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3.3. 数字编码 *
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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4. 数组与链表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.1. 数组
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.2. 链表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.3. 列表
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/">5. 栈与队列</a>
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<label for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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5. 栈与队列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.1. 栈
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.2. 队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.3. 双向队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/">6. 散列表</a>
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<label for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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6. 散列表
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.1. 哈希表（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.2. 哈希冲突（New）
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.3. 哈希算法（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/">7. 树</a>
|
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<label for="__nav_8">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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7. 树
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.1. 二叉树
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.2. 二叉树遍历
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.3. 二叉树数组表示
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.4. 二叉搜索树
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.5. AVL 树 *
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.6. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/">8. 堆</a>
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<label for="__nav_9">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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8. 堆
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.1. 堆
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.2. 建堆操作
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/top_k/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.3. Top-K 问题（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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8.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/">9. 图</a>
|
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<label for="__nav_10">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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9. 图
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.1. 图
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.2. 图基础操作
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.3. 图的遍历
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/">10. 搜索</a>
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<label for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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10. 搜索
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.1. 二分查找
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.2. 二分查找边界
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.3. 哈希优化策略
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.4. 重识搜索算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.5. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/">11. 排序</a>
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<label for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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11. 排序
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.1. 排序算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.2. 选择排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.3. 冒泡排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.4. 插入排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.5. 快速排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.6. 归并排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.7. 堆排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.8. 桶排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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11.9. 计数排序
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.10. 基数排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.11. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/">12. 回溯</a>
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_13">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
|
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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12. 回溯
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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12.1. 回溯算法
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.2. 全排列问题
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.3. 子集和问题（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.4. N 皇后问题
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.5. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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|
<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/">13. 动态规划</a>
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_14">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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13. 动态规划
|
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</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/intro_to_dynamic_programming/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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13.1. 初探动态规划（New）
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_problem_features/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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13.2. DP 问题特性（New）
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|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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13.3. DP 解题思路（New）
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3.3.1. 原码、反码和补码
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3.3.2. 浮点数编码
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4v-2m10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1 2.1 2.1Z"/></svg>
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<h1 id="33">3.3. 数字编码 *<a class="headerlink" href="#33" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p>在本书中，标题带有的 * 符号的是选读章节。如果你时间有限或感到理解困难，建议先跳过，等学完必读章节后再单独攻克。</p>
