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---
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comments: true
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---
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# 2.4 空间复杂度
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「空间复杂度 space complexity」用于衡量算法占用内存空间随着数据量变大时的增长趋势。这个概念与时间复杂度非常类似,只需将“运行时间”替换为“占用内存空间”。
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## 2.4.1 算法相关空间
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算法在运行过程中使用的内存空间主要包括以下几种。
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- **输入空间**:用于存储算法的输入数据。
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- **暂存空间**:用于存储算法在运行过程中的变量、对象、函数上下文等数据。
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- **输出空间**:用于存储算法的输出数据。
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一般情况下,空间复杂度的统计范围是“暂存空间”加上“输出空间”。
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暂存空间可以进一步划分为三个部分。
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- **暂存数据**:用于保存算法运行过程中的各种常量、变量、对象等。
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- **栈帧空间**:用于保存调用函数的上下文数据。系统在每次调用函数时都会在栈顶部创建一个栈帧,函数返回后,栈帧空间会被释放。
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- **指令空间**:用于保存编译后的程序指令,在实际统计中通常忽略不计。
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在分析一段程序的空间复杂度时,**我们通常统计暂存数据、栈帧空间和输出数据三部分**,如图 2-15 所示。
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![算法使用的相关空间](space_complexity.assets/space_types.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 2-15 算法使用的相关空间 </p>
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相关代码如下:
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=== "Python"
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```python title=""
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class Node:
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"""类"""
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def __init__(self, x: int):
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self.val: int = x # 节点值
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self.next: Node | None = None # 指向下一节点的引用
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def function() -> int:
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"""函数"""
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# 执行某些操作...
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return 0
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def algorithm(n) -> int: # 输入数据
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A = 0 # 暂存数据(常量,一般用大写字母表示)
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b = 0 # 暂存数据(变量)
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node = Node(0) # 暂存数据(对象)
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c = function() # 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return A + b + c # 输出数据
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title=""
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/* 结构体 */
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struct Node {
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int val;
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Node *next;
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Node(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr) {}
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};
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/* 函数 */
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int func() {
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// 执行某些操作...
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return 0;
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}
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int algorithm(int n) { // 输入数据
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const int a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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int b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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Node* node = new Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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int c = func(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node {
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int val;
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Node next;
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Node(int x) { val = x; }
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}
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/* 函数 */
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int function() {
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// 执行某些操作...
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return 0;
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}
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int algorithm(int n) { // 输入数据
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final int a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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int b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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Node node = new Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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int c = function(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node(int x) {
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int val = x;
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Node next;
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}
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/* 函数 */
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int Function() {
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// 执行某些操作...
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return 0;
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}
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int Algorithm(int n) { // 输入数据
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const int a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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int b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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Node node = new(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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int c = Function(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title=""
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/* 结构体 */
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type node struct {
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val int
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next *node
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}
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/* 创建 node 结构体 */
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func newNode(val int) *node {
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return &node{val: val}
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}
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/* 函数 */
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func function() int {
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// 执行某些操作...
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return 0
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}
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func algorithm(n int) int { // 输入数据
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const a = 0 // 暂存数据(常量)
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b := 0 // 暂存数据(变量)
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newNode(0) // 暂存数据(对象)
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c := function() // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node {
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var val: Int
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var next: Node?
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init(x: Int) {
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val = x
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}
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}
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/* 函数 */
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func function() -> Int {
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// 执行某些操作...
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return 0
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}
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func algorithm(n: Int) -> Int { // 输入数据
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let a = 0 // 暂存数据(常量)
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var b = 0 // 暂存数据(变量)
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let node = Node(x: 0) // 暂存数据(对象)
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let c = function() // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node {
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val;
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next;
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constructor(val) {
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this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
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this.next = null; // 指向下一节点的引用
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}
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}
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/* 函数 */
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function constFunc() {
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// 执行某些操作
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return 0;
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}
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function algorithm(n) { // 输入数据
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const a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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let b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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const node = new Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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const c = constFunc(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node {
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val: number;
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next: Node | null;
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constructor(val?: number) {
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this.val = val === undefined ? 0 : val; // 节点值
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this.next = null; // 指向下一节点的引用
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}
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}
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/* 函数 */
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function constFunc(): number {
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// 执行某些操作
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return 0;
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}
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function algorithm(n: number): number { // 输入数据
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const a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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let b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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const node = new Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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const c = constFunc(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title=""
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/* 类 */
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class Node {
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int val;
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Node next;
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Node(this.val, [this.next]);
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}
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/* 函数 */
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int function() {
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// 执行某些操作...
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return 0;
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}
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int algorithm(int n) { // 输入数据
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const int a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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int b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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Node node = Node(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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int c = function(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title=""
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use std::rc::Rc;
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use std::cell::RefCell;
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/* 结构体 */
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struct Node {
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val: i32,
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next: Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
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}
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/* 创建 Node 结构体 */
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impl Node {
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fn new(val: i32) -> Self {
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Self { val: val, next: None }
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}
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}
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/* 函数 */
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fn function() -> i32 {
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// 执行某些操作...
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return 0;
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}
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fn algorithm(n: i32) -> i32 { // 输入数据
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const a: i32 = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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let mut b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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let node = Node::new(0); // 暂存数据(对象)
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let c = function(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title=""
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/* 函数 */
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int func() {
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// 执行某些操作...
