yetao
/
hello-algo
mirror of https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo.git
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
You can not select more than 25 topics Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
Branches Tags
${ item.name }
Create tag ${ searchTerm }
Create branch ${ searchTerm }
from '73cbb8906f'
${ noResults }
hello-algo/zh-hant/chapter_introduction/algorithms_are_everywhere/index.html

3835 lines
94 KiB
Raw Blame History Escape

This file contains invisible Unicode characters!

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that may be processed differently from what appears below. If your use case is intentional and legitimate, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal hidden characters.

<!doctype html>
<html lang="zh-Hant" class="no-js">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<meta name="description" content="動畫圖解、一鍵執行的資料結構與演算法教程">
<meta name="author" content="krahets">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.hello-algo.com/zh-hant/chapter_introduction/algorithms_are_everywhere/">
<link rel="prev" href="../">
<link rel="next" href="../what_is_dsa/">
<link rel="icon" href="../../assets/images/favicon.png">
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.5.3, mkdocs-material-9.5.5">
<title>1.1   演算法無處不在 - Hello 演算法</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.50c56a3b.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Sans+SC:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CFira+Code:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Noto Sans SC";--md-code-font:"Fira Code"}</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../stylesheets/extra.css">
<script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
<link href="../../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
</style> <script src="../../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
<body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="teal">
<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
<label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
<div data-md-component="skip">
<a href="#11" class="md-skip">
跳轉至
</a>
</div>
<div data-md-component="announce">
<aside class="md-banner">
<div class="md-banner__inner md-grid md-typeset">
<button class="md-banner__button md-icon" aria-label="不再顯示此訊息">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41Z"/></svg>
</button>
<div class="banner-svg">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.-->
<path
d="M480 32c0-12.9-7.8-24.6-19.8-29.6s-25.7-2.2-34.9 6.9L381.7 53c-48 48-113.1 75-181 75H192 160 64c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v96c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64l0 128c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V352l8.7 0c67.9 0 133 27 181 75l43.6 43.6c9.2 9.2 22.9 11.9 34.9 6.9s19.8-16.6 19.8-29.6V300.4c18.6-8.8 32-32.5 32-60.4s-13.4-51.6-32-60.4V32zm-64 76.7V240 371.3C357.2 317.8 280.5 288 200.7 288H192V192h8.7c79.8 0 156.5-29.8 215.3-83.3z" />
</svg>
<span>紙質書（簡體中文版）已發行，詳情請見<a href="/chapter_paperbook/">這裡</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<script>var content,el=document.querySelector("[data-md-component=announce]");el&&(content=el.querySelector(".md-typeset"),__md_hash(content.innerHTML)===__md_get("__announce")&&(el.hidden=!0))</script>
</aside>
</div>
<header class="md-header md-header--shadow" data-md-component="header">
<nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="頁首">
<a href="../.." title="Hello 演算法" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Hello 演算法" data-md-component="logo">
<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="logo">
</a>
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3V6m0 5h18v2H3v-2m0 5h18v2H3v-2Z"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
<div class="md-header__topic">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hello 演算法
</span>
</div>
<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
1.1 &nbsp; 演算法無處不在
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="深色模式" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="深色模式" for="__palette_1" hidden>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.5 2c-1.79 1.15-3 3.18-3 5.5s1.21 4.35 3.03 5.5C4.46 13 2 10.54 2 7.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 1 7.5 2m11.57 1.5 1.43 1.43L4.93 20.5 3.5 19.07 19.07 3.5m-6.18 2.43L11.41 5 9.97 6l.42-1.7L9 3.24l1.75-.12.58-1.65L12 3.1l1.73.03-1.35 1.13.51 1.67m-3.3 3.61-1.16-.73-1.12.78.34-1.32-1.09-.83 1.36-.09.45-1.29.51 1.27 1.36.03-1.05.87.4 1.31M19 13.5a5.5 5.5 0 0 1-5.5 5.5c-1.22 0-2.35-.4-3.26-1.07l7.69-7.69c.67.91 1.07 2.04 1.07 3.26m-4.4 6.58 2.77-1.15-.24 3.35-2.53-2.2m4.33-2.7 1.15-2.77 2.2 2.54-3.35.23m1.15-4.96-1.14-2.78 3.34.24-2.2 2.54M9.63 18.93l2.77 1.15-2.53 2.19-.24-3.34Z"/></svg>
</label>
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="black" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="淺色模式" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="淺色模式" for="__palette_0" hidden>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.5 2c-1.79 1.15-3 3.18-3 5.5s1.21 4.35 3.03 5.5C4.46 13 2 10.54 2 7.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 1 7.5 2m11.57 1.5 1.43 1.43L4.93 20.5 3.5 19.07 19.07 3.5m-6.18 2.43L11.41 5 9.97 6l.42-1.7L9 3.24l1.75-.12.58-1.65L12 3.1l1.73.03-1.35 1.13.51 1.67m-3.3 3.61-1.16-.73-1.12.78.34-1.32-1.09-.83 1.36-.09.45-1.29.51 1.27 1.36.03-1.05.87.4 1.31M19 13.5a5.5 5.5 0 0 1-5.5 5.5c-1.22 0-2.35-.4-3.26-1.07l7.69-7.69c.67.91 1.07 2.04 1.07 3.26m-4.4 6.58 2.77-1.15-.24 3.35-2.53-2.2m4.33-2.7 1.15-2.77 2.2 2.54-3.35.23m1.15-4.96-1.14-2.78 3.34.24-2.2 2.54M9.63 18.93l2.77 1.15-2.53 2.19-.24-3.34Z"/></svg>
