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krahets/hello-algo
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2.1. 算法效率评估
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2.1.1. 算法评价维度
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实际测试
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理论估算
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2.1.3. 复杂度分析重要性
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2.3. 空间复杂度
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<a href="../summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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2.4. 小结
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</a>
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</nav>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
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3. 数据结构与类型
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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3. 数据结构与类型
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3.1. 数据结构分类
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3.2. 基本数据类型
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3.3. 数字编码 *
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3.4. 字符编码 *
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3.5. 小结
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</nav>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
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4. 数组与链表
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</label>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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4. 数组与链表
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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4.1. 数组
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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4.2. 链表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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4.3. 列表
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.4. 小结
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</a>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
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5. 栈与队列
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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5. 栈与队列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.1. 栈
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.2. 队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.3. 双向队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="0">
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6. 散列表
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
|
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|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
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|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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6. 散列表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.1. 哈希表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.2. 哈希冲突处理
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.3. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
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7. 树
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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7. 树
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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7.1. 二叉树
|
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|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.2. 二叉树遍历
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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7.3. 二叉树数组表示
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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7.4. 二叉搜索树
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.5. AVL 树 *
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.6. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
|
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
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8. 堆
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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8. 堆
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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8.1. 堆
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|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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8.2. 建堆操作 *
|
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|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.3. 小结
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
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9. 图
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
|
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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9. 图
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.1. 图
|
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|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.2. 图基础操作
|
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|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.3. 图的遍历
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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9.4. 小结
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
|
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
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10. 搜索算法
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
10. 搜索算法
|
|
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</label>
|
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|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
10.1. 二分查找（New）
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
10.2. 二分查找边界（New）
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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|
<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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10.3. 哈希优化策略
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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10.4. 重识搜索算法
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.5. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</nav>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
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11. 排序算法
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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11. 排序算法
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.1. 排序算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.2. 选择排序
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.3. 冒泡排序
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.4. 插入排序
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.5. 快速排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.6. 归并排序
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.7. 桶排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.8. 计数排序
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.9. 基数排序
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.10. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
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12. 回溯算法
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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12. 回溯算法
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.1. 回溯算法（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.2. 全排列问题（New）
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.3. N 皇后问题（New）
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
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13. 附录
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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13. 附录
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_appendix/installation/" class="md-nav__link">
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13.1. 编程环境安装
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_appendix/contribution/" class="md-nav__link">
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13.2. 一起参与创作
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</a>
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</li>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_reference/">参考文献</a>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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参考文献
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
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<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目录">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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目录
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#211" class="md-nav__link">
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2.1.1. 算法评价维度
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#212" class="md-nav__link">
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2.1.2. 效率评估方法
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="2.1.2. 效率评估方法">
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_1" class="md-nav__link">
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实际测试
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#_2" class="md-nav__link">
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理论估算
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#213" class="md-nav__link">
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2.1.3. 复杂度分析重要性
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
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<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo/tree/main/docs/chapter_computational_complexity/performance_evaluation.md" title="编辑此页" class="md-content__button md-icon">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4v-2m10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1 2.1 2.1Z"/></svg>
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</a>
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<h1 id="21">2.1. 算法效率评估<a class="headerlink" href="#21" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
|
|
<h2 id="211">2.1.1. 算法评价维度<a class="headerlink" href="#211" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
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<p>从总体上看，算法设计追求以下两个层面的目标：</p>
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
|
<li><strong>找到问题解法</strong>。算法需要在规定的输入范围内，可靠地求得问题的正确解。</li>
|
|
|
<li><strong>寻求最优解法</strong>。同一个问题可能存在多种解法，我们希望找到尽可能高效的算法。</li>
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</ol>
|
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<p>因此，在能够解决问题的前提下，算法效率成为主要的评价维度，主要包括：</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
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|
<li><strong>时间效率</strong>，即算法运行速度的快慢。</li>
|
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<li><strong>空间效率</strong>，即算法占用内存空间的大小。</li>
|
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</ul>
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<p>简而言之，<strong>我们的目标是设计“既快又省”的数据结构与算法</strong>。掌握评估算法效率的方法则至关重要，因为只有了解评价标准，我们才能进行算法之间的对比分析，从而指导算法设计与优化过程。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="212">2.1.2. 效率评估方法<a class="headerlink" href="#212" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
|
<h3 id="_1">实际测试<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
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<p>假设我们现在有算法 A 和算法 B，它们都能解决同一问题，现在需要对比这两个算法的效率。我们最直接的方法就是找一台计算机，运行这两个算法，并监控记录它们的运行时间和内存占用情况。这种评估方式能够反映真实情况，但也存在较大局限性。</p>
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<p><strong>难以排除测试环境的干扰因素</strong>。硬件配置会影响算法的性能表现。例如，在某台计算机中，算法 A 的运行时间比算法 B 短；但在另一台配置不同的计算机中，我们可能得到相反的测试结果。这意味着我们需要在各种机器上进行测试，而这是不现实的。</p>
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<p><strong>展开完整测试非常耗费资源</strong>。随着输入数据量的变化，算法会表现出不同的效率。例如，输入数据量较小时，算法 A 的运行时间可能短于算法 B；而输入数据量较大时，测试结果可能相反。因此，为了得到有说服力的结论，我们需要测试各种规模的输入数据，这样需要占用大量的计算资源。</p>
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<h3 id="_2">理论估算<a class="headerlink" href="#_2" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
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<p>由于实际测试具有较大的局限性，我们可以考虑仅通过一些计算来评估算法的效率。这种估算方法被称为「复杂度分析 Complexity Analysis」或「渐近复杂度分析 Asymptotic Complexity Analysis」。</p>
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<p><strong>复杂度分析评估的是算法运行效率随着输入数据量增多时的增长趋势</strong>。这个定义有些拗口，我们可以将其分为三个重点来理解：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>“算法运行效率”可分为“运行时间”和“占用空间”，因此我们可以将复杂度分为「时间复杂度 Time Complexity」和「空间复杂度 Space Complexity」；</li>
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<li>“随着输入数据量增多时”表示复杂度与输入数据量有关，反映了算法运行效率与输入数据量之间的关系；</li>
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<li>“增长趋势”表示复杂度分析关注的是算法时间与空间的增长趋势，而非具体的运行时间或占用空间；</li>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>复杂度分析克服了实际测试方法的弊端</strong>。首先，它独立于测试环境，因此分析结果适用于所有运行平台。其次，它可以体现不同数据量下的算法效率，尤其是在大数据量下的算法性能。</p>
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<p>如果你对复杂度分析的概念仍感到困惑，无需担心，我们会在后续章节详细介绍。</p>
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<h2 id="213">2.1.3. 复杂度分析重要性<a class="headerlink" href="#213" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<p>复杂度分析为我们提供了一把评估算法效率的“标尺”，告诉我们执行某个算法所需的时间和空间资源，并使我们能够对比不同算法之间的效率。</p>
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<p>复杂度是个数学概念，对于初学者可能比较抽象，学习难度相对较高。从这个角度看，复杂度分析可能不太适合作为第一章的内容。然而，当我们讨论某个数据结构或算法的特点时，我们难以避免要分析其运行速度和空间使用情况。<strong>因此，在深入学习数据结构与算法之前，建议读者先对复杂度建立初步的了解，并能够完成简单案例的复杂度分析</strong>。</p>
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