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</div>
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<h2 id="331">3.3.1. 原码、反码和补码<a class="headerlink" href="#331" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<p>从上一节的表格中我们发现，所有整数类型能够表示的负数都比正数多一个。例如，<code>byte</code> 的取值范围是 <span class="arithmatex">\([-128, 127]\)</span> 。这个现象比较反直觉，它的内在原因涉及到原码、反码、补码的相关知识。在展开分析之前，我们首先给出三者的定义：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>原码</strong>：我们将数字的二进制表示的最高位视为符号位，其中 <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> 表示正数，<span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 表示负数，其余位表示数字的值。</li>
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<li><strong>反码</strong>：正数的反码与其原码相同，负数的反码是对其原码除符号位外的所有位取反。</li>
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<li><strong>补码</strong>：正数的补码与其原码相同，负数的补码是在其反码的基础上加 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 。</li>
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</ul>
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<p><img alt="原码、反码与补码之间的相互转换" src="../number_encoding.assets/1s_2s_complement.png" /></p>
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<p align="center"> Fig. 原码、反码与补码之间的相互转换 </p>
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<p>显然，「原码」最为直观，<strong>然而数字却是以「补码」的形式存储在计算机中的</strong>。这是因为原码存在一些局限性。</p>
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<p>一方面，<strong>负数的原码不能直接用于运算</strong>。例如，我们在原码下计算 <span class="arithmatex">\(1 + (-2)\)</span> ，得到的结果是 <span class="arithmatex">\(-3\)</span> ，这显然是不对的。</p>
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<div class="arithmatex">\[
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\begin{aligned}
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& 1 + (-2) \newline
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& = 0000 \space 0001 + 1000 \space 0010 \newline
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& = 1000 \space 0011 \newline
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& = -3
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\end{aligned}
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\]</div>
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<p>为了解决此问题，计算机引入了「反码」。例如，我们先将原码转换为反码，并在反码下计算 <span class="arithmatex">\(1 + (-2)\)</span> ，并将结果从反码转化回原码，则可得到正确结果 <span class="arithmatex">\(-1\)</span> 。</p>
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<div class="arithmatex">\[
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\begin{aligned}
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& 1 + (-2) \newline
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& = 0000 \space 0001 \space \text{(原码)} + 1000 \space 0010 \space \text{(原码)} \newline
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& = 0000 \space 0001 \space \text{(反码)} + 1111 \space 1101 \space \text{(反码)} \newline
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& = 1111 \space 1110 \space \text{(反码)} \newline
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& = 1000 \space 0001 \space \text{(原码)} \newline
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& = -1
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\end{aligned}
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\]</div>
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<p>另一方面，<strong>数字零的原码有 <span class="arithmatex">\(+0\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(-0\)</span> 两种表示方式</strong>。这意味着数字零对应着两个不同的二进制编码，而这可能会带来歧义问题。例如，在条件判断中，如果没有区分正零和负零，可能会导致错误的判断结果。如果我们想要处理正零和负零歧义，则需要引入额外的判断操作，其可能会降低计算机的运算效率。</p>
|
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<div class="arithmatex">\[
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\begin{aligned}
|
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+0 & = 0000 \space 0000 \newline
|
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-0 & = 1000 \space 0000
|
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\end{aligned}
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\]</div>
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<p>与原码一样，反码也存在正负零歧义问题。为此，计算机进一步引入了「补码」。那么，补码有什么作用呢？我们先来分析一下负零的补码的计算过程：</p>
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<div class="arithmatex">\[
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|
\begin{aligned}
|
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-0 = \space & 1000 \space 0000 \space \text{(原码)} \newline
|
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= \space & 1111 \space 1111 \space \text{(反码)} \newline
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= 1 \space & 0000 \space 0000 \space \text{(补码)} \newline
|
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\end{aligned}
|
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|
\]</div>
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<p>在负零的反码基础上加 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 会产生进位，而由于 byte 的长度只有 8 位，因此溢出到第 9 位的 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 会被舍弃。<strong>从而得到负零的补码为 <span class="arithmatex">\(0000 \space 0000\)</span> ，与正零的补码相同</strong>。这意味着在补码表示中只存在一个零，从而解决了正负零歧义问题。</p>
|
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<p>还剩余最后一个疑惑：byte 的取值范围是 <span class="arithmatex">\([-128, 127]\)</span> ，多出来的一个负数 <span class="arithmatex">\(-128\)</span> 是如何得到的呢？我们注意到，区间 <span class="arithmatex">\([-127, +127]\)</span> 内的所有整数都有对应的原码、反码和补码，并且原码和补码之间是可以互相转换的。</p>
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<p>然而，<strong>补码 <span class="arithmatex">\(1000 \space 0000\)</span> 是一个例外，它并没有对应的原码</strong>。根据转换方法，我们得到该补码的原码为 <span class="arithmatex">\(0000 \space 0000\)</span> 。这显然是矛盾的，因为该原码表示数字 <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> ，它的补码应该是自身。计算机规定这个特殊的补码 <span class="arithmatex">\(1000 \space 0000\)</span> 代表 <span class="arithmatex">\(-128\)</span> 。实际上，<span class="arithmatex">\((-1) + (-127)\)</span> 在补码下的计算结果就是 <span class="arithmatex">\(-128\)</span> 。</p>
|
|
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<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
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\begin{aligned}
|
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|
& (-127) + (-1) \newline
|
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& = 1111 \space 1111 \space \text{(原码)} + 1000 \space 0001 \space \text{(原码)} \newline
|
|
|