</label>
</form>
<script>var media,input,key,value,palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){"(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media&&(media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']"),palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent"));for([key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script>
<div class="md-header__option">
<div class="md-select">
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="選擇語言">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.52 17.52 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11.76-2.04M18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2l-4.5-12m-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17h-3.24Z"/></svg>
</button>
<div class="md-select__inner">
<ul class="md-select__list">
<li class="md-select__item">
<a href="/chapter_introduction/algorithms_are_everywhere/" hreflang="zh" class="md-select__link">
简体中文
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-select__item">
<a href="/zh-hant/chapter_introduction/algorithms_are_everywhere/" hreflang="zh-Hant" class="md-select__link">
繁體中文
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-select__item">
<a href="/en/chapter_introduction/algorithms_are_everywhere/" hreflang="en" class="md-select__link">
English
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
</label>
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="搜尋" placeholder="搜尋" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12Z"/></svg>
</label>
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="搜尋">
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="分享" aria-label="分享" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7 0-.24-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91 1.61 0 2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08Z"/></svg>
</a>
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="清空" aria-label="清空" tabindex="-1">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41Z"/></svg>
</button>
</nav>
<div class="md-search__suggest" data-md-component="search-suggest"></div>
</form>
<div class="md-search__output">
<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" data-md-scrollfix>
<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
<div class="md-search-result__meta">
正在初始化搜尋引擎
</div>
<ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-header__source">
<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo" title="前往倉庫" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="md-source__repository">
krahets/hello-algo
</div>
</a>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<div class="md-container" data-md-component="container">
<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
<div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary" aria-label="導航" data-md-level="0">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
<a href="../.." title="Hello 演算法" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Hello 演算法" data-md-component="logo">
<img src="../../assets/images/logo.svg" alt="logo">
</a>
Hello 演算法
</label>
<div class="md-nav__source">
<a href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo" title="前往倉庫" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="md-source__repository">
krahets/hello-algo
</div>
</a>
</div>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_1" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_hello_algo/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m13.13 22.19-1.63-3.83c1.57-.58 3.04-1.36 4.4-2.27l-2.77 6.1M5.64 12.5l-3.83-1.63 6.1-2.77C7 9.46 6.22 10.93 5.64 12.5M19.22 4c.28 0 .53 0 .74.05.17 1.39-.02 4.25-3.3 7.53-1.7 1.71-3.73 3.02-6.01 3.89l-2.15-2.1c.92-2.31 2.23-4.34 3.92-6.03C15.18 4.58 17.64 4 19.22 4m0-2c-1.98 0-4.98.69-8.22 3.93-2.19 2.19-3.5 4.6-4.35 6.71-.28.75-.09 1.57.46 2.13l2.13 2.12c.38.38.89.61 1.42.61.23 0 .47-.06.7-.15A19.1 19.1 0 0 0 18.07 13c5.66-5.66 3.54-10.61 3.54-10.61S20.7 2 19.22 2m-4.68 7.46c-.78-.78-.78-2.05 0-2.83s2.05-.78 2.83 0c.77.78.78 2.05 0 2.83-.78.78-2.05.78-2.83 0m-5.66 7.07-1.41-1.41 1.41 1.41M6.24 22l3.64-3.64c-.34-.09-.67-.24-.97-.45L4.83 22h1.41M2 22h1.41l4.77-4.76-1.42-1.41L2 20.59V22m0-2.83 4.09-4.08c-.21-.3-.36-.62-.45-.97L2 17.76v1.41Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
序
</span>
</a>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
序
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h18a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V6a2 2 0 0 0-2-2M3 19V6h8v13H3m18 0h-8V6h8v13m-7-9.5h6V11h-6V9.5m0 2.5h6v1.5h-6V12m0 2.5h6V16h-6v-1.5Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 0 章 &nbsp; 前言
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 0 章 &nbsp; 前言
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/about_the_book/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
0.1 &nbsp; 關於本書
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/suggestions/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
0.2 &nbsp; 如何使用本書
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_preface/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
0.3 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" checked>