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return 0;
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}
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int algorithm(int n) { // 输入数据
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const int a = 0; // 暂存数据(常量)
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int b = 0; // 暂存数据(变量)
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int c = func(); // 栈帧空间(调用函数)
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return a + b + c; // 输出数据
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}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title=""
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```
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## 2.4.2 推算方法
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空间复杂度的推算方法与时间复杂度大致相同,只需将统计对象从“操作数量”转为“使用空间大小”。
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而与时间复杂度不同的是,**我们通常只关注最差空间复杂度**。这是因为内存空间是一项硬性要求,我们必须确保在所有输入数据下都有足够的内存空间预留。
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观察以下代码,最差空间复杂度中的“最差”有两层含义。
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1. **以最差输入数据为准**:当 $n < 10$ 时,空间复杂度为 $O(1)$ ;但当 $n > 10$ 时,初始化的数组 `nums` 占用 $O(n)$ 空间,因此最差空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。
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2. **以算法运行中的峰值内存为准**:例如,程序在执行最后一行之前,占用 $O(1)$ 空间;当初始化数组 `nums` 时,程序占用 $O(n)$ 空间,因此最差空间复杂度为 $O(n)$ 。
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=== "Python"
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```python title=""
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def algorithm(n: int):
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a = 0 # O(1)
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b = [0] * 10000 # O(1)
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if n > 10:
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nums = [0] * n # O(n)
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title=""
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void algorithm(int n) {
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int a = 0; // O(1)
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vector<int> b(10000); // O(1)
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if (n > 10)
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vector<int> nums(n); // O(n)
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title=""
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void algorithm(int n) {
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int a = 0; // O(1)
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int[] b = new int[10000]; // O(1)
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if (n > 10)
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int[] nums = new int[n]; // O(n)
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title=""
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void Algorithm(int n) {
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int a = 0; // O(1)
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int[] b = new int[10000]; // O(1)
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if (n > 10) {
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int[] nums = new int[n]; // O(n)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title=""
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func algorithm(n int) {
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a := 0 // O(1)
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b := make([]int, 10000) // O(1)
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var nums []int
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if n > 10 {
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nums := make([]int, n) // O(n)
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}
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fmt.Println(a, b, nums)
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title=""
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func algorithm(n: Int) {
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let a = 0 // O(1)
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let b = Array(repeating: 0, count: 10000) // O(1)
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if n > 10 {
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let nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: n) // O(n)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title=""
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function algorithm(n) {
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const a = 0; // O(1)
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const b = new Array(10000); // O(1)
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if (n > 10) {
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const nums = new Array(n); // O(n)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title=""
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function algorithm(n: number): void {
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const a = 0; // O(1)
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const b = new Array(10000); // O(1)
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if (n > 10) {
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const nums = new Array(n); // O(n)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title=""
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void algorithm(int n) {
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int a = 0; // O(1)
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List<int> b = List.filled(10000, 0); // O(1)
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if (n > 10) {
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List<int> nums = List.filled(n, 0); // O(n)
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title=""
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fn algorithm(n: i32) {
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|
let a = 0; // O(1)
|
|
|
let b = [0; 10000]; // O(1)
|
|
|
if n > 10 {
|
|
|
let nums = vec![0; n as usize]; // O(n)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title=""
|
|
|
void algorithm(int n) {
|
|
|
int a = 0; // O(1)
|
|
|
int b[10000]; // O(1)
|
|
|
if (n > 10)
|
|
|
int nums[n] = {0}; // O(n)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title=""
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
**在递归函数中,需要注意统计栈帧空间**。观察以下代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title=""
|
|
|
def function() -> int:
|
|
|
# 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
|
|
|
def loop(n: int):
|
|
|
"""循环的空间复杂度为 O(1)"""
|
|
|
for _ in range(n):
|
|
|
function()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def recur(n: int) -> int:
|
|
|
"""递归的空间复杂度为 O(n)"""
|
|
|
if n == 1: return
|
|
|
return recur(n - 1)
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title=""
|
|
|
int func() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
|
|
void loop(int n) {
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
func();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
|
|
void recur(int n) {
|
|
|
if (n == 1) return;
|
|
|
return recur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title=""
|
|
|
int function() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
|
|
void loop(int n) {
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
function();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
|
|
void recur(int n) {
|
|
|
if (n == 1) return;
|
|
|
return recur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title=""
|
|
|
int Function() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
|
|
void Loop(int n) {
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
Function();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
|
|
int Recur(int n) {
|
|
|
if (n == 1) return 1;
|
|
|
return Recur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title=""
|
|
|
func function() int {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
|
|
func loop(n int) {
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
|
|
|
function()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
|
|
func recur(n int) {
|
|
|
if n == 1 {
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
recur(n - 1)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title=""
|
|
|
@discardableResult
|
|
|
func function() -> Int {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
|
|
func loop(n: Int) {
|
|
|
for _ in 0 ..< n {
|
|
|
function()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
|
|
func recur(n: Int) {
|
|
|
if n == 1 {
