.08 3.1L21 23.39l-3.12-3.07c-.69.43-1.51.68-2.38.68-2.5 0-4.5-2-4.5-4.5s2-4.5 4.5-4.5 4.5 2 4.5 4.5c0 .88-.25 1.71-.69 2.4m-3.81.1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0-5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5M21 4v2H3V4h18M3 16v-2h6v2H3m0-5V9h18v2h-2.03c-1.01-.63-2.2-1-3.47-1s-2.46.37-3.47 1H3Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 10 章 搜索
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 10 章 搜索
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.1 二分查找
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_searching/binary_search_insertion/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.2 二分查找插入点
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.3 二分查找边界
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.4 哈希优化策略
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.5 重识搜索算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.6 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 17h3l-4 4-4-4h3V3h2M2 17h10v2H2M6 5v2H2V5m0 6h7v2H2v-2Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 11 章 排序
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 11 章 排序
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.1 排序算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.2 选择排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.3 冒泡排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.4 插入排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.5 快速排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.6 归并排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.7 堆排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.8 桶排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.9 计数排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.10 基数排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.11 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="chapter_divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 7v2h5V7h-5M2 9v6h5V9H2m10 0v2H9v2h3v2l3-3-3-3m5 2v2h5v-2h-5m0 4v2h5v-2h-5Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 12 章 分治
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 12 章 分治
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_divide_and_conquer/divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.1 分治算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_divide_and_conquer/binary_search_recur/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.2 分治搜索策略
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.3 构建树问题
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_divide_and_conquer/hanota_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.4 汉诺塔问题
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_divide_and_conquer/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.5 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="chapter_backtracking/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 15a3 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 1-3 3 2.99 2.99 0 0 1-2.83-2H14v-2h1.17c.41-1.17 1.52-2 2.83-2m0 2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1m0-9a1.43 1.43 0 0 0 1.43-1.43 1.43 1.43 0 1 0-2.86 0A1.43 1.43 0 0 0 18 8m0-5.43a4 4 0 0 1 4 4C22 9.56 18 14 18 14s-4-4.44-4-7.43a4 4 0 0 1 4-4M8.83 17H10v2H8.83A2.99 2.99 0 0 1 6 21a3 3 0 0 1-3-3c0-1.31.83-2.42 2-2.83V14h2v1.17c.85.3 1.53.98 1.83 1.83M6 17a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1M6 3a3 3 0 0 1 3 3c0 1.31-.83 2.42-2 2.83V10H5V8.83A2.99 2.99 0 0 1 3 6a3 3 0 0 1 3-3m0 2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1m5 14v-2h2v2h-2m-4-6H5v-2h2v2Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 13 章 回溯
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 13 章 回溯
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.1 回溯算法
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<a href="chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.2 全排列问题
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.3 子集和问题
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.4 N 皇后问题
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.5 小结
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第 14 章 动态规划
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 14 章 动态规划
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.1 初探动态规划
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<a href="chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_problem_features/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.2 DP 问题特性
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<a href="chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_solution_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.3 DP 解题思路
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<a href="chapter_dynamic_programming/knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.4 0-1 背包问题
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_dynamic_programming/unbounded_knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.5 完全背包问题
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="chapter_dynamic_programming/edit_distance_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.6 编辑距离问题
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</span>
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<a href="chapter_dynamic_programming/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.7 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 15 章 贪心
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_16" id="__nav_16_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 15 章 贪心
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.1 贪心算法
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</span>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.2 分数背包问题
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<a href="chapter_greedy/max_capacity_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.3 最大容量问题
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</span>
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<a href="chapter_greedy/max_product_cutting_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.4 最大切分乘积问题
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</span>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.5 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 16 章 附录
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</span>
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</a>
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16.1 编程环境安装
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16.2 一起参与创作
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16.3 术语表
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