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2m0 16H5V5h14v14M6.2 7.7h5v1.5h-5V7.7m6.8 8.1h5v1.5h-5v-1.5m0-2.6h5v1.5h-5v-1.5M8 18h1.5v-2h2v-1.5h-2v-2H8v2H6V16h2v2m6.1-7.1 1.4-1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1-1-1.4-1.4L18 7.1 16.9 6l-1.4 1.4L14.1 6 13 7.1l1.4 1.4L13 9.9l1.1 1Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 1 章 &nbsp; 初識演算法
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="true">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 1 章 &nbsp; 初識演算法
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
1.1 &nbsp; 演算法無處不在
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../what_is_dsa/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
1.2 &nbsp; 演算法是什麼
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
1.3 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M6 2h12v6l-4 4 4 4v6H6v-6l4-4-4-4V2m10 14.5-4-4-4 4V20h8v-3.5m-4-5 4-4V4H8v3.5l4 4M10 6h4v.75l-2 2-2-2V6Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 2 章 &nbsp; 複雜度分析
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 2 章 &nbsp; 複雜度分析
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/performance_evaluation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
2.1 &nbsp; 演算法效率評估
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/iteration_and_recursion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
2.2 &nbsp; 迭代與遞迴
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/time_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
2.3 &nbsp; 時間複雜度
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
2.4 &nbsp; 空間複雜度
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
2.5 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 13.5v8H3v-8h8m-2 2H5v4h4v-4M12 2l5.5 9h-11L12 2m0 3.86L10.08 9h3.84L12 5.86M17.5 13c2.5 0 4.5 2 4.5 4.5S20 22 17.5 22 13 20 13 17.5s2-4.5 4.5-4.5m0 2a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 3 章 &nbsp; 資料結構
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 3 章 &nbsp; 資料結構
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/classification_of_data_structure/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
3.1 &nbsp; 資料結構分類
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/basic_data_types/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
3.2 &nbsp; 基本資料型別
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/number_encoding/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
3.3 &nbsp; 數字編碼 *
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/character_encoding/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
3.4 &nbsp; 字元編碼 *
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_data_structure/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
3.5 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 5v14h17V5H3m4 2v2H5V7h2m-2 6v-2h2v2H5m0 2h2v2H5v-2m13 2H9v-2h9v2m0-4H9v-2h9v2m0-4H9V7h9v2Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 4 章 &nbsp; 陣列與鏈結串列
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 4 章 &nbsp; 陣列與鏈結串列
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
4.1 &nbsp; 陣列
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
4.2 &nbsp; 鏈結串列
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
4.3 &nbsp; 串列
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/ram_and_cache/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
4.4 &nbsp; 記憶體與快取 *
</span>
<span class="md-status md-status--new" title="最近新增">
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
4.5 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.36 20.2v-5.38h1.79V22H3v-7.18h1.8v5.38h12.56M6.77 14.32l.37-1.76 8.79 1.85-.37 1.76-8.79-1.85m1.16-4.21.76-1.61 8.14 3.78-.76 1.62-8.14-3.79m2.26-3.99 1.15-1.38 6.9 5.76-1.15 1.37-6.9-5.75m4.45-4.25L20 9.08l-1.44 1.07-5.36-7.21 1.44-1.07M6.59 18.41v-1.8h8.98v1.8H6.59Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 5 章 &nbsp; 堆疊與佇列
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 5 章 &nbsp; 堆疊與佇列
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
5.1 &nbsp; 堆疊
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
5.2 &nbsp; 佇列
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
5.3 &nbsp; 雙向佇列
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
5.4 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.3 17.89c1.32-2.1.7-4.89-1.41-6.21a4.52 4.52 0 0 0-6.21 1.41C10.36 15.2 11 18 13.09 19.3c1.47.92 3.33.92 4.8 0L21 22.39 22.39 21l-3.09-3.11m-2-.62c-.98.98-2.56.97-3.54 0-.97-.98-.97-2.56.01-3.54.97-.97 2.55-.97 3.53 0 .96.99.95 2.57-.03 3.54h.03M19 4H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h5.81a6.3 6.3 0 0 1-1.31-2H5v-4h4.18c.16-.71.43-1.39.82-2H5V8h6v2.81a6.3 6.3 0 0 1 2-1.31V8h6v2a6.499 6.499 0 0 1 2 2V6a2 2 0 0 0-2-2Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 6 章 &nbsp; 雜湊表
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 6 章 &nbsp; 雜湊表
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
6.1 &nbsp; 雜湊表
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
6.2 &nbsp; 雜湊衝突
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
6.3 &nbsp; 雜湊演算法
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