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
recur(n: n - 1)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title=""
|
|
|
function constFunc() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
|
|
function loop(n) {
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
constFunc();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
|
|
function recur(n) {
|
|
|
if (n === 1) return;
|
|
|
return recur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title=""
|
|
|
function constFunc(): number {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
|
|
function loop(n: number): void {
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
constFunc();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
|
|
function recur(n: number): void {
|
|
|
if (n === 1) return;
|
|
|
return recur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title=""
|
|
|
int function() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
|
|
void loop(int n) {
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
function();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
|
|
void recur(int n) {
|
|
|
if (n == 1) return;
|
|
|
return recur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title=""
|
|
|
fn function() -> i32 {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
|
|
fn loop(n: i32) {
|
|
|
for i in 0..n {
|
|
|
function();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
|
|
void recur(n: i32) {
|
|
|
if n == 1 {
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
recur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title=""
|
|
|
int func() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 循环 O(1) */
|
|
|
void loop(int n) {
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
func();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 递归 O(n) */
|
|
|
void recur(int n) {
|
|
|
if (n == 1) return;
|
|
|
return recur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title=""
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
函数 `loop()` 和 `recur()` 的时间复杂度都为 $O(n)$ ,但空间复杂度不同。
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 函数 `loop()` 在循环中调用了 $n$ 次 `function()` ,每轮中的 `function()` 都返回并释放了栈帧空间,因此空间复杂度仍为 $O(1)$ 。
|
|
|
- 递归函数 `recur()` 在运行过程中会同时存在 $n$ 个未返回的 `recur()` ,从而占用 $O(n)$ 的栈帧空间。
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 2.4.3 常见类型
|
|
|
|
|
|
设输入数据大小为 $n$ ,图 2-16 展示了常见的空间复杂度类型(从低到高排列)。
|
|
|
|
|
|
$$
|
|
|
\begin{aligned}
|
|
|
O(1) < O(\log n) < O(n) < O(n^2) < O(2^n) \newline
|
|
|
\text{常数阶} < \text{对数阶} < \text{线性阶} < \text{平方阶} < \text{指数阶}
|
|
|
\end{aligned}
|
|
|
$$
|
|
|
|
|
|
![常见的空间复杂度类型](space_complexity.assets/space_complexity_common_types.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 2-16 常见的空间复杂度类型 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 1. 常数阶 $O(1)$
|
|
|
|
|
|
常数阶常见于数量与输入数据大小 $n$ 无关的常量、变量、对象。
|
|
|
|
|
|
需要注意的是,在循环中初始化变量或调用函数而占用的内存,在进入下一循环后就会被释放,因此不会累积占用空间,空间复杂度仍为 $O(1)$ :
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
|
|
def function() -> int:
|
|
|
"""函数"""
|
|
|
# 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
|
|
|
def constant(n: int):
|
|
|
"""常数阶"""
|
|
|
# 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
a = 0
|
|
|
nums = [0] * 10000
|
|
|
node = ListNode(0)
|
|
|
# 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for _ in range(n):
|
|
|
c = 0
|
|
|
# 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for _ in range(n):
|
|
|
function()
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
|
|
/* 函数 */
|
|
|
int func() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 常数阶 */
|
|
|
void constant(int n) {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
const int a = 0;
|
|
|
int b = 0;
|
|
|
vector<int> nums(10000);
|
|
|
ListNode node(0);
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
int c = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
func();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
|
|
/* 函数 */
|
|
|
int function() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 常数阶 */
|
|
|
void constant(int n) {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
final int a = 0;
|
|
|
int b = 0;
|
|
|
int[] nums = new int[10000];
|
|
|
ListNode node = new ListNode(0);
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
int c = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
function();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
|
|
/* 函数 */
|
|
|
int Function() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 常数阶 */
|
|
|
void Constant(int n) {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
int a = 0;
|
|
|
int b = 0;
|
|
|
int[] nums = new int[10000];
|
|
|
ListNode node = new(0);
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
int c = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
Function();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
|
|
/* 函数 */
|
|
|
func function() int {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作...
|
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 常数阶 */
|
|
|
func spaceConstant(n int) {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
const a = 0
|
|
|
b := 0
|
|
|
nums := make([]int, 10000)
|
|
|
ListNode := newNode(0)
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
var c int
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
|
|
|
c = 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
|
|
|
function()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
fmt.Println(a, b, nums, c, ListNode)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
|
|
/* 函数 */
|
|
|
@discardableResult
|
|
|
func function() -> Int {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 常数阶 */
|
|
|
func constant(n: Int) {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
let a = 0
|
|
|
var b = 0
|
|
|
let nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: 10000)
|
|
|
let node = ListNode(x: 0)
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for _ in 0 ..< n {
|
|
|
let c = 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for _ in 0 ..< n {
|
|
|
function()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
|
|
/* 函数 */
|
|
|
function constFunc() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 常数阶 */
|
|
|
function constant(n) {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
const a = 0;
|
|
|
const b = 0;
|
|
|
const nums = new Array(10000);
|
|
|
const node = new ListNode(0);
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
const c = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
constFunc();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
|
|
/* 函数 */
|
|
|
function constFunc(): number {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 常数阶 */
|
|
|
function constant(n: number): void {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
const a = 0;
|
|
|
const b = 0;
|
|
|
const nums = new Array(10000);
|
|
|
const node = new ListNode(0);
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
const c = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
constFunc();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="space_complexity.dart"
|
|
|
/* 函数 */
|
|
|
int function() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 常数阶 */
|
|
|
void constant(int n) {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
final int a = 0;
|
|
|
int b = 0;
|
|
|
List<int> nums = List.filled(10000, 0);
|
|
|
ListNode node = ListNode(0);
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
int c = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
function();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="space_complexity.rs"
|
|
|
/* 函数 */
|
|
|
fn function() ->i32 {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 常数阶 */
|
|
|
#[allow(unused)]
|
|
|
fn constant(n: i32) {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
const A: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
let b = 0;
|
|
|
let nums = vec![0; 10000];
|
|
|
let node = ListNode::new(0);
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for i in 0..n {
|
|
|
let c = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for i in 0..n {
|
|
|
function();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
|
|
/* 函数 */
|
|
|
int func() {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 常数阶 */
|
|
|
void constant(int n) {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
const int a = 0;
|
|
|
int b = 0;
|
|
|
int nums[1000];
|
|
|
ListNode *node = newListNode(0);
|
|
|
free(node);
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
int c = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
func();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
|
|
// 函数
|
|
|
fn function() i32 {
|
