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0.1 关于本书
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0.2 如何使用本书
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0.3 小结
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第 1 章 初识算法
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1.1 算法无处不在
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1.2 算法是什么
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第 2 章 复杂度分析
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2.1 算法效率评估
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2.2 迭代与递归
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2.3 时间复杂度
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2.4 空间复杂度
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2.5 小结
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第 3 章 数据结构
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 3 章 数据结构
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<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/classification_of_data_structure/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.1 数据结构分类
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.2 基本数据类型
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.3 数字编码 *
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.4 字符编码 *
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3.5 小结
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 5v14h17V5H3m4 2v2H5V7h2m-2 6v-2h2v2H5m0 2h2v2H5v-2m13 2H9v-2h9v2m0-4H9v-2h9v2m0-4H9V7h9v2Z"/></svg>
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第 4 章 数组与链表
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_5">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 4 章 数组与链表
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.1 数组
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.2 链表
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.3 列表
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.4 小结
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.36 20.2v-5.38h1.79V22H3v-7.18h1.8v5.38h12.56M6.77 14.32l.37-1.76 8.79 1.85-.37 1.76-8.79-1.85m1.16-4.21.76-1.61 8.14 3.78-.76 1.62-8.14-3.79m2.26-3.99 1.15-1.38 6.9 5.76-1.15 1.37-6.9-5.75m4.45-4.25L20 9.08l-1.44 1.07-5.36-7.21 1.44-1.07M6.59 18.41v-1.8h8.98v1.8H6.59Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 5 章 栈与队列
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 5 章 栈与队列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.1 栈
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.2 队列
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.3 双向队列
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</nav>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 6 章 哈希表
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</a>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 6 章 哈希表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.1 哈希表
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.2 哈希冲突
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.3 哈希算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</nav>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 7 章 树
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第 7 章 树
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.1 二叉树
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.2 二叉树遍历
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.3 二叉树数组表示
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.4 二叉搜索树
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7.5 AVL 树 *
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7.6 小结
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 8 章 堆
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</span>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 8 章 堆
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.1 堆
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.2 建堆操作
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</a>
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8.3 Top-K 问题
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8.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 9 章 图
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 9 章 图
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.1 图
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</span>
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</a>
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9.2 图基础操作
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.3 图的遍历
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</span>
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</a>
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9.4 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.31 18.9 3.08 3.1L21 23.39l-3.12-3.07c-.69.43-1.51.68-2.38.68-2.5 0-4.5-2-4.5-4.5s2-4.5 4.5-4.5 4.5 2 4.5 4.5c0 .88-.25 1.71-.69 2.4m-3.81.1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0-5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5M21 4v2H3V4h18M3 16v-2h6v2H3m0-5V9h18v2h-2.03c-1.01-.63-2.2-1-3.47-1s-2.46.37-3.47 1H3Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 10 章 搜索
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 10 章 搜索
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.1 二分查找
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_insertion/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.2 二分查找插入点
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.3 二分查找边界
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.4 哈希优化策略
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.5 重识搜索算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.6 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
|
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/" class="md-nav__link ">
|
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 17h3l-4 4-4-4h3V3h2M2 17h10v2H2M6 5v2H2V5m0 6h7v2H2v-2Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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|
第 11 章 排序
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|
|
</span>
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</a>
|
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
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|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
第 11 章 排序
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.1 排序算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.2 选择排序
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.3 冒泡排序
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.4 插入排序
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
11.5 快速排序
|
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
11.6 归并排序
|
|
|