6.4 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.5 17c-.14 0-.26 0-.39.04L17.5 13.8c.45-.45.75-1.09.75-1.8a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5c-.14 0-.25 0-.4.04L13.74 6.3c.47-.46.76-1.09.76-1.8a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0c0 .7.29 1.34.76 1.79L8.65 9.54c-.15-.04-.26-.04-.4-.04a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5c0 .71.29 1.34.75 1.79l-1.61 3.25C4.76 17 4.64 17 4.5 17a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 19.5c0-.7-.29-1.34-.76-1.79l1.62-3.25c.14.04.26.04.39.04s.25 0 .38-.04l1.63 3.25c-.47.45-.76 1.09-.76 1.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 17c-.13 0-.26 0-.39.04L10 13.8c.45-.45.75-1.09.75-1.8 0-.7-.29-1.33-.75-1.79l1.61-3.25c.13.04.26.04.39.04s.26 0 .39-.04L14 10.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.75 4.29c.13 0 .25 0 .38-.04l1.63 3.25c-.47.45-.76 1.09-.76 1.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5m-15 3.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1m8.5-1c0 .55-.45 1-1 1s-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1M7.25 12c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1M11 4.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1m3.75 7.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1m4.75 8.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 7 章 &nbsp; 樹
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 7 章 &nbsp; 樹
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
7.1 &nbsp; 二元樹
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
7.2 &nbsp; 二元樹走訪
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
7.3 &nbsp; 二元樹陣列表示
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
7.4 &nbsp; 二元搜尋樹
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
7.5 &nbsp; AVL *
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
7.6 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_heap/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 11 5.79V7H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 14.29V15H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 .5 20.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4 18.21V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 9 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 8.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 9.71V9h10v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15.5 12a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5 2.29V15h-1a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 21 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-1v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 20.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19 9.71V9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-4V5.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5-2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 1m0 1.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M6 11a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m12 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M3 19.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 8 章 &nbsp; 堆積
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 8 章 &nbsp; 堆積
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
8.1 &nbsp; 堆積
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
8.2 &nbsp; 建堆積操作
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_heap/top_k/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
8.3 &nbsp; Top-k 問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
8.4 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_graph/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 5.37-.44-.06L6 14.9c.24.21.4.48.47.78h11.06c.07-.3.23-.57.47-.78l-5.56-9.59-.44.06M6.6 16.53l4.28 2.53c.29-.27.69-.43 1.12-.43.43 0 .83.16 1.12.43l4.28-2.53H6.6M12 22a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68l.09-.56-4.3-2.55c-.31.36-.76.58-1.27.58a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68c0-.79.53-1.45 1.26-1.64V9.36c-.83-.11-1.47-.82-1.47-1.68A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 4.63 6c.55 0 1.03.26 1.34.66l4.41-2.53-.06-.45c0-.93.75-1.68 1.68-1.68.93 0 1.68.75 1.68 1.68l-.06.45 4.41 2.53c.31-.4.79-.66 1.34-.66a1.68 1.68 0 0 1 1.68 1.68c0 .86-.64 1.57-1.47 1.68v5.11c.73.19 1.26.85 1.26 1.64a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68 1.68c-.51 0-.96-.22-1.27-.58l-4.3 2.55.09.56A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 12 22M10.8 4.86 6.3 7.44l.02.24c0 .71-.44 1.32-1.06 1.57l.03 5.25 5.51-9.64m2.4 0 5.51 9.64.03-5.25c-.62-.25-1.06-.86-1.06-1.57l.02-.24-4.5-2.58Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 9 章 &nbsp; 圖
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 9 章 &nbsp; 圖
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
9.1 &nbsp; 圖
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
9.2 &nbsp; 圖基礎操作
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
9.3 &nbsp; 圖的走訪
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_graph/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
9.4 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.31 18.9 3.08 3.1L21 23.39l-3.12-3.07c-.69.43-1.51.68-2.38.68-2.5 0-4.5-2-4.5-4.5s2-4.5 4.5-4.5 4.5 2 4.5 4.5c0 .88-.25 1.71-.69 2.4m-3.81.1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0-5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5M21 4v2H3V4h18M3 16v-2h6v2H3m0-5V9h18v2h-2.03c-1.01-.63-2.2-1-3.47-1s-2.46.37-3.47 1H3Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 10 章 &nbsp; 搜尋
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 10 章 &nbsp; 搜尋
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
10.1 &nbsp; 二分搜尋
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_insertion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
10.2 &nbsp; 二分搜尋插入點
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
10.3 &nbsp; 二分搜尋邊界
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
10.4 &nbsp; 雜湊最佳化策略
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