|
|
// 执行某些操作
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 常数阶
|
|
|
fn constant(n: i32) void {
|
|
|
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
const a: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
var b: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
var nums = [_]i32{0}**10000;
|
|
|
var node = inc.ListNode(i32){.val = 0};
|
|
|
var i: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
|
|
|
var c: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
_ = c;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
|
|
|
i = 0;
|
|
|
while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
|
|
|
_ = function();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
_ = a;
|
|
|
_ = b;
|
|
|
_ = nums;
|
|
|
_ = node;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
<iframe width="800" height="600" frameborder="0" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20ListNode%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%93%BE%E8%A1%A8%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%3A%20int%20%3D%20val%20%20%23%20%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.next%3A%20ListNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%90%8E%E7%BB%A7%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%0Adef%20function%28%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%9F%90%E4%BA%9B%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%0A%20%20%20%20return%200%0A%0Adef%20constant%28n%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0%E9%98%B6%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%8F%E3%80%81%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E3%80%81%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%281%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20a%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20*%2010%0A%20%20%20%20node%20%3D%20ListNode%280%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%281%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20c%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%281%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20function%28%29%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20constant%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe>
|
|
|
<a href=https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20ListNode%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%93%BE%E8%A1%A8%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%3A%20int%20%3D%20val%20%20%23%20%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.next%3A%20ListNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%90%8E%E7%BB%A7%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%0Adef%20function%28%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%9F%90%E4%BA%9B%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%0A%20%20%20%20return%200%0A%0Adef%20constant%28n%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0%E9%98%B6%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%8F%E3%80%81%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E3%80%81%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%281%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20a%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20*%2010%0A%20%20%20%20node%20%3D%20ListNode%280%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%281%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20c%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%281%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20function%28%29%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20constant%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 2. 线性阶 $O(n)$
|
|
|
|
|
|
线性阶常见于元素数量与 $n$ 成正比的数组、链表、栈、队列等:
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
|
|
def linear(n: int):
|
|
|
"""线性阶"""
|
|
|
# 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
nums = [0] * n
|
|
|
# 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
hmap = dict[int, str]()
|
|
|
for i in range(n):
|
|
|
hmap[i] = str(i)
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶 */
|
|
|
void linear(int n) {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
vector<int> nums(n);
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
vector<ListNode> nodes;
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
nodes.push_back(ListNode(i));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
unordered_map<int, string> map;
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
map[i] = to_string(i);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶 */
|
|
|
void linear(int n) {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
int[] nums = new int[n];
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
List<ListNode> nodes = new ArrayList<>();
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
nodes.add(new ListNode(i));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
map.put(i, String.valueOf(i));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶 */
|
|
|
void Linear(int n) {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
int[] nums = new int[n];
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
List<ListNode> nodes = [];
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
nodes.Add(new ListNode(i));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
Dictionary<int, string> map = [];
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
map.Add(i, i.ToString());
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶 */
|
|
|
func spaceLinear(n int) {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
_ = make([]int, n)
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
var nodes []*node
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
|
|
|
nodes = append(nodes, newNode(i))
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
m := make(map[int]string, n)
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
|
|
|
m[i] = strconv.Itoa(i)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶 */
|
|
|
func linear(n: Int) {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
let nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: n)
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
let nodes = (0 ..< n).map { ListNode(x: $0) }
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
let map = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: (0 ..< n).map { ($0, "\($0)") })
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶 */
|
|
|
function linear(n) {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
const nums = new Array(n);
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
const nodes = [];
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
nodes.push(new ListNode(i));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
const map = new Map();
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
map.set(i, i.toString());
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶 */
|
|
|
function linear(n: number): void {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
const nums = new Array(n);
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
const nodes: ListNode[] = [];
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
nodes.push(new ListNode(i));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
const map = new Map();
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
map.set(i, i.toString());
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="space_complexity.dart"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶 */
|
|
|
void linear(int n) {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
List<int> nums = List.filled(n, 0);
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
List<ListNode> nodes = [];
|
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
nodes.add(ListNode(i));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
Map<int, String> map = HashMap();
|
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
map.putIfAbsent(i, () => i.toString());
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="space_complexity.rs"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶 */
|
|
|
#[allow(unused)]
|
|
|
fn linear(n: i32) {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
let mut nums = vec![0; n as usize];
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
let mut nodes = Vec::new();
|
|
|
for i in 0..n {
|
|
|
nodes.push(ListNode::new(i))
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
let mut map = HashMap::new();
|
|
|
for i in 0..n {
|
|
|
map.insert(i, i.to_string());
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
|
|
/* 哈希表 */
|
|
|
typedef struct {
|
|
|
int key;
|
|
|
int val;
|
|
|
UT_hash_handle hh; // 基于 uthash.h 实现
