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3. 数据结构简介
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3.2. 基本数据类型
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3.3. 数字编码 *
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<label for="__nav_5">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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4. 数组与链表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.1. 数组
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2. 链表
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.3. 列表
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/">5. 栈与队列</a>
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<label for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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5. 栈与队列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.1. 栈
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.2. 队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.3. 双向队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/">6. 散列表</a>
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<label for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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6. 散列表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.1. 哈希表（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.2. 哈希冲突（New）
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.3. 哈希算法（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/">7. 树</a>
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<label for="__nav_8">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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7. 树
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.1. 二叉树
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.2. 二叉树遍历
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.3. 二叉树数组表示
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.4. 二叉搜索树
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.5. AVL 树 *
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.6. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/">8. 堆</a>
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<label for="__nav_9">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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8. 堆
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.1. 堆
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.2. 建堆操作
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/top_k/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.3. Top-K 问题（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/">9. 图</a>
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_10">
|
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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9. 图
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.1. 图
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.2. 图基础操作
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.3. 图的遍历
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/">10. 搜索</a>
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<label for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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10. 搜索
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.1. 二分查找（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.2. 二分查找边界（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.3. 哈希优化策略
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.4. 重识搜索算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.5. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/">11. 排序</a>
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<label for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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11. 排序
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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11.1. 排序算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.2. 选择排序（New）
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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11.3. 冒泡排序
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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11.4. 插入排序
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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11.5. 快速排序
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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11.6. 归并排序
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
11.7. 堆排序（New）
|
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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11.8. 桶排序
|
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
11.9. 计数排序
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
11.10. 基数排序
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.11. 小结
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|
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/">12. 回溯</a>
|
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_13">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
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|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
12. 回溯
|
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</label>
|
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
12.1. 回溯算法
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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12.2. 全排列问题
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.3. N 皇后问题
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
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13. 附录
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
|
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|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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13. 附录
|
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</label>
|
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_appendix/installation/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
13.1. 编程环境安装
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_appendix/contribution/" class="md-nav__link">
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13.2. 一起参与创作
|
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<h1 id="35">3.5. 小结<a class="headerlink" href="#35" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>数据结构分类</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>数据结构可以从逻辑结构和物理结构两个角度进行分类。逻辑结构描述了数据元素之间的逻辑关系，而物理结构描述了数据在计算机内存中的存储方式。</li>
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<li>常见的逻辑结构包括线性、树状和网状等。通常我们根据逻辑结构将数据结构分为线性（数组、链表、栈、队列）和非线性（树、图、堆）两种。哈希表的实现可能同时包含线性和非线性结构。</li>
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<li>当程序运行时，数据被存储在计算机内存中。每个内存空间都拥有对应的内存地址，程序通过这些内存地址访问数据。</li>
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<li>物理结构主要分为连续空间存储（数组）和离散空间存储（链表）。所有数据结构都是由数组、链表或两者的组合实现的。</li>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>数据类型与编码</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>计算机中的基本数据类型包括整数 byte, short, int, long 、浮点数 float, double 、字符 char 和布尔 boolean 。它们的取值范围取决于占用空间大小和表示方式。</li>
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<li>原码、反码和补码是在计算机中编码数字的三种方法，它们之间是可以相互转换的。整数的原码的最高位是符号位，其余位是数字的值。</li>
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<li>整数在计算机中是以补码的形式存储的。在补码表示下，计算机可以对正数和负数的加法一视同仁，不需要为减法操作单独设计特殊的硬件电路，并且不存在正负零歧义的问题。</li>
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<li>浮点数的编码由 1 位符号位、8 位指数位和 23 位分数位构成。由于存在指数位，浮点数的取值范围远大于整数，代价是牺牲了精度。</li>
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<li>ASCII 码是最早出现的英文字符集，长度为 1 字节，共收录 127 个字符。GBK 字符集是常用的中文字符集，共收录两万多个汉字。Unicode 致力于提供一个完整的字符集标准，收录世界内各种语言的字符，从而解决由于字符编码方法不一致而导致的乱码问题。</li>
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<li>UTF-8 是最受欢迎的 Unicode 编码方法，通用性非常好。它是一种变长的编码方法，具有很好的扩展性，有效提升了存储空间的使用效率。UTF-16 和 UTF-32 是等长的编码方法。在编码中文时，UTF-16 比 UTF-8 的占用空间更小。Java, C# 等编程语言默认使用 UTF-16 编码。</li>
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<h2 id="351-q-a">3.5.1. Q & A<a class="headerlink" href="#351-q-a" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<p class="admonition-title">为什么哈希表同时包含线性数据结构和非线性数据结构？</p>
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<p>哈希表底层是数组，而为了解决哈希冲突，我们可能会使用“拉链法”（后续散列表章节会讲）。在拉链法中，数组中每个地址（桶）指向一个链表；当这个链表长度超过一定阈值时，又可能被转化为树（通常为红黑树）。因此，哈希表可能同时包含线性（数组、链表）和非线性（树）数据结构。</p>
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