10.5 &nbsp; 重識搜尋演算法
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
10.6 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 17h3l-4 4-4-4h3V3h2M2 17h10v2H2M6 5v2H2V5m0 6h7v2H2v-2Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 11 章 &nbsp; 排序
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 11 章 &nbsp; 排序
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.1 &nbsp; 排序演算法
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.2 &nbsp; 選擇排序
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.3 &nbsp; 泡沫排序
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.4 &nbsp; 插入排序
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.5 &nbsp; 快速排序
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.6 &nbsp; 合併排序
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.7 &nbsp; 堆積排序
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.8 &nbsp; 桶排序
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.9 &nbsp; 計數排序
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.10 &nbsp; 基數排序
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
11.11 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 7v2h5V7h-5M2 9v6h5V9H2m10 0v2H9v2h3v2l3-3-3-3m5 2v2h5v-2h-5m0 4v2h5v-2h-5Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 12 章 &nbsp; 分治
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 12 章 &nbsp; 分治
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
12.1 &nbsp; 分治演算法
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/binary_search_recur/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
12.2 &nbsp; 分治搜尋策略
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
12.3 &nbsp; 構建樹問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/hanota_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
12.4 &nbsp; 河內塔問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
12.5 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 15a3 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 1-3 3 2.99 2.99 0 0 1-2.83-2H14v-2h1.17c.41-1.17 1.52-2 2.83-2m0 2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1m0-9a1.43 1.43 0 0 0 1.43-1.43 1.43 1.43 0 1 0-2.86 0A1.43 1.43 0 0 0 18 8m0-5.43a4 4 0 0 1 4 4C22 9.56 18 14 18 14s-4-4.44-4-7.43a4 4 0 0 1 4-4M8.83 17H10v2H8.83A2.99 2.99 0 0 1 6 21a3 3 0 0 1-3-3c0-1.31.83-2.42 2-2.83V14h2v1.17c.85.3 1.53.98 1.83 1.83M6 17a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1M6 3a3 3 0 0 1 3 3c0 1.31-.83 2.42-2 2.83V10H5V8.83A2.99 2.99 0 0 1 3 6a3 3 0 0 1 3-3m0 2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1m5 14v-2h2v2h-2m-4-6H5v-2h2v2Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 13 章 &nbsp; 回溯
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 13 章 &nbsp; 回溯
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
13.1 &nbsp; 回溯演算法
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
13.2 &nbsp; 全排列問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
13.3 &nbsp; 子集和問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
13.4 &nbsp; N 皇后問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
13.5 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_16" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M22 15h-2v3c0 1.11-.89 2-2 2h-3v2l-3-3 3-3v2h3v-3h-2l3-3 3 3m0-11v4c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2H10v10c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2H4c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V4c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h16c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2M4 8h4V4H4v4m0 2v4h4v-4H4m4 10v-4H4v4h4m6-12V4h-4v4h4m6-4h-4v4h4V4Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 14 章 &nbsp; 動態規劃
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_16" id="__nav_16_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_16_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_16">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 14 章 &nbsp; 動態規劃
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/intro_to_dynamic_programming/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
14.1 &nbsp; 初探動態規劃
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_problem_features/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
14.2 &nbsp; DP 問題特性
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_solution_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
14.3 &nbsp; DP 解題思路
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
14.4 &nbsp; 0-1 背包問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/unbounded_knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
14.5 &nbsp; 完全背包問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/edit_distance_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
14.6 &nbsp; 編輯距離問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
14.7 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_17" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_greedy/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 3c3.88 0 7 3.14 7 7 0 2.8-1.63 5.19-4 6.31V21H9v-3H8c-1.11 0-2-.89-2-2v-3H4.5c-.42 0-.66-.5-.42-.81L6 9.66A7.003 7.003 0 0 1 13 3m0-2C8.41 1 4.61 4.42 4.06 8.9L2.5 11h-.03l-.02.03c-.55.76-.62 1.76-.19 2.59.36.69 1 1.17 1.74 1.32V16c0 1.85 1.28 3.42 3 3.87V23h11v-5.5c2.5-1.67 4-4.44 4-7.5 0-4.97-4.04-9-9-9m4 7.83c0 1.54-1.36 2.77-3.42 4.64L13 14l-.58-.53C10.36 11.6 9 10.37 9 8.83c0-1.2.96-2.19 2.16-2.2h.04c.69 0 1.35.31 1.8.83.45-.52 1.11-.83 1.8-.83 1.2-.01 2.2.96 2.2 2.16v.04Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 15 章 &nbsp; 貪婪