|
|
|
} HashTable;
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 线性阶 */
|
|
|
void linear(int n) {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
int *nums = malloc(sizeof(int) * n);
|
|
|
free(nums);
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
ListNode **nodes = malloc(sizeof(ListNode *) * n);
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
nodes[i] = newListNode(i);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 内存释放
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
free(nodes[i]);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
free(nodes);
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
HashTable *h = NULL;
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
HashTable *tmp = malloc(sizeof(HashTable));
|
|
|
tmp->key = i;
|
|
|
tmp->val = i;
|
|
|
HASH_ADD_INT(h, key, tmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 内存释放
|
|
|
HashTable *curr, *tmp;
|
|
|
HASH_ITER(hh, h, curr, tmp) {
|
|
|
HASH_DEL(h, curr);
|
|
|
free(curr);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
|
|
// 线性阶
|
|
|
fn linear(comptime n: i32) !void {
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
var nums = [_]i32{0}**n;
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
var nodes = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
|
|
defer nodes.deinit();
|
|
|
var i: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
|
|
|
try nodes.append(i);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
|
|
|
var map = std.AutoArrayHashMap(i32, []const u8).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
|
|
defer map.deinit();
|
|
|
var j: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
while (j < n) : (j += 1) {
|
|
|
const string = try std.fmt.allocPrint(std.heap.page_allocator, "{d}", .{j});
|
|
|
defer std.heap.page_allocator.free(string);
|
|
|
try map.put(i, string);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
_ = nums;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
<iframe width="800" height="600" frameborder="0" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20linear%28n%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E9%98%B6%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20n%20%E7%9A%84%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%28n%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20*%20n%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20n%20%E7%9A%84%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%28n%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20hmap%20%3D%20dict%5Bint,%20str%5D%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28n%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20hmap%5Bi%5D%20%3D%20str%28i%29%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20linear%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=20&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe>
|
|
|
<a href=https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20linear%28n%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E9%98%B6%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20n%20%E7%9A%84%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%28n%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20*%20n%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20n%20%E7%9A%84%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%A1%A8%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%28n%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20hmap%20%3D%20dict%5Bint,%20str%5D%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20for%20i%20in%20range%28n%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20hmap%5Bi%5D%20%3D%20str%28i%29%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20linear%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=20&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
如图 2-17 所示,此函数的递归深度为 $n$ ,即同时存在 $n$ 个未返回的 `linear_recur()` 函数,使用 $O(n)$ 大小的栈帧空间:
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
|
|
def linear_recur(n: int):
|
|
|
"""线性阶(递归实现)"""
|
|
|
print("递归 n =", n)
|
|
|
if n == 1:
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
linear_recur(n - 1)
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
void linearRecur(int n) {
|
|
|
cout << "递归 n = " << n << endl;
|
|
|
if (n == 1)
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
linearRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
void linearRecur(int n) {
|
|
|
System.out.println("递归 n = " + n);
|
|
|
if (n == 1)
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
linearRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
void LinearRecur(int n) {
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine("递归 n = " + n);
|
|
|
if (n == 1) return;
|
|
|
LinearRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
func spaceLinearRecur(n int) {
|
|
|
fmt.Println("递归 n =", n)
|
|
|
if n == 1 {
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
spaceLinearRecur(n - 1)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
func linearRecur(n: Int) {
|
|
|
print("递归 n = \(n)")
|
|
|
if n == 1 {
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
linearRecur(n: n - 1)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
function linearRecur(n) {
|
|
|
console.log(`递归 n = ${n}`);
|
|
|
if (n === 1) return;
|
|
|
linearRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
function linearRecur(n: number): void {
|
|
|
console.log(`递归 n = ${n}`);
|
|
|
if (n === 1) return;
|
|
|
linearRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="space_complexity.dart"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
void linearRecur(int n) {
|
|
|
print('递归 n = $n');
|
|
|
if (n == 1) return;
|
|
|
linearRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="space_complexity.rs"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
fn linear_recur(n: i32) {
|
|
|
println!("递归 n = {}", n);
|
|
|
if n == 1 {return};
|
|
|
linear_recur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
|
|
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
void linearRecur(int n) {
|
|
|
printf("递归 n = %d\r\n", n);
|
|
|
if (n == 1)
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
linearRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
|
|
// 线性阶(递归实现)
|
|
|
fn linearRecur(comptime n: i32) void {
|
|
|
std.debug.print("递归 n = {}\n", .{n});
|
|
|
if (n == 1) return;
|
|
|
linearRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
<iframe width="800" height="600" frameborder="0" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20linear_recur%28n%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E9%98%B6%EF%BC%88%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%EF%BC%89%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3D%3D%201%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%0A%20%20%20%20linear_recur%28n%20-%201%29%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20linear_recur%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=25&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe>
|
|
|
<a href=https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20linear_recur%28n%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E9%98%B6%EF%BC%88%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%EF%BC%89%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3D%3D%201%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%0A%20%20%20%20linear_recur%28n%20-%201%29%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20linear_recur%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=25&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
![递归函数产生的线性阶空间复杂度](space_complexity.assets/space_complexity_recursive_linear.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 2-17 递归函数产生的线性阶空间复杂度 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 3. 平方阶 $O(n^2)$
|
|
|
|
|
|
平方阶常见于矩阵和图,元素数量与 $n$ 成平方关系:
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
|
|
def quadratic(n: int):
|
|
|
"""平方阶"""
|
|
|
# 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
num_matrix = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶 */
|
|
|
void quadratic(int n) {
|
|
|
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
vector<vector<int>> numMatrix;
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
vector<int> tmp;
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
|
|
|
tmp.push_back(0);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
numMatrix.push_back(tmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶 */
|
|
|
void quadratic(int n) {
|
|
|
// 矩阵占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
int[][] numMatrix = new int[n][n];
|
|
|
