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krahets/hello-algo
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0. 前言
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0.1. 关于本书
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2. 复杂度
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2.1. 算法效率评估
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2.2. 时间复杂度
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2.3. 空间复杂度
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2.4. 小结
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3. 数据结构
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3.1. 数据结构分类
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</a>
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3.2. 基本数据类型
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3.3. 数字编码 *
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3.4. 字符编码 *
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3.5. 小结
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4. 数组与链表
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4.1. 数组
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4.2. 链表
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4.3. 列表
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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4.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/">5. 栈与队列</a>
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<label for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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5. 栈与队列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.1. 栈
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.2. 队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.3. 双向队列
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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5.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/">6. 散列表</a>
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<label for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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6. 散列表
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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6.1. 哈希表（New）
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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6.2. 哈希冲突（New）
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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6.3. 哈希算法（New）
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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6.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" checked>
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
|
|
<a href="../">7. 树</a>
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_8">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="true">
|
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
7. 树
|
|
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</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="../binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
7.1. 二叉树
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
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<a href="../binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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7.2. 二叉树遍历
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
7.3. 二叉树数组表示
|
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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7.4. 二叉搜索树
|
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
7.5. AVL 树 *
|
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
|
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
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<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
|
|
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7.6. 小结
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
|
|
|
7.6. 小结
|
|
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目录">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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目录
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
|
<a href="#761-q-a" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
7.6.1. Q & A
|
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_heap/">8. 堆</a>
|
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|
<label for="__nav_9">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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8. 堆
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
8.1. 堆
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
8.2. 建堆操作
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/top_k/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
8.3. Top-K 问题（New）
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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8.4. 小结
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
</li>
|
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
|
|
<a href="../../chapter_graph/">9. 图</a>
|
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_10">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
9. 图
|
|
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</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
9.1. 图
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.2. 图基础操作
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.3. 图的遍历
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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9.4. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/">10. 搜索</a>
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<label for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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10. 搜索
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.1. 二分查找
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.2. 二分查找边界
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.3. 哈希优化策略
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.4. 重识搜索算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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10.5. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/">11. 排序</a>
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<label for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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11. 排序
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.1. 排序算法
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.2. 选择排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.3. 冒泡排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.4. 插入排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.5. 快速排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.6. 归并排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.7. 堆排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.8. 桶排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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11.9. 计数排序
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.10. 基数排序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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11.11. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/">12. 回溯</a>
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_13">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
12. 回溯
|
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</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
12.1. 回溯算法
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.2. 全排列问题
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.3. 子集和问题（New）
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.4. N 皇后问题
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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12.5. 小结
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--index ">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/">13. 动态规划</a>
|
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|
|
<label for="__nav_14">
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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</div>
|
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
|
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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13. 动态规划
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</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/intro_to_dynamic_programming/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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13.1. 初探动态规划（New）
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_problem_features/" class="md-nav__link">
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13.2. DP 问题特性（New）
|
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<h1 id="76">7.6. 小结<a class="headerlink" href="#76" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<ul>
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<li>二叉树是一种非线性数据结构，体现“一分为二”的分治逻辑。每个二叉树节点包含一个值以及两个指针，分别指向其左子节点和右子节点。</li>
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<li>对于二叉树中的某个节点，其左（右）子节点及其以下形成的树被称为该节点的左（右）子树。</li>
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<li>二叉树的相关术语包括根节点、叶节点、层、度、边、高度和深度等。</li>
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<li>二叉树的初始化、节点插入和节点删除操作与链表操作方法类似。</li>
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<li>常见的二叉树类型有完美二叉树、完全二叉树、满二叉树和平衡二叉树。完美二叉树是最理想的状态，而链表是退化后的最差状态。</li>
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<li>二叉树可以用数组表示，方法是将节点值和空位按层序遍历顺序排列，并根据父节点与子节点之间的索引映射关系来实现指针。</li>
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<li>二叉树的层序遍历是一种广度优先搜索方法，它体现了“一圈一圈向外”的分层遍历方式，通常通过队列来实现。</li>
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<li>前序、中序、后序遍历皆属于深度优先搜索，它们体现了“走到尽头，再回头继续”的回溯遍历方式，通常使用递归来实现。</li>
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<li>二叉搜索树是一种高效的元素查找数据结构，其查找、插入和删除操作的时间复杂度均为 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(\log n)\)</span> 。当二叉搜索树退化为链表时，各项时间复杂度会劣化至 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> 。</li>
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<li>AVL 树，也称为平衡二叉搜索树，它通过旋转操作，确保在不断插入和删除节点后，树仍然保持平衡。</li>
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<li>AVL 树的旋转操作包括右旋、左旋、先右旋再左旋、先左旋再右旋。在插入或删除节点后，AVL 树会从底向顶执行旋转操作，使树重新恢复平衡。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="761-q-a">7.6.1. Q & A<a class="headerlink" href="#761-q-a" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">对于只有一个节点的二叉树，树的高度和根节点的深度都是 <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> 吗？</p>
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<p>是的，因为高度和深度通常定义为“走过边的数量”。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">二叉树中的插入与删除一般都是由一套操作配合完成的，这里的“一套操作”指什么呢？可以理解为资源的子节点的资源释放吗？</p>
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<p>拿二叉搜索树来举例，删除节点操作要分为三种情况处理，其中每种情况都需要进行多个步骤的节点操作。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">为什么 DFS 遍历二叉树有前、中、后三种顺序，分别有什么用呢？</p>
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<p>DFS 的前、中、后序遍历和访问数组的顺序类似，是遍历二叉树的基本方法，利用这三种遍历方法，我们可以得到一个特定顺序的遍历结果。例如在二叉搜索树中，由于结点大小满足 <code>左子结点值 < 根结点值 < 右子结点值</code> ，因此我们只要按照 <code>左->根->右</code> 的优先级遍历树，就可以获得有序的节点序列。</p>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">右旋操作是处理失衡节点 <code>node</code> , <code>child</code> , <code>grand_child</code> 之间的关系，那 <code>node</code> 的父节点和 <code>node</code> 原来的连接不需要维护吗？右旋操作后岂不是断掉了？</p>
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<p>我们需要从递归的视角来看这个问题。右旋操作 <code>right_rotate(root)</code> 传入的是子树的根节点，最终 <code>return child</code> 返回旋转之后的子树的根节点。子树的根节点和其父节点的连接是在该函数返回后完成的，不属于右旋操作的维护范围。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">在 C++ 中，函数被划分到 <code>private</code> 和 <code>public</code> 中，这方面有什么考量吗？为什么要将 <code>height()</code> 函数和 <code>updateHeight()</code> 函数分别放在 <code>public</code> 和 <code>private</code> 中呢？</p>
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<p>主要看方法的使用范围，如果方法只在类内部使用，那么就设计为 <code>private</code> 。例如，用户单独调用 <code>updateHeight()</code> 是没有意义的，它只是插入、删除操作中的一步。而 <code>height()</code> 是访问结点高度，类似于 <code>vector.size()</code> ，因此设置成 <code>public</code> 以便使用。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition question">
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<p class="admonition-title">请问如何从一组输入数据构建一个二叉搜索树？根节点的选择是不是很重要？</p>
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<p>是的，构建树的方法是 <code>build_tree()</code> ，已在源代码中给出。至于根节点的选择，我们通常会将输入数据排序，然后用中点元素作为根节点，再递归地构建左右子树。这样做可以最大程度保证树的平衡性。</p>
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