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_17" id="__nav_17_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_17_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_17">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 15 章 &nbsp; 貪婪
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_greedy/greedy_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
15.1 &nbsp; 貪婪演算法
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_greedy/fractional_knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
15.2 &nbsp; 分數背包問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_greedy/max_capacity_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
15.3 &nbsp; 最大容量問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_greedy/max_product_cutting_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
15.4 &nbsp; 最大切分乘積問題
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_greedy/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
15.5 &nbsp; 小結
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_18" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_appendix/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 18h2v-2h-2v2m1-16A10 10 0 0 0 2 12a10 10 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 10-10A10 10 0 0 0 12 2m0 18c-4.41 0-8-3.59-8-8s3.59-8 8-8 8 3.59 8 8-3.59 8-8 8m0-14a4 4 0 0 0-4 4h2a2 2 0 0 1 2-2 2 2 0 0 1 2 2c0 2-3 1.75-3 5h2c0-2.25 3-2.5 3-5a4 4 0 0 0-4-4Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
第 16 章 &nbsp; 附錄
</span>
</a>
<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_18" id="__nav_18_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_18_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_18">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
第 16 章 &nbsp; 附錄
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_appendix/installation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
16.1 &nbsp; 程式設計環境安裝
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_appendix/contribution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
16.2 &nbsp; 一起參與創作
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../chapter_appendix/terminology/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
16.3 &nbsp; 術語表
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_19" >
<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
<a href="../../chapter_reference/" class="md-nav__link ">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 3v15h3V3H9m3 2 4 13 3-1-4-13-3 1M5 5v13h3V5H5M3 19v2h18v-2H3Z"/></svg>
<span class="md-ellipsis">
參考文獻
</span>
</a>
</div>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_19_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_19">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
參考文獻
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目錄">
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<!-- Tags -->
<!-- Actions -->
<!-- Actions -->
<!-- Edit button -->
<a
href="https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo/tree/main/zh-hant/docs/chapter_introduction/algorithms_are_everywhere.md"
title="編輯此頁"
class="md-content__button md-icon"
>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M441 58.9 453.1 71c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L424 134.1 377.9 88 407 58.9c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0zM209.8 256.2 344 121.9l46.1 46.1-134.3 134.2c-2.9 2.9-6.5 5-10.4 6.1L186.9 325l16.7-58.5c1.1-3.9 3.2-7.5 6.1-10.4zM373.1 25 175.8 222.2c-8.7 8.7-15 19.4-18.3 31.1l-28.6 100c-2.4 8.4-.1 17.4 6.1 23.6s15.2 8.5 23.6 6.1l100-28.6c11.8-3.4 22.5-9.7 31.1-18.3L487 138.9c28.1-28.1 28.1-73.7 0-101.8L474.9 25c-28.1-28.1-73.7-28.1-101.8 0zM88 64c-48.6 0-88 39.4-88 88v272c0 48.6 39.4 88 88 88h272c48.6 0 88-39.4 88-88V312c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24s-24 10.7-24 24v112c0 22.1-17.9 40-40 40H88c-22.1 0-40-17.9-40-40V152c0-22.1 17.9-40 40-40h112c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24s-10.7-24-24-24H88z"/></svg>
</a>
<!-- View button -->
<!-- Page content -->
<h1 id="11">1.1 &nbsp; 演算法無處不在<a class="headerlink" href="#11" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>當我們聽到“演算法”這個詞時，很自然地會想到數學。然而實際上，許多演算法並不涉及複雜數學，而是更多地依賴基本邏輯，這些邏輯在我們的日常生活中處處可見。</p>
<p>在正式探討演算法之前，有一個有趣的事實值得分享：<strong>你已經在不知不覺中學會了許多演算法，並習慣將它們應用到日常生活中了</strong>。下面我將舉幾個具體的例子來證實這一點。</p>
<p><strong>例一：查字典</strong>。在字典裡，每個漢字都對應一個拼音，而字典是按照拼音字母順序排列的。假設我們需要查詢一個拼音首字母為 <span class="arithmatex">\(r\)</span> 的字，通常會按照圖 1-1 所示的方式實現。</p>
<ol>
<li>翻開字典約一半的頁數，檢視該頁的首字母是什麼，假設首字母為 <span class="arithmatex">\(m\)</span> 。</li>
<li>由於在拼音字母表中 <span class="arithmatex">\(r\)</span> 位於 <span class="arithmatex">\(m\)</span> 之後，所以排除字典前半部分，查詢範圍縮小到後半部分。</li>
<li>不斷重複步驟 <code>1.</code> 和步驟 <code>2.</code> ，直至找到拼音首字母為 <span class="arithmatex">\(r\)</span> 的頁碼為止。</li>