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
List<List<Integer>> numList = new ArrayList<>();
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
List<Integer> tmp = new ArrayList<>();
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
|
|
|
tmp.add(0);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
numList.add(tmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶 */
|
|
|
void Quadratic(int n) {
|
|
|
// 矩阵占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
int[,] numMatrix = new int[n, n];
|
|
|
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
List<List<int>> numList = [];
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
List<int> tmp = [];
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
|
|
|
tmp.Add(0);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
numList.Add(tmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶 */
|
|
|
func spaceQuadratic(n int) {
|
|
|
// 矩阵占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
numMatrix := make([][]int, n)
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
|
|
|
numMatrix[i] = make([]int, n)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶 */
|
|
|
func quadratic(n: Int) {
|
|
|
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
let numList = Array(repeating: Array(repeating: 0, count: n), count: n)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶 */
|
|
|
function quadratic(n) {
|
|
|
// 矩阵占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
const numMatrix = Array(n)
|
|
|
.fill(null)
|
|
|
.map(() => Array(n).fill(null));
|
|
|
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
const numList = [];
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
const tmp = [];
|
|
|
for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
|
|
|
tmp.push(0);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
numList.push(tmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶 */
|
|
|
function quadratic(n: number): void {
|
|
|
// 矩阵占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
const numMatrix = Array(n)
|
|
|
.fill(null)
|
|
|
.map(() => Array(n).fill(null));
|
|
|
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
const numList = [];
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
const tmp = [];
|
|
|
for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
|
|
|
tmp.push(0);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
numList.push(tmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="space_complexity.dart"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶 */
|
|
|
void quadratic(int n) {
|
|
|
// 矩阵占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
List<List<int>> numMatrix = List.generate(n, (_) => List.filled(n, 0));
|
|
|
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
List<List<int>> numList = [];
|
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
List<int> tmp = [];
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
|
|
|
tmp.add(0);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
numList.add(tmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="space_complexity.rs"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶 */
|
|
|
#[allow(unused)]
|
|
|
fn quadratic(n: i32) {
|
|
|
// 矩阵占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
let num_matrix = vec![vec![0; n as usize]; n as usize];
|
|
|
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
let mut num_list = Vec::new();
|
|
|
for i in 0..n {
|
|
|
let mut tmp = Vec::new();
|
|
|
for j in 0..n {
|
|
|
tmp.push(0);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
num_list.push(tmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶 */
|
|
|
void quadratic(int n) {
|
|
|
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
int **numMatrix = malloc(sizeof(int *) * n);
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
int *tmp = malloc(sizeof(int) * n);
|
|
|
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
|
|
|
tmp[j] = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
numMatrix[i] = tmp;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 内存释放
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
|
free(numMatrix[i]);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
free(numMatrix);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
|
|
// 平方阶
|
|
|
fn quadratic(n: i32) !void {
|
|
|
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
|
|
|
var nodes = std.ArrayList(std.ArrayList(i32)).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
|
|
defer nodes.deinit();
|
|
|
var i: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
while (i < n) : (i += 1) {
|
|
|
var tmp = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.heap.page_allocator);
|
|
|
defer tmp.deinit();
|
|
|
var j: i32 = 0;
|
|
|
while (j < n) : (j += 1) {
|
|
|
try tmp.append(0);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
try nodes.append(tmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
<iframe width="800" height="600" frameborder="0" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20quadratic%28n%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B6%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E4%BA%8C%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%28n%5E2%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20num_matrix%20%3D%20%5B%5B0%5D%20*%20n%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%29%5D%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20quadratic%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=16&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe>
|
|
|
<a href=https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20quadratic%28n%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B6%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E4%BA%8C%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E5%8D%A0%E7%94%A8%20O%28n%5E2%29%20%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%0A%20%20%20%20num_matrix%20%3D%20%5B%5B0%5D%20*%20n%20for%20_%20in%20range%28n%29%5D%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20quadratic%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=16&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
如图 2-18 所示,该函数的递归深度为 $n$ ,在每个递归函数中都初始化了一个数组,长度分别为 $n$、$n-1$、$\dots$、$2$、$1$ ,平均长度为 $n / 2$ ,因此总体占用 $O(n^2)$ 空间:
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="space_complexity.py"
|
|
|
def quadratic_recur(n: int) -> int:
|
|
|
"""平方阶(递归实现)"""
|
|
|
if n <= 0:
|
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
# 数组 nums 长度为 n, n-1, ..., 2, 1
|
|
|
nums = [0] * n
|
|
|
return quadratic_recur(n - 1)
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
int quadraticRecur(int n) {
|
|
|
if (n <= 0)
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
vector<int> nums(n);
|
|
|
cout << "递归 n = " << n << " 中的 nums 长度 = " << nums.size() << endl;
|
|
|
return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="space_complexity.java"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
int quadraticRecur(int n) {
|
|
|
if (n <= 0)
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
// 数组 nums 长度为 n, n-1, ..., 2, 1
|
|
|
int[] nums = new int[n];
|
|
|
System.out.println("递归 n = " + n + " 中的 nums 长度 = " + nums.length);
|
|
|
return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
int QuadraticRecur(int n) {
|
|
|
if (n <= 0) return 0;
|
|
|
int[] nums = new int[n];
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine("递归 n = " + n + " 中的 nums 长度 = " + nums.Length);
|
|
|
return QuadraticRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="space_complexity.go"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
func spaceQuadraticRecur(n int) int {
|
|
|
if n <= 0 {
|
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
nums := make([]int, n)
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("递归 n = %d 中的 nums 长度 = %d \n", n, len(nums))
|
|
|
return spaceQuadraticRecur(n - 1)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
@discardableResult
|
|
|
func quadraticRecur(n: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
if n <= 0 {
|
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 数组 nums 长度为 n, n-1, ..., 2, 1
|
|
|
let nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: n)
|
|
|
print("递归 n = \(n) 中的 nums 长度 = \(nums.count)")
|
|
|
return quadraticRecur(n: n - 1)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
function quadraticRecur(n) {
|
|
|
if (n <= 0) return 0;
|
|
|
const nums = new Array(n);
|
|
|
console.log(`递归 n = ${n} 中的 nums 长度 = ${nums.length}`);
|
|
|
return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
function quadraticRecur(n: number): number {
|
|
|
if (n <= 0) return 0;
