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0. 前言
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2. 复杂度
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2.1. 算法效率评估
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2.2. 时间复杂度
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2.3. 空间复杂度
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2.4. 小结
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3. 数据结构
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3.1. 数据结构分类
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3.2. 基本数据类型
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3.3. 数字编码 *
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3.4. 字符编码 *
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3.5. 小结
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4. 数组与链表
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4.1. 数组
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4.2. 链表
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4.3. 列表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/">5. 栈与队列</a>
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<label for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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5. 栈与队列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.1. 栈
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.2. 队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.3. 双向队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/">6. 散列表</a>
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<label for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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6. 散列表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.1. 哈希表（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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6.2. 哈希冲突（New）
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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6.3. 哈希算法（New）
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/">7. 树</a>
|
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<label for="__nav_8">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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7. 树
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
7.1. 二叉树
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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7.2. 二叉树遍历
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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7.3. 二叉树数组表示
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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7.4. 二叉搜索树
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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7.5. AVL 树 *
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.6. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/">8. 堆</a>
|
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<label for="__nav_9">
|
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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8. 堆
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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8.1. 堆
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.2. 建堆操作
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/top_k/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.3. Top-K 问题（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/">9. 图</a>
|
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|
<label for="__nav_10">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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9. 图
|
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</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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9.1. 图
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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9.2. 图基础操作
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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9.3. 图的遍历
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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9.4. 小结
|
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/">10. 搜索</a>
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<label for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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10. 搜索
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.1. 二分查找
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.2. 二分查找边界
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.3. 哈希优化策略
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.4. 重识搜索算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.5. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/">11. 排序</a>
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<label for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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11. 排序
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.1. 排序算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.2. 选择排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.3. 冒泡排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.4. 插入排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.5. 快速排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.6. 归并排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.7. 堆排序
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.8. 桶排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.9. 计数排序
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.10. 基数排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.11. 小结
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/">12. 回溯</a>
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_13">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
12. 回溯
|
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</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
12.1. 回溯算法
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
12.2. 全排列问题
|
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
12.3. 子集和问题
|
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.4. N 皇后问题
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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12.5. 小结
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" checked>
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
|
|
<a href="../">13. 动态规划</a>
|
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_14">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
|
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|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="true">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
13. 动态规划
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../intro_to_dynamic_programming/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
13.1. 初探动态规划（New）
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../dp_problem_features/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
13.2. DP 问题特性（New）
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../dp_solution_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
13.3. DP 解题思路（New）
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
13.4. 0-1 背包问题（New）
|
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../unbounded_knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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13.5. 完全背包问题（New）
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../edit_distance_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
13.6. 编辑距离问题（New）
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<h1 id="137">13.7. 小结<a class="headerlink" href="#137" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<ul>
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<li>动态规划通过将原问题分解为子问题来求解问题，并通过存储子问题的解来规避重复计算，实现高效的计算效率。子问题分解是一种通用的算法思路，在分治、动态规划、回溯中具有不同的性质。</li>
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<li>不考虑时间的前提下，所有动态规划问题都可以用回溯（暴力搜索）进行求解，但递归树中存在大量的重叠子问题，效率极低。通过引入记忆化列表，可以存储所有计算过的子问题的解，从而保证重叠子问题只被计算一次。</li>
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<li>记忆化递归是一种从顶至底的递归式解法，而与之对应的动态规划是一种从底至顶的递推式解法，就像是在“填写表格”一样。由于当前状态仅依赖于某些局部状态，因此我们可以消除 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp\)</span> 表的一个维度，从而降低空间复杂度。</li>
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<li>动态规划问题的三大特性：重叠子问题、最优子结构、无后效性。如果原问题的最优解可以从子问题的最优解构建得来，则此问题就具有最优子结构。无后效性指对于一个状态，其未来发展只与该状态有关，与其所经历的过去的所有状态无关。许多组合优化问题都不具有无后效性，无法使用动态规划快速求解。</li>
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<li>背包问题是最典型的动态规划题目，具有 0-1 背包、完全背包、多重背包等变种问题。</li>
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<li>0-1 背包的状态定义为前 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 个物品在剩余容量为 <span class="arithmatex">\(c\)</span> 的背包中的最大价值。这是一种常见的定义方式。不放入物品 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> ，状态转移至 <span class="arithmatex">\([i-1, c]\)</span> ，放入则转移至 <span class="arithmatex">\([i-1, c-wgt[i-1]]\)</span> ，由此便得到最优子结构，并构建出状态转移方程。对于状态压缩，由于每个状态依赖正上方和左上方的状态，因此需要倒序遍历列表，避免左上方状态被覆盖。</li>
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<li>完全背包的每种物品有无数个，因此在放置物品 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 后，状态转移至 <span class="arithmatex">\([i, c-wgt[i-1]]\)</span> 。由于状态依赖于正上方和正左方的状态，因此状态压缩后应该正序遍历。</li>
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<li>零钱兑换问题是完全背包的一个变种。为从求“最大“价值变为求“最小”硬币数量，我们将状态转移方程中的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\max()\)</span> 改为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\min()\)</span> 。为从求“不超过”背包容量到求“恰好”凑出目标金额，我们使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(amt + 1\)</span> 来表示“无法凑出目标金额”的无效解。</li>
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<li>零钱兑换 II 问题从求“最少硬币数量”改为求“硬币组合数量”，状态转移方程相应地从 <span class="arithmatex">\(\min()\)</span> 改为求和运算符。</li>
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<li>编辑距离（Levenshtein 距离）用于衡量两个字符串之间的相似度，定义为从一个字符串到另一个字符串的最小编辑步数，编辑操作包括添加、删除、替换。</li>
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<li>编辑距离问题的状态定义为将 <span class="arithmatex">\(s\)</span> 的前 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 个字符更改为 <span class="arithmatex">\(t\)</span> 的前 <span class="arithmatex">\(j\)</span> 个字符所需的最少编辑步数。考虑字符 <span class="arithmatex">\(s[i]\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(t[j]\)</span> ，具有三种决策：在 <span class="arithmatex">\(s[i-1]\)</span> 之后添加 <span class="arithmatex">\(t[j-1]\)</span> 、删除 <span class="arithmatex">\(s[i-1]\)</span> 、将 <span class="arithmatex">\(s[i-1]\)</span> 替换为 <span class="arithmatex">\(t[j-1]\)</span> ，它们都有相应的剩余子问题，据此就可以找出最优子结构与构建状态转移方程。值得注意的是，当 <span class="arithmatex">\(s[i] = t[j]\)</span> 时，无需编辑当前字符，直接跳过即可。</li>
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<li>在编辑距离中，状态依赖于其正上方、正左方、左上方的状态，因此状态压缩后正序或倒序遍历都无法正确地进行状态转移。利用一个变量暂存左上方状态，即转化至完全背包地情况，可以在状态压缩后使用正序遍历。</li>
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