</ol>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="1:5"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_1_1" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_2" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_3" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_4" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_5" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_1_1">&lt;1&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_1_2">&lt;2&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_1_3">&lt;3&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_1_4">&lt;4&gt;</label><label for="__tabbed_1_5">&lt;5&gt;</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/binary_search_dictionary_step1.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="查字典步驟" class="animation-figure" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/binary_search_dictionary_step1.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/binary_search_dictionary_step2.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="binary_search_dictionary_step2" class="animation-figure" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/binary_search_dictionary_step2.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/binary_search_dictionary_step3.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="binary_search_dictionary_step3" class="animation-figure" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/binary_search_dictionary_step3.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/binary_search_dictionary_step4.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="binary_search_dictionary_step4" class="animation-figure" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/binary_search_dictionary_step4.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/binary_search_dictionary_step5.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="binary_search_dictionary_step5" class="animation-figure" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/binary_search_dictionary_step5.png" /></a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p align="center"> 圖 1-1 &nbsp; 查字典步驟 </p>
<p>查字典這個小學生必備技能，實際上就是著名的“二分搜尋”演算法。從資料結構的角度，我們可以把字典視為一個已排序的“陣列”；從演算法的角度，我們可以將上述查字典的一系列操作看作“二分搜尋”。</p>
<p><strong>例二：整理撲克</strong>。我們在打牌時，每局都需要整理手中的撲克牌，使其從小到大排列，實現流程如圖 1-2 所示。</p>
<ol>
<li>將撲克牌劃分為“有序”和“無序”兩部分，並假設初始狀態下最左 1 張撲克牌已經有序。</li>
<li>在無序部分抽出一張撲克牌，插入至有序部分的正確位置；完成後最左 2 張撲克已經有序。</li>
<li>不斷迴圈步驟 <code>2.</code> ，每一輪將一張撲克牌從無序部分插入至有序部分，直至所有撲克牌都有序。</li>
</ol>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/playing_cards_sorting.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="撲克排序步驟" class="animation-figure" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/playing_cards_sorting.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 圖 1-2 &nbsp; 撲克排序步驟 </p>
<p>上述整理撲克牌的方法本質上是“插入排序”演算法，它在處理小型資料集時非常高效。許多程式語言的排序庫函式中都有插入排序的身影。</p>
<p><strong>例三：貨幣找零</strong>。假設我們在超市購買了 <span class="arithmatex">\(69\)</span> 元的商品，給了收銀員 <span class="arithmatex">\(100\)</span> 元，則收銀員需要找我們 <span class="arithmatex">\(31\)</span> 元。他會很自然地完成如圖 1-3 所示的思考。</p>
<ol>
<li>可選項是比 <span class="arithmatex">\(31\)</span> 元面值更小的貨幣，包括 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 元、<span class="arithmatex">\(5\)</span> 元、<span class="arithmatex">\(10\)</span> 元、<span class="arithmatex">\(20\)</span> 元。</li>
<li>從可選項中拿出最大的 <span class="arithmatex">\(20\)</span> 元，剩餘 <span class="arithmatex">\(31 - 20 = 11\)</span> 元。</li>
<li>從剩餘可選項中拿出最大的 <span class="arithmatex">\(10\)</span> 元，剩餘 <span class="arithmatex">\(11 - 10 = 1\)</span> 元。</li>
<li>從剩餘可選項中拿出最大的 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 元，剩餘 <span class="arithmatex">\(1 - 1 = 0\)</span> 元。</li>
<li>完成找零，方案為 <span class="arithmatex">\(20 + 10 + 1 = 31\)</span> 元。</li>
</ol>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/greedy_change.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="貨幣找零過程" class="animation-figure" src="../algorithms_are_everywhere.assets/greedy_change.png" /></a></p>
<p align="center"> 圖 1-3 &nbsp; 貨幣找零過程 </p>
<p>在以上步驟中，我們每一步都採取當前看來最好的選擇（儘可能用大面額的貨幣），最終得到了可行的找零方案。從資料結構與演算法的角度看，這種方法本質上是“貪婪”演算法。</p>
<p>小到烹飪一道菜，大到星際航行，幾乎所有問題的解決都離不開演算法。計算機的出現使得我們能夠透過程式設計將資料結構儲存在記憶體中，同時編寫程式碼呼叫 CPU 和 GPU 執行演算法。這樣一來，我們就能把生活中的問題轉移到計算機上，以更高效的方式解決各種複雜問題。</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>如果你對資料結構、演算法、陣列和二分搜尋等概念仍感到一知半解，請繼續往下閱讀，本書將引導你邁入資料結構與演算法的知識殿堂。</p>
</div>
<!-- Source file information -->
<!-- Was this page helpful? -->
<!-- Previous and next pages link -->
<nav
class="md-footer__inner md-grid"
aria-label="頁脚"
>
<!-- Link to previous page -->
<a
href="../"
class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev"
aria-label="上一頁: 第 1 章 &amp;nbsp; 初識演算法"
rel="prev"
>
<div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12Z"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="md-footer__title">
<span class="md-footer__direction">
上一頁
</span>
<div class="md-ellipsis">
第 1 章 &nbsp; 初識演算法
</div>
</div>
</a>
<!-- Link to next page -->
<a
href="../what_is_dsa/"
class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--next"
aria-label="下一頁: 1.2 &amp;nbsp; 演算法是什麼"
rel="next"
>
<div class="md-footer__title">
<span class="md-footer__direction">
下一頁
</span>
<div class="md-ellipsis">
1.2 &nbsp; 演算法是什麼
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 11v2h12l-5.5 5.5 1.42 1.42L19.84 12l-7.92-7.92L10.5 5.5 16 11H4Z"/></svg>
</div>
</a>
</nav>
<!-- Comment system -->
<h5 align="center" id="__comments"></h5>
<!-- Insert generated snippet here -->
<script
src="https://giscus.app/client.js"
data-repo="krahets/hello-algo"
data-repo-id="R_kgDOIXtSqw"
data-category="Announcements"
data-category-id="DIC_kwDOIXtSq84CSZk_"
data-mapping="pathname"
data-strict="1"
data-reactions-enabled="1"
data-emit-metadata="0"
data-input-position="top"
data-theme="light"
data-lang="
"
crossorigin="anonymous"
async
>
</script>
<!-- Synchronize Giscus theme with palette -->
<script>
var giscus = document.querySelector("script[src*=giscus]")
/* Set palette on initial load */
var palette = __md_get("__palette")
if (palette && typeof palette.color === "object") {
var theme = palette.color.scheme === "slate" ? "dark_dimmed" : "light"
giscus.setAttribute("data-theme", theme)