|
|
|
const nums = new Array(n);
|
|
|
console.log(`递归 n = ${n} 中的 nums 长度 = ${nums.length}`);
|
|
|
return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="space_complexity.dart"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
int quadraticRecur(int n) {
|
|
|
if (n <= 0) return 0;
|
|
|
List<int> nums = List.filled(n, 0);
|
|
|
print('递归 n = $n 中的 nums 长度 = ${nums.length}');
|
|
|
return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="space_complexity.rs"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
fn quadratic_recur(n: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
if n <= 0 {return 0};
|
|
|
// 数组 nums 长度为 n, n-1, ..., 2, 1
|
|
|
let nums = vec![0; n as usize];
|
|
|
println!("递归 n = {} 中的 nums 长度 = {}", n, nums.len());
|
|
|
return quadratic_recur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="space_complexity.c"
|
|
|
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
|
|
|
int quadraticRecur(int n) {
|
|
|
if (n <= 0)
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
int *nums = malloc(sizeof(int) * n);
|
|
|
printf("递归 n = %d 中的 nums 长度 = %d\r\n", n, n);
|
|
|
int res = quadraticRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
free(nums);
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
|
|
|
// 平方阶(递归实现)
|
|
|
fn quadraticRecur(comptime n: i32) i32 {
|
|
|
if (n <= 0) return 0;
|
|
|
var nums = [_]i32{0}**n;
|
|
|
std.debug.print("递归 n = {} 中的 nums 长度 = {}\n", .{n, nums.len});
|
|
|
return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
<iframe width="800" height="600" frameborder="0" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20quadratic_recur%28n%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B6%EF%BC%88%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%EF%BC%89%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3C%3D%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%200%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%84%20nums%20%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20n,%20n-1,%20...,%202,%201%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20*%20n%0A%20%20%20%20return%20quadratic_recur%28n%20-%201%29%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20quadratic_recur%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=28&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe>
|
|
|
<a href=https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20quadratic_recur%28n%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B6%EF%BC%88%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%EF%BC%89%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3C%3D%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%200%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%84%20nums%20%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%BA%20n,%20n-1,%20...,%202,%201%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B0%5D%20*%20n%0A%20%20%20%20return%20quadratic_recur%28n%20-%201%29%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20quadratic_recur%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=28&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a>
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![递归函数产生的平方阶空间复杂度](space_complexity.assets/space_complexity_recursive_quadratic.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 图 2-18 递归函数产生的平方阶空间复杂度 </p>
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### 4. 指数阶 $O(2^n)$
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指数阶常见于二叉树。观察图 2-19 ,层数为 $n$ 的“满二叉树”的节点数量为 $2^n - 1$ ,占用 $O(2^n)$ 空间:
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=== "Python"
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```python title="space_complexity.py"
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def build_tree(n: int) -> TreeNode | None:
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"""指数阶(建立满二叉树)"""
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if n == 0:
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return None
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root = TreeNode(0)
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root.left = build_tree(n - 1)
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root.right = build_tree(n - 1)
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return root
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="space_complexity.cpp"
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/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
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TreeNode *buildTree(int n) {
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if (n == 0)
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return nullptr;
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TreeNode *root = new TreeNode(0);
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root->left = buildTree(n - 1);
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root->right = buildTree(n - 1);
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return root;
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="space_complexity.java"
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/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
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TreeNode buildTree(int n) {
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if (n == 0)
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return null;
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TreeNode root = new TreeNode(0);
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root.left = buildTree(n - 1);
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root.right = buildTree(n - 1);
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return root;
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="space_complexity.cs"
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/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
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TreeNode? BuildTree(int n) {
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if (n == 0) return null;
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TreeNode root = new(0) {
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left = BuildTree(n - 1),
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right = BuildTree(n - 1)
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};
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return root;
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="space_complexity.go"
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/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
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func buildTree(n int) *treeNode {
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if n == 0 {
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return nil
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}
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root := newTreeNode(0)
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root.left = buildTree(n - 1)
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root.right = buildTree(n - 1)
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return root
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="space_complexity.swift"
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/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
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func buildTree(n: Int) -> TreeNode? {
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if n == 0 {
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return nil
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}
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let root = TreeNode(x: 0)
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root.left = buildTree(n: n - 1)
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root.right = buildTree(n: n - 1)
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return root
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="space_complexity.js"
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/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
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function buildTree(n) {
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if (n === 0) return null;
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const root = new TreeNode(0);
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root.left = buildTree(n - 1);
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root.right = buildTree(n - 1);
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return root;
