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krahets/hello-algo
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</a>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1" id="__nav_1_label" tabindex="0">
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0. 写在前面
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_1">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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0. 写在前面
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_preface/about_the_book/" class="md-nav__link">
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0.1. 关于本书
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_preface/suggestions/" class="md-nav__link">
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0.2. 如何使用本书
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_preface/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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0.3. 小结
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</a>
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</nav>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="0">
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1. 引言
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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1. 引言
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<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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1.1. 算法无处不在
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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1.2. 算法是什么
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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1.3. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
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2. 复杂度分析
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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2. 复杂度分析
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/performance_evaluation/" class="md-nav__link">
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2.1. 算法效率评估
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
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2.2. 时间复杂度
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
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2.3. 空间复杂度
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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2.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
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3. 数据结构与类型
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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3. 数据结构与类型
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/classification_of_data_structure/" class="md-nav__link">
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3.1. 数据结构分类
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/basic_data_types/" class="md-nav__link">
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3.2. 基本数据类型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/number_encoding/" class="md-nav__link">
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3.3. 数字编码 *
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/character_encoding/" class="md-nav__link">
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3.4. 字符编码 *
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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3.5. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
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4. 数组与链表
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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4. 数组与链表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.1. 数组
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2. 链表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.3. 列表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
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5. 栈与队列
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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5. 栈与队列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.1. 栈
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.2. 队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.3. 双向队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="0">
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6. 二分查找
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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6. 二分查找
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_binary_search/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.1. 二分查找
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_binary_search/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.2. 二分查找边界
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
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7. 散列表
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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7. 散列表
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.1. 哈希表
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.2. 哈希冲突处理
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.3. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
|
8. 树
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
8. 树
|
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|
</label>
|
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|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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|
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
8.1. 二叉树
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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|
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
8.2. 二叉树遍历
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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|
<a href="../../chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
8.3. 二叉树数组表示
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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|
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
8.4. 二叉搜索树
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
8.5. AVL 树 *
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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8.6. 小结
|
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</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
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|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
|
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
|
9. 堆
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
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|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
9. 堆
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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|
<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
9.1. 堆
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
9.2. 建堆操作 *
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
9.3. 小结
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
|
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
|
10. 图
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
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|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
10. 图
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
10.1. 图
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
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</li>
|
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|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
10.2. 图基础操作
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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|
<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
10.3. 图的遍历
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_graph/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
10.4. 小结
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
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|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
|
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
|
11. 排序算法
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
11. 排序算法
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
11.1. 排序算法
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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|
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
11.2. 冒泡排序
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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|
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
11.3. 插入排序
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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11.4. 快速排序
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.5. 归并排序
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.6. 桶排序
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.7. 计数排序
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.8. 基数排序
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.9. 小结
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</a>
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12. 搜索算法
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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12. 搜索算法
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.1. 搜索算法（New）
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.2. 哈希优化策略
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.3. 小结
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13. 回溯算法
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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13. 回溯算法
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</label>
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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13.1. 回溯算法（New）
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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13.2. 全排列问题（New）
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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13.3. N 皇后问题（New）
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</a>
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14. 附录
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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14. 附录
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</label>
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<a href="../../chapter_appendix/installation/" class="md-nav__link">
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14.1. 编程环境安装
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_appendix/contribution/" class="md-nav__link">
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14.2. 一起参与创作
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</a>
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_reference/">参考文献</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_16_label" aria-expanded="false">
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参考文献
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<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
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<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo/tree/main/docs/chapter_introduction/algorithms_are_everywhere.md" title="编辑此页" class="md-content__button md-icon">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4v-2m10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1 2.1 2.1Z"/></svg>
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</a>
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<h1 id="11">1.1. 算法无处不在<a class="headerlink" href="#11" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<p>当我们听到“算法”这个词时，很自然地会想到数学。然而实际上，许多算法并不涉及复杂数学，而是更多地依赖于基本逻辑，这些逻辑在我们的日常生活中处处可见。</p>
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<p>在正式探讨算法之前，有一个有趣的事实值得分享：<strong>实际上，你已经学会了许多算法，并习惯将他们应用到日常生活中了</strong>。下面，我将举两个具体例子来证实这一点。</p>
|
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<p><strong>例一：组装积木</strong>。一套积木，除了包含许多零件之外，还附有详细的组装说明书。我们按照说明书一步步操作，就能组装出精美的积木模型。</p>
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<p>从数据结构与算法的角度来看，积木的各种形状和连接方式代表数据结构，而组装说明书上的一系列步骤则是算法。</p>
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<p><strong>例二：查阅字典</strong>。在字典里，每个汉字都对应一个拼音，而字典是按照拼音的英文字母顺序排列的。假设我们需要查找一个拼音首字母为 <span class="arithmatex">\(r\)</span> 的字，通常会这样操作：</p>
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<ol>
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<li>翻开字典约一半的页数，查看该页首字母是什么（假设为 <span class="arithmatex">\(m\)</span> ）；</li>
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<li>由于在英文字母表中 <span class="arithmatex">\(r\)</span> 位于 <span class="arithmatex">\(m\)</span> 之后，所以排除字典前半部分，查找范围缩小到后半部分；</li>
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<li>不断重复步骤 1-2 ，直至找到拼音首字母为 <span class="arithmatex">\(r\)</span> 的页码为止。</li>
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</ol>
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<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="1:5"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_1_1" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_2" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_3" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_4" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_5" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_1_1"><1></label><label for="__tabbed_1_2"><2></label><label for="__tabbed_1_3"><3></label><label for="__tabbed_1_4"><4></label><label for="__tabbed_1_5"><5></label></div>
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<div class="tabbed-content">
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<p><img alt="查字典步骤" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/look_up_dictionary_step_1.png" /></p>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<p><img alt="look_up_dictionary_step_2" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/look_up_dictionary_step_2.png" /></p>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<p><img alt="look_up_dictionary_step_3" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/look_up_dictionary_step_3.png" /></p>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<p><img alt="look_up_dictionary_step_4" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/look_up_dictionary_step_4.png" /></p>
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</div>
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<div class="tabbed-block">
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<p><img alt="look_up_dictionary_step_5" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/look_up_dictionary_step_5.png" /></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p>查阅字典这个小学生必备技能，实际上就是著名的「二分查找」。从数据结构的角度，我们可以把字典视为一个已排序的「数组」；从算法的角度，我们可以将上述查字典的一系列操作看作是「二分查找」算法。</p>
|
|
|
<p>小到烹饪一道菜，大到星际航行，几乎所有问题的解决都离不开算法。计算机的出现使我们能够通过编程将数据结构存储在内存中，同时编写代码调用 CPU 和 GPU 执行算法。这样一来，我们就能把生活中的问题转移到计算机上，以更高效的方式解决各种复杂问题。</p>
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<div class="admonition tip">
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<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
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|
|
<p>阅读至此，如果你对数据结构、算法、数组和二分查找等概念仍感到一知半解，那么太好了！因为这正是本书存在的意义。接下来，这本书将一步步引导你深入数据结构与算法的知识殿堂。</p>
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</div>
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<h2 id="__comments">评论</h2>
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