}
/* Register event handlers after documented loaded */
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
var ref = document.querySelector("[data-md-component=palette]")
ref.addEventListener("change", function() {
var palette = __md_get("__palette")
if (palette && typeof palette.color === "object") {
var theme = palette.color.scheme === "slate" ? "dark_dimmed" : "light"
/* Instruct Giscus to change theme */
var frame = document.querySelector(".giscus-frame")
frame.contentWindow.postMessage(
{ giscus: { setConfig: { theme } } },
"https://giscus.app"
)
}
})
})
</script>
</article>
</div>
<script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var tab,labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script>
<script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script>
</div>
<button type="button" class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component="top" hidden>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8v12Z"/></svg>
回到頂部
</button>
</main>
<footer class="md-footer">
<nav class="md-footer__inner md-grid" aria-label="頁脚" >
<a href="../" class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev" aria-label="上一頁: 第 1 章 &amp;nbsp; 初識演算法">
<div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12Z"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="md-footer__title">
<span class="md-footer__direction">
上一頁
</span>
<div class="md-ellipsis">
第 1 章 &nbsp; 初識演算法
</div>
</div>
</a>
<a href="../what_is_dsa/" class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--next" aria-label="下一頁: 1.2 &amp;nbsp; 演算法是什麼">
<div class="md-footer__title">
<span class="md-footer__direction">
下一頁
</span>
<div class="md-ellipsis">
1.2 &nbsp; 演算法是什麼
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 11v2h12l-5.5 5.5 1.42 1.42L19.84 12l-7.92-7.92L10.5 5.5 16 11H4Z"/></svg>
</div>
</a>
</nav>
<div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset">
<div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid">
<div class="md-copyright">
<div class="md-copyright__highlight">
Copyright &copy; 2024 krahets<br>The website content is licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-social">
<a href="https://github.com/krahets" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="github.com" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg>
</a>
<a href="https://twitter.com/krahets" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="twitter.com" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8l164.9-188.5L26.8 48h145.6l100.5 132.9L389.2 48zm-24.8 373.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42l255.3 333.8z"/></svg>
</a>
<a href="https://leetcode.cn/u/jyd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="leetcode.cn" class="md-social__link">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M392.8 1.2c-17-4.9-34.7 5-39.6 22l-128 448c-4.9 17 5 34.7 22 39.6s34.7-5 39.6-22l128-448c4.9-17-5-34.7-22-39.6zm80.6 120.1c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l89.3 89.4-89.4 89.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l112-112c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-112-112c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0zm-306.7 0c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-112 112c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l112 112c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L77.3 256l89.4-89.4c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3z"/></svg>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
</div>
<div class="md-dialog" data-md-component="dialog">
<div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset"></div>
</div>
<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "../..", "features": ["announce.dismiss", "content.action.edit", "content.code.annotate", "content.code.copy", "content.tabs.link", "content.tooltips", "navigation.indexes", "navigation.top", "navigation.footer", "navigation.tracking", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "toc.follow"], "search": "../../assets/javascripts/workers/search.b8dbb3d2.min.js", "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "\u5df2\u62f7\u8c9d", "clipboard.copy": "\u62f7\u8c9d", "search.result.more.one": "\u6b64\u9801\u5c1a\u6709 1 \u500b\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u9805\u76ee", "search.result.more.other": "\u6b64\u9801\u5c1a\u6709 # \u500b\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u9805\u76ee", "search.result.none": "\u6c92\u6709\u627e\u5230\u7b26\u5408\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u7d50\u679c", "search.result.one": "\u627e\u5230 1 \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u7d50\u679c", "search.result.other": "\u627e\u5230 # \u500b\u7b26\u5408\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u7d50\u679c", "search.result.placeholder": "\u9375\u5165\u4ee5\u958b\u59cb\u6aa2\u7d22", "search.result.term.missing": "\u7f3a\u5931", "select.version": "\u9078\u64c7\u7248\u672c"}}</script>
<script src="../../assets/javascripts/bundle.c18c5fb9.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../javascripts/mathjax.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/3.2.2/es5/tex-mml-chtml.min.js"></script>
<script>document$.subscribe(() => {const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": false, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "none"});})</script></body>
</html>
Reference in new issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink