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---
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comments: true
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---
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# 10.3 Binary search boundaries
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## 10.3.1 Find the left boundary
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!!! question
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Given a sorted array `nums` of length $n$, which may contain duplicate elements, return the index of the leftmost element `target`. If the element is not present in the array, return $-1$.
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Recall the method of binary search for an insertion point, after the search is completed, $i$ points to the leftmost `target`, **thus searching for the insertion point is essentially searching for the index of the leftmost `target`**.
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Consider implementing the search for the left boundary using the function for finding an insertion point. Note that the array might not contain `target`, which could lead to the following two results:
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- The index $i$ of the insertion point is out of bounds.
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- The element `nums[i]` is not equal to `target`.
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In these cases, simply return $-1$. The code is as follows:
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=== "Python"
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```python title="binary_search_edge.py"
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def binary_search_left_edge(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int:
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"""二分查找最左一个 target"""
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# 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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i = binary_search_insertion(nums, target)
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# 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if i == len(nums) or nums[i] != target:
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return -1
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# 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="binary_search_edge.cpp"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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int binarySearchLeftEdge(vector<int> &nums, int target) {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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int i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, target);
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (i == nums.size() || nums[i] != target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i;
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="binary_search_edge.java"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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int binarySearchLeftEdge(int[] nums, int target) {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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int i = binary_search_insertion.binarySearchInsertion(nums, target);
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (i == nums.length || nums[i] != target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i;
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="binary_search_edge.cs"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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int BinarySearchLeftEdge(int[] nums, int target) {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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int i = binary_search_insertion.BinarySearchInsertion(nums, target);
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (i == nums.Length || nums[i] != target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i;
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="binary_search_edge.go"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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func binarySearchLeftEdge(nums []int, target int) int {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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i := binarySearchInsertion(nums, target)
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if i == len(nums) || nums[i] != target {
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return -1
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="binary_search_edge.swift"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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func binarySearchLeftEdge(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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let i = binarySearchInsertion(nums: nums, target: target)
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if i == nums.endIndex || nums[i] != target {
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return -1
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="binary_search_edge.js"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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function binarySearchLeftEdge(nums, target) {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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const i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, target);
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (i === nums.length || nums[i] !== target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i;
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="binary_search_edge.ts"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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function binarySearchLeftEdge(nums: Array<number>, target: number): number {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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const i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, target);
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (i === nums.length || nums[i] !== target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i;
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}
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```
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=== "Dart"
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```dart title="binary_search_edge.dart"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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int binarySearchLeftEdge(List<int> nums, int target) {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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int i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, target);
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (i == nums.length || nums[i] != target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i;
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}
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```
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=== "Rust"
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```rust title="binary_search_edge.rs"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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fn binary_search_left_edge(nums: &[i32], target: i32) -> i32 {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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let i = binary_search_insertion(nums, target);
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if i == nums.len() as i32 || nums[i as usize] != target {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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i
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="binary_search_edge.c"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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int binarySearchLeftEdge(int *nums, int numSize, int target) {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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int i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, numSize, target);
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (i == numSize || nums[i] != target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i;
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}
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```
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=== "Kotlin"
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```kotlin title="binary_search_edge.kt"
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/* 二分查找最左一个 target */
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fun binarySearchLeftEdge(nums: IntArray, target: Int): Int {
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// 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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val i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, target)
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (i == nums.size || nums[i] != target) {
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return -1