& = 1000 \space 0000 \space \text{(反码)} + 1111 \space 1110 \space \text{(反码)} \newline
|
|
|
& = 1000 \space 0001 \space \text{(补码)} + 1111 \space 1111 \space \text{(补码)} \newline
|
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|
& = 1000 \space 0000 \space \text{(补码)} \newline
|
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|
& = -128
|
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|
\end{aligned}
|
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|
\]</div>
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<p>你可能已经发现，上述的所有计算都是加法运算。这暗示着一个重要事实：<strong>计算机内部的硬件电路主要是基于加法运算设计的</strong>。这是因为加法运算相对于其他运算（比如乘法、除法和减法）来说，硬件实现起来更简单，更容易进行并行化处理，从而提高运算速度。</p>
|
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<p>然而，这并不意味着计算机只能做加法。<strong>通过将加法与一些基本逻辑运算结合，计算机能够实现各种其他的数学运算</strong>。例如，计算减法 <span class="arithmatex">\(a - b\)</span> 可以转换为计算加法 <span class="arithmatex">\(a + (-b)\)</span> ；计算乘法和除法可以转换为计算多次加法或减法。</p>
|
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<p>现在，我们可以总结出计算机使用补码的原因：基于补码表示，计算机可以用同样的电路和操作来处理正数和负数的加法，不需要设计特殊的硬件电路来处理减法，并且无需特别处理正负零的歧义问题。这大大简化了硬件设计，并提高了运算效率。</p>
|
|
|
<p>补码的设计非常精妙，由于篇幅关系我们先介绍到这里。建议有兴趣的读者进一步深度了解。</p>
|
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<h2 id="332">3.3.2. 浮点数编码<a class="headerlink" href="#332" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
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<p>细心的你可能会发现：<code>int</code> 和 <code>float</code> 长度相同，都是 4 bytes，但为什么 <code>float</code> 的取值范围远大于 <code>int</code> ？这非常反直觉，因为按理说 <code>float</code> 需要表示小数，取值范围应该变小才对。</p>
|
|
|
<p>实际上，这是因为浮点数 <code>float</code> 采用了不同的表示方式。根据 IEEE 754 标准，32-bit 长度的 <code>float</code> 由以下部分构成：</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>符号位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{S}\)</span> ：占 1 bit ；</li>
|
|
|
<li>指数位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{E}\)</span> ：占 8 bits ；</li>
|
|
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<li>分数位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{N}\)</span> ：占 24 bits ，其中 23 位显式存储；</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>设 32-bit 二进制数的第 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 位为 <span class="arithmatex">\(b_i\)</span> ，则 <code>float</code> 值的计算方法定义为：</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
\text { val } = (-1)^{b_{31}} \times 2^{\left(b_{30} b_{29} \ldots b_{23}\right)_2-127} \times\left(1 . b_{22} b_{21} \ldots b_0\right)_2
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
|
|
<p>转化到十进制下的计算公式为</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
\text { val }=(-1)^{\mathrm{S}} \times 2^{\mathrm{E} -127} \times (1 + \mathrm{N})
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
|
|
<p>其中各项的取值范围为</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
\begin{aligned}
|
|
|
\mathrm{S} \in & \{ 0, 1\} , \quad \mathrm{E} \in \{ 1, 2, \dots, 254 \} \newline
|
|
|
(1 + \mathrm{N}) = & (1 + \sum_{i=1}^{23} b_{23-i} 2^{-i}) \subset [1, 2 - 2^{-23}]
|
|
|
\end{aligned}
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
|
|
<p><img alt="IEEE 754 标准下的 float 表示方式" src="../number_encoding.assets/ieee_754_float.png" /></p>
|
|
|
<p align="center"> Fig. IEEE 754 标准下的 float 表示方式 </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>以上图为例，<span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{S} = 0\)</span> ， <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{E} = 124\)</span> ，<span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{N} = 2^{-2} + 2^{-3} = 0.375\)</span> ，易得</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
\text { val } = (-1)^0 \times 2^{124 - 127} \times (1 + 0.375) = 0.171875
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
|
|
<p>现在我们可以回答最初的问题：<strong><code>float</code> 的表示方式包含指数位，导致其取值范围远大于 <code>int</code></strong> 。根据以上计算，<code>float</code> 可表示的最大正数为 <span class="arithmatex">\(2^{254 - 127} \times (2 - 2^{-23}) \approx 3.4 \times 10^{38}\)</span> ，切换符号位便可得到最小负数。</p>
|
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<p><strong>尽管浮点数 <code>float</code> 扩展了取值范围，但其副作用是牺牲了精度</strong>。整数类型 <code>int</code> 将全部 32 位用于表示数字，数字是均匀分布的；而由于指数位的存在，浮点数 <code>float</code> 的数值越大，相邻两个数字之间的差值就会趋向越大。</p>
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<p>进一步地，指数位 <span class="arithmatex">\(E = 0\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(E = 255\)</span> 具有特殊含义，<strong>用于表示零、无穷大、<span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{NaN}\)</span> 等</strong>。</p>
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<div class="center-table">
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>指数位 E</th>
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<th>分数位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{N} = 0\)</span></th>
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<th>分数位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{N} \ne 0\)</span></th>
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<th>计算公式</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span></td>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\pm 0\)</span></td>
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<td>次正规数</td>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\((-1)^{\mathrm{S}} \times 2^{-126} \times (0.\mathrm{N})\)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(1, 2, \dots, 254\)</span></td>
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<td>正规数</td>
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<td>正规数</td>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\((-1)^{\mathrm{S}} \times 2^{(\mathrm{E} -127)} \times (1.\mathrm{N})\)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(255\)</span></td>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\pm \infty\)</span></td>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{NaN}\)</span></td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>特别地，次正规数显著提升了浮点数的精度，这是因为：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>最小正正规数为 <span class="arithmatex">\(2^{-126} \approx 1.18 \times 10^{-38}\)</span> ；</li>
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<li>最小正次正规数为 <span class="arithmatex">\(2^{-126} \times 2^{-23} \approx 1.4 \times 10^{-45}\)</span> ；</li>
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</ul>
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<p>双精度 <code>double</code> 也采用类似 <code>float</code> 的表示方法，此处不再详述。</p>
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