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="space_complexity.ts"
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/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
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function buildTree(n: number): TreeNode | null {
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if (n === 0) return null;
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const root = new TreeNode(0);
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root.left = buildTree(n - 1);
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root.right = buildTree(n - 1);
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return root;
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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|
```dart title="space_complexity.dart"
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/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
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TreeNode? buildTree(int n) {
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if (n == 0) return null;
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TreeNode root = TreeNode(0);
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root.left = buildTree(n - 1);
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root.right = buildTree(n - 1);
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return root;
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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|
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|
```rust title="space_complexity.rs"
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/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
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fn build_tree(n: i32) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>> {
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|
if n == 0 {return None};
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let root = TreeNode::new(0);
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root.borrow_mut().left = build_tree(n - 1);
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root.borrow_mut().right = build_tree(n - 1);
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return Some(root);
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}
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```
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|
=== "C"
|
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|
|
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|
```c title="space_complexity.c"
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|
/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
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TreeNode *buildTree(int n) {
|
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|
if (n == 0)
|
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|
return NULL;
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TreeNode *root = newTreeNode(0);
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root->left = buildTree(n - 1);
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root->right = buildTree(n - 1);
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return root;
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}
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|
```
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|
|
|
=== "Zig"
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|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="space_complexity.zig"
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// 指数阶(建立满二叉树)
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fn buildTree(mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator, n: i32) !?*inc.TreeNode(i32) {
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|
|
if (n == 0) return null;
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|
const root = try mem_allocator.create(inc.TreeNode(i32));
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|
root.init(0);
|
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root.left = try buildTree(mem_allocator, n - 1);
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|
root.right = try buildTree(mem_allocator, n - 1);
|
|
|
return root;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "可视化运行"
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|
<iframe width="800" height="600" frameborder="0" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20TreeNode%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%20%3D%200%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%3A%20int%20%3D%20val%20%20%23%20%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.left%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%B7%A6%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.right%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%0Adef%20build_tree%28n%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0%E9%98%B6%EF%BC%88%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E6%BB%A1%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%EF%BC%89%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3D%3D%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20None%0A%20%20%20%20root%20%3D%20TreeNode%280%29%0A%20%20%20%20root.left%20%3D%20build_tree%28n%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20root.right%20%3D%20build_tree%28n%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20root%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20root%20%3D%20build_tree%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=507&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe>
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|
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<a href=https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20TreeNode%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self,%20val%3A%20int%20%3D%200%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%3A%20int%20%3D%20val%20%20%23%20%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%80%BC%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.left%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%B7%A6%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.right%3A%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%20%3D%20None%20%20%23%20%E5%8F%B3%E5%AD%90%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%0A%0Adef%20build_tree%28n%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20TreeNode%20%7C%20None%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0%E9%98%B6%EF%BC%88%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E6%BB%A1%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%EF%BC%89%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3D%3D%200%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20None%0A%20%20%20%20root%20%3D%20TreeNode%280%29%0A%20%20%20%20root.left%20%3D%20build_tree%28n%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20root.right%20%3D%20build_tree%28n%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20root%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20n%20%3D%205%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%20n%20%3D%22,%20n%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0%E9%98%B6%0A%20%20%20%20root%20%3D%20build_tree%28n%29&codeDivHeight=370&codeDivWidth=300&cumulative=false&curInstr=507&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全屏观看 ></a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
![满二叉树产生的指数阶空间复杂度](space_complexity.assets/space_complexity_exponential.png){ class="animation-figure" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 图 2-19 满二叉树产生的指数阶空间复杂度 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 5. 对数阶 $O(\log n)$
|
|
|
|
|
|
对数阶常见于分治算法。例如归并排序,输入长度为 $n$ 的数组,每轮递归将数组从中点处划分为两半,形成高度为 $\log n$ 的递归树,使用 $O(\log n)$ 栈帧空间。
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再例如将数字转化为字符串,输入一个正整数 $n$ ,它的位数为 $\log_{10} n + 1$ ,即对应字符串长度为 $\log_{10} n + 1$ ,因此空间复杂度为 $O(\log_{10} n + 1) = O(\log n)$ 。
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## 2.4.4 权衡时间与空间
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|
理想情况下,我们希望算法的时间复杂度和空间复杂度都能达到最优。然而在实际情况中,同时优化时间复杂度和空间复杂度通常非常困难。
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**降低时间复杂度通常需要以提升空间复杂度为代价,反之亦然**。我们将牺牲内存空间来提升算法运行速度的思路称为“以空间换时间”;反之,则称为“以时间换空间”。
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|
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|
|
选择哪种思路取决于我们更看重哪个方面。在大多数情况下,时间比空间更宝贵,因此“以空间换时间”通常是更常用的策略。当然,在数据量很大的情况下,控制空间复杂度也非常重要。
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