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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return i
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}
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```
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=== "Ruby"
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```ruby title="binary_search_edge.rb"
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### 二分查找最左一个 target ###
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def binary_search_left_edge(nums, target)
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# 等价于查找 target 的插入点
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i = binary_search_insertion(nums, target)
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# 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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return -1 if i == nums.length || nums[i] != target
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i # 找到 target ,返回索引 i
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end
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="binary_search_edge.zig"
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[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchLeftEdge}
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```
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??? pythontutor "Code Visualization"
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<div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20binary_search_insertion%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20target%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%88%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%EF%BC%89%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20i,%20j%20%3D%200,%20len%28nums%29%20-%201%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8C%E9%97%AD%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%20%5B0,%20n-1%5D%0A%20%20%20%20while%20i%20%3C%3D%20j%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20m%20%3D%20%28i%20%2B%20j%29%20//%202%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E4%B8%AD%E7%82%B9%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20m%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20nums%5Bm%5D%20%3C%20target%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20i%20%3D%20m%20%2B%201%20%20%23%20target%20%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%20%5Bm%2B1,%20j%5D%20%E4%B8%AD%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20elif%20nums%5Bm%5D%20%3E%20target%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20j%20%3D%20m%20-%201%20%20%23%20target%20%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%20%5Bi,%20m-1%5D%20%E4%B8%AD%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20else%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20j%20%3D%20m%20-%201%20%20%23%20%E9%A6%96%E4%B8%AA%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8E%20target%20%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%20%5Bi,%20m-1%5D%20%E4%B8%AD%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E7%82%B9%20i%0A%20%20%20%20return%20i%0A%0Adef%20binary_search_left_edge%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20target%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E6%9C%80%E5%B7%A6%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%20target%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%AD%89%E4%BB%B7%E4%BA%8E%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%20target%20%E7%9A%84%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20i%20%3D%20binary_search_insertion%28nums,%20target%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9C%AA%E6%89%BE%E5%88%B0%20target%20%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%20-1%0A%20%20%20%20if%20i%20%3D%3D%20len%28nums%29%20or%20nums%5Bi%5D%20!%3D%20target%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20-1%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%89%BE%E5%88%B0%20target%20%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20i%0A%20%20%20%20return%20i%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%84%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%206,%206,%206,%206,%206,%2010,%2012,%2015%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E5%B7%A6%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%0A%20%20%20%20target%20%3D%206%0A%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20binary_search_left_edge%28nums,%20target%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E6%9C%80%E5%B7%A6%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%20%7Btarget%7D%20%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bindex%7D%22%29&codeDivHeight=472&codeDivWidth=350&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false"> </iframe></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=def%20binary_search_insertion%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20target%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%88%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%EF%BC%89%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20i,%20j%20%3D%200,%20len%28nums%29%20-%201%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8C%E9%97%AD%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%20%5B0,%20n-1%5D%0A%20%20%20%20while%20i%20%3C%3D%20j%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20m%20%3D%20%28i%20%2B%20j%29%20//%202%20%20%23%20%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E4%B8%AD%E7%82%B9%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20m%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20nums%5Bm%5D%20%3C%20target%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20i%20%3D%20m%20%2B%201%20%20%23%20target%20%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%20%5Bm%2B1,%20j%5D%20%E4%B8%AD%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20elif%20nums%5Bm%5D%20%3E%20target%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20j%20%3D%20m%20-%201%20%20%23%20target%20%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%20%5Bi,%20m-1%5D%20%E4%B8%AD%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20else%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20j%20%3D%20m%20-%201%20%20%23%20%E9%A6%96%E4%B8%AA%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8E%20target%20%E7%9A%84%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%20%5Bi,%20m-1%5D%20%E4%B8%AD%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E7%82%B9%20i%0A%20%20%20%20return%20i%0A%0Adef%20binary_search_left_edge%28nums%3A%20list%5Bint%5D,%20target%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E6%9C%80%E5%B7%A6%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%20target%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E7%AD%89%E4%BB%B7%E4%BA%8E%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%20target%20%E7%9A%84%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E7%82%B9%0A%20%20%20%20i%20%3D%20binary_search_insertion%28nums,%20target%29%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9C%AA%E6%89%BE%E5%88%B0%20target%20%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%20-1%0A%20%20%20%20if%20i%20%3D%3D%20len%28nums%29%20or%20nums%5Bi%5D%20!%3D%20target%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20-1%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%89%BE%E5%88%B0%20target%20%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%20i%0A%20%20%20%20return%20i%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%84%0A%20%20%20%20nums%20%3D%20%5B1,%203,%206,%206,%206,%206,%206,%2010,%2012,%2015%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E5%B7%A6%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%0A%20%20%20%20target%20%3D%206%0A%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20binary_search_left_edge%28nums,%20target%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28f%22%E6%9C%80%E5%B7%A6%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%20%7Btarget%7D%20%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E4%B8%BA%20%7Bindex%7D%22%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=6&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Full Screen ></a></div>
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## 10.3.2 Find the right boundary
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So how do we find the rightmost `target`? The most straightforward way is to modify the code, replacing the pointer contraction operation in the case of `nums[m] == target`. The code is omitted here, but interested readers can implement it on their own.
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Below we introduce two more cunning methods.
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### 1. Reusing the search for the left boundary
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In fact, we can use the function for finding the leftmost element to find the rightmost element, specifically by **transforming the search for the rightmost `target` into a search for the leftmost `target + 1`**.
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As shown in the Figure 10-7 , after the search is completed, the pointer $i$ points to the leftmost `target + 1` (if it exists), while $j$ points to the rightmost `target`, **thus returning $j$ is sufficient**.