</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
11.7 堆排序
|
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
11.8 桶排序
|
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
11.9 计数排序
|
|
|
</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
11.10 基数排序
|
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
11.11 小结
|
|
|
</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link ">
|
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|
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|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 7v2h5V7h-5M2 9v6h5V9H2m10 0v2H9v2h3v2l3-3-3-3m5 2v2h5v-2h-5m0 4v2h5v-2h-5Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
第 12 章 分治
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
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|
</a>
|
|
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|
|
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_13">
|
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
|
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|
</div>
|
|
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|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
第 12 章 分治
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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12.1 分治算法
|
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/binary_search_recur/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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12.2 分治搜索策略
|
|
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.3 构建树问题
|
|
|
</span>
|
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/hanota_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.4 汉诺塔问题
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.5 小结
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 13 章 回溯
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 13 章 回溯
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.1 回溯算法
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13.2 全排列问题
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.3 子集和问题
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.4 N 皇后问题
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</span>
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.5 小结
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 14 章 动态规划
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 14 章 动态规划
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../intro_to_dynamic_programming/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.1 初探动态规划
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</span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../dp_problem_features/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.2 DP 问题特性
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../dp_solution_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.3 DP 解题思路
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</span>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.4 0-1 背包问题
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<a href="../unbounded_knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.5 完全背包问题
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<a href="../edit_distance_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.6 编辑距离问题
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</span>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.7 小结
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 15 章 贪心
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 15 章 贪心
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.1 贪心算法
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.2 分数背包问题
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_greedy/max_capacity_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<h1 id="147">14.7 小结<a class="headerlink" href="#147" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<ul>
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<li>动态规划对问题进行分解，并通过存储子问题的解来规避重复计算，实现高效的计算效率。</li>
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<li>不考虑时间的前提下，所有动态规划问题都可以用回溯（暴力搜索）进行求解，但递归树中存在大量的重叠子问题，效率极低。通过引入记忆化列表，可以存储所有计算过的子问题的解，从而保证重叠子问题只被计算一次。</li>
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<li>记忆化递归是一种从顶至底的递归式解法，而与之对应的动态规划是一种从底至顶的递推式解法，其如同“填写表格”一样。由于当前状态仅依赖于某些局部状态，因此我们可以消除 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp\)</span> 表的一个维度，从而降低空间复杂度。</li>
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<li>子问题分解是一种通用的算法思路，在分治、动态规划、回溯中具有不同的性质。</li>
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<li>动态规划问题的三大特性：重叠子问题、最优子结构、无后效性。</li>
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<li>无后效性指对于一个状态，其未来发展只与该状态有关，与其所经历的过去的所有状态无关。许多组合优化问题都不具有无后效性，无法使用动态规划快速求解。</li>
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<li>背包问题是最典型的动态规划题目，具有 0-1 背包、完全背包、多重背包等变种问题。</li>
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<li>0-1 背包的状态定义为前 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 个物品在剩余容量为 <span class="arithmatex">\(c\)</span> 的背包中的最大价值。根据不放入背包和放入背包两种决策，可得到最优子结构，并构建出状态转移方程。在空间优化中，由于每个状态依赖正上方和左上方的状态，因此需要倒序遍历列表，避免左上方状态被覆盖。</li>
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<li>完全背包的每种物品的选取数量无限制，因此选择放入物品的状态转移与 0-1 背包不同。由于状态依赖于正上方和正左方的状态，因此在空间优化中应当正序遍历。</li>
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<li>零钱兑换问题是完全背包的一个变种。它从求“最大”价值变为求“最小”硬币数量，因此状态转移方程中的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\max()\)</span> 应改为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\min()\)</span> 。从求“不超过”背包容量到求“恰好”凑出目标金额，因此使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(amt + 1\)</span> 来表示“无法凑出目标金额”的无效解。</li>
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<li>零钱兑换 II 问题从求“最少硬币数量”改为求“硬币组合数量”，状态转移方程相应地从 <span class="arithmatex">\(\min()\)</span> 改为求和运算符。</li>
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<p><strong>编辑距离问题</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>编辑距离（Levenshtein 距离）用于衡量两个字符串之间的相似度，其定义为从一个字符串到另一个字符串的最小编辑步数，编辑操作包括添加、删除、替换。</li>
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<li>编辑距离问题的状态定义为将 <span class="arithmatex">\(s\)</span> 的前 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 个字符更改为 <span class="arithmatex">\(t\)</span> 的前 <span class="arithmatex">\(j\)</span> 个字符所需的最少编辑步数。当 <span class="arithmatex">\(s[i] \ne t[j]\)</span> 时，具有三种决策：添加、删除、替换，它们都有相应的剩余子问题。据此便可以找出最优子结构与构建状态转移方程。而当 <span class="arithmatex">\(s[i] = t[j]\)</span> 时，无须编辑当前字符。</li>
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<li>在编辑距离中，状态依赖于其正上方、正左方、左上方的状态，因此空间优化后正序或倒序遍历都无法正确地进行状态转移。为此，我们利用一个变量暂存左上方状态，从而转化到与完全背包等价的情况，可以在空间优化后进行正序遍历。</li>
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