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![Transforming the search for the right boundary into the search for the left boundary](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_right_edge_by_left_edge.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> Figure 10-7 Transforming the search for the right boundary into the search for the left boundary </p>
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Please note, the insertion point returned is $i$, therefore, it should be subtracted by $1$ to obtain $j$:
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=== "Python"
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```python title="binary_search_edge.py"
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def binary_search_right_edge(nums: list[int], target: int) -> int:
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"""二分查找最右一个 target"""
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# 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
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i = binary_search_insertion(nums, target + 1)
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# j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
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j = i - 1
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# 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if j == -1 or nums[j] != target:
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return -1
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# 找到 target ,返回索引 j
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return j
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="binary_search_edge.cpp"
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/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
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int binarySearchRightEdge(vector<int> &nums, int target) {
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// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
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int i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, target + 1);
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// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
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int j = i - 1;
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (j == -1 || nums[j] != target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
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return j;
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}
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="binary_search_edge.java"
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/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
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int binarySearchRightEdge(int[] nums, int target) {
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// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
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int i = binary_search_insertion.binarySearchInsertion(nums, target + 1);
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// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
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int j = i - 1;
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (j == -1 || nums[j] != target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
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return j;
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="binary_search_edge.cs"
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/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
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int BinarySearchRightEdge(int[] nums, int target) {
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// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
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int i = binary_search_insertion.BinarySearchInsertion(nums, target + 1);
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// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
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int j = i - 1;
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (j == -1 || nums[j] != target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
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return j;
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}
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="binary_search_edge.go"
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/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
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func binarySearchRightEdge(nums []int, target int) int {
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// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
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i := binarySearchInsertion(nums, target+1)
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// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
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j := i - 1
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if j == -1 || nums[j] != target {
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return -1
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
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return j
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="binary_search_edge.swift"
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/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
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func binarySearchRightEdge(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> Int {
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// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
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let i = binarySearchInsertion(nums: nums, target: target + 1)
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// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
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let j = i - 1
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if j == -1 || nums[j] != target {
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return -1
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
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return j
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}
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```
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=== "JS"
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```javascript title="binary_search_edge.js"
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/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
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function binarySearchRightEdge(nums, target) {
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// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
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const i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, target + 1);
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// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
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const j = i - 1;
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (j === -1 || nums[j] !== target) {
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return -1;
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}
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// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
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return j;
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}
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```
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=== "TS"
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```typescript title="binary_search_edge.ts"
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/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
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function binarySearchRightEdge(nums: Array<number>, target: number): number {
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// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
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const i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, target + 1);
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// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
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const j = i - 1;
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// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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if (j === -1 || nums[j] !== target) {
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return -1;
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|
}
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|
|
// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
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|
return j;
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|
|
}
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|
|
```
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|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="binary_search_edge.dart"
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|
|
/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
|
|
|
int binarySearchRightEdge(List<int> nums, int target) {
|
|
|
// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
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|
|
int i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, target + 1);
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|
// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
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|
|
int j = i - 1;
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|
// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
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|
|
if (j == -1 || nums[j] != target) {
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|
return -1;
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|
|
}
|
|
|
// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
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|
|
return j;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="binary_search_edge.rs"
|
|
|
/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
|
|
|
fn binary_search_right_edge(nums: &[i32], target: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
|
|
|
let i = binary_search_insertion(nums, target + 1);
|
|
|
// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
|
|
|
let j = i - 1;
|
|
|
// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
|
|
|
if j == -1 || nums[j as usize] != target {
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|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
|
|
|
j
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="binary_search_edge.c"
|
|
|
/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
|
|
|
int binarySearchRightEdge(int *nums, int numSize, int target) {
|
|
|
// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
|
|
|
int i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, numSize, target + 1);
|
|
|
// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
|
|
|
int j = i - 1;
|
|
|
// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
|
|
|
if (j == -1 || nums[j] != target) {
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
|
|
|
return j;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Kotlin"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```kotlin title="binary_search_edge.kt"
|
|
|
/* 二分查找最右一个 target */
|
|
|
fun binarySearchRightEdge(nums: IntArray, target: Int): Int {
|
|
|
// 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
|
|
|
val i = binarySearchInsertion(nums, target + 1)
|
|
|
// j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
|
|
|
val j = i - 1
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|
|
// 未找到 target ,返回 -1
|
|
|
if (j == -1 || nums[j] != target) {
|
|
|
return -1
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 找到 target ,返回索引 j
|
|
|
return j
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Ruby"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```ruby title="binary_search_edge.rb"
|
|
|
### 二分查找最右一个 target ###
|
|
|
def binary_search_right_edge(nums, target)
|
|
|
# 转化为查找最左一个 target + 1
|
|
|
i = binary_search_insertion(nums, target + 1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# j 指向最右一个 target ,i 指向首个大于 target 的元素
|
|
|
j = i - 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 未找到 target ,返回 -1
|
|
|
return -1 if j == -1 || nums[j] != target
|
|
|
|
|
|
j # 找到 target ,返回索引 j
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="binary_search_edge.zig"
|
|
|
[class]{}-[func]{binarySearchRightEdge}
|
|
|
```
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|
??? pythontutor "Code Visualization"
|
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### 2. Transforming into an element search
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We know that when the array does not contain `target`, $i$ and $j$ will eventually point to the first element greater and smaller than `target` respectively.
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Thus, as shown in the Figure 10-8 , we can construct an element that does not exist in the array, to search for the left and right boundaries.
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- To find the leftmost `target`: it can be transformed into searching for `target - 0.5`, and return the pointer $i$.
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- To find the rightmost `target`: it can be transformed into searching for `target + 0.5`, and return the pointer $j$.
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![Transforming the search for boundaries into the search for an element](binary_search_edge.assets/binary_search_edge_by_element.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> Figure 10-8 Transforming the search for boundaries into the search for an element </p>
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The code is omitted here, but two points are worth noting.
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- The given array does not contain decimals, meaning we do not need to worry about how to handle equal situations.
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- Since this method introduces decimals, the variable `target` in the function needs to be changed to a floating point type (no change needed in Python).
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