You can not select more than 25 topics
Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
330 lines
9.4 KiB
330 lines
9.4 KiB
---
|
|
comments: true
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
# 权衡时间与空间
|
|
|
|
理想情况下,我们希望算法的时间复杂度和空间复杂度都能够达到最优,而实际上,同时优化时间复杂度和空间复杂度是非常困难的。
|
|
|
|
**降低时间复杂度,往往是以提升空间复杂度为代价的,反之亦然。** 我们把牺牲内存空间来提升算法运行速度的思路称为「以空间换时间」;反之,称之为「以时间换空间」。选择哪种思路取决于我们更看重哪个方面。
|
|
|
|
大多数情况下,时间都是比空间更宝贵的,只要空间复杂度不要太离谱、能接受就行,**因此以空间换时间最为常用**。
|
|
|
|
## 示例题目 *
|
|
|
|
以 LeetCode 全站第一题 [两数之和](https://leetcode.cn/problems/two-sum/) 为例,「暴力枚举」和「辅助哈希表」分别为 **空间最优** 和 **时间最优** 的两种解法。本着时间比空间更宝贵的原则,后者是本题的最佳解法。
|
|
|
|
### 方法一:暴力枚举
|
|
|
|
时间复杂度 $O(N^2)$ ,空间复杂度 $O(1)$ ,属于「时间换空间」。
|
|
|
|
虽然仅使用常数大小的额外空间,但运行速度过慢。
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
```java title="leetcode_two_sum.java"
|
|
class SolutionBruteForce {
|
|
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target) {
|
|
int size = nums.length;
|
|
// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
|
|
for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
|
|
if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
|
|
return new int[] { i, j };
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
return new int[0];
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="leetcode_two_sum.cpp"
|
|
class SolutionBruteForce {
|
|
public:
|
|
vector<int> twoSum(vector<int>& nums, int target) {
|
|
int size = nums.size();
|
|
// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
|
|
for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
|
|
if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
|
|
return { i, j };
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
return {};
|
|
}
|
|
};
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
```python title="leetcode_two_sum.py"
|
|
class SolutionBruteForce:
|
|
def twoSum(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
|
|
# 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
|
|
for i in range(len(nums) - 1):
|
|
for j in range(i + 1, len(nums)):
|
|
if nums[i] + nums[j] == target:
|
|
return i, j
|
|
return []
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
```go title="leetcode_two_sum.go"
|
|
func twoSumBruteForce(nums []int, target int) []int {
|
|
size := len(nums)
|
|
// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
|
|
for i := 0; i < size-1; i++ {
|
|
for j := i + 1; i < size; j++ {
|
|
if nums[i]+nums[j] == target {
|
|
return []int{i, j}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
return nil
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
```js title="leetcode_two_sum.js"
|
|
function twoSumBruteForce(nums, target) {
|
|
const n = nums.length;
|
|
// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
for (let j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
|
|
if (nums[i] + nums[j] === target) {
|
|
return [i, j];
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
return [];
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="leetcode_two_sum.ts"
|
|
function twoSumBruteForce(nums: number[], target: number): number[] {
|
|
const n = nums.length;
|
|
// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
|
|
for (let j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
|
|
if (nums[i] + nums[j] === target) {
|
|
return [i, j];
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
return [];
|
|
};
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
```c title="leetcode_two_sum.c"
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="leetcode_two_sum.cs"
|
|
class SolutionBruteForce
|
|
{
|
|
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target)
|
|
{
|
|
int size = nums.Length;
|
|
// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
|
|
{
|
|
for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++)
|
|
{
|
|
if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
|
|
return new int[] { i, j };
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
return new int[0];
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
```swift title="leetcode_two_sum.swift"
|
|
func twoSumBruteForce(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> [Int] {
|
|
// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
|
|
for i in nums.indices.dropLast() {
|
|
for j in nums.indices.dropFirst(i + 1) {
|
|
if nums[i] + nums[j] == target {
|
|
return [i, j]
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
return [0]
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### 方法二:辅助哈希表
|
|
|
|
时间复杂度 $O(N)$ ,空间复杂度 $O(N)$ ,属于「空间换时间」。
|
|
|
|
借助辅助哈希表 dic ,通过保存数组元素与索引的映射来提升算法运行速度。
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
```java title="leetcode_two_sum.java"
|
|
class SolutionHashMap {
|
|
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target) {
|
|
int size = nums.length;
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
Map<Integer, Integer> dic = new HashMap<>();
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
if (dic.containsKey(target - nums[i])) {
|
|
return new int[] { dic.get(target - nums[i]), i };
|
|
}
|
|
dic.put(nums[i], i);
|
|
}
|
|
return new int[0];
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="leetcode_two_sum.cpp"
|
|
class SolutionHashMap {
|
|
public:
|
|
vector<int> twoSum(vector<int>& nums, int target) {
|
|
int size = nums.size();
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
unordered_map<int, int> dic;
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
if (dic.find(target - nums[i]) != dic.end()) {
|
|
return { dic[target - nums[i]], i };
|
|
}
|
|
dic.emplace(nums[i], i);
|
|
}
|
|
return {};
|
|
}
|
|
};
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
```python title="leetcode_two_sum.py"
|
|
class SolutionHashMap:
|
|
def twoSum(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
|
|
# 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
dic = {}
|
|
# 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
|
if target - nums[i] in dic:
|
|
return dic[target - nums[i]], i
|
|
dic[nums[i]] = i
|
|
return []
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
```go title="leetcode_two_sum.go"
|
|
func twoSumHashTable(nums []int, target int) []int {
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
hashTable := map[int]int{}
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
for idx, val := range nums {
|
|
if preIdx, ok := hashTable[target-val]; ok {
|
|
return []int{preIdx, idx}
|
|
}
|
|
hashTable[val] = idx
|
|
}
|
|
return nil
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
```js title="leetcode_two_sum.js"
|
|
function twoSumHashTable(nums, target) {
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
let m = {};
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
if (m[nums[i]] !== undefined) {
|
|
return [m[nums[i]], i];
|
|
} else {
|
|
m[target - nums[i]] = i;
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
return [];
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="leetcode_two_sum.ts"
|
|
function twoSumHashTable(nums: number[], target: number): number[] {
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
let m: Map<number, number> = new Map();
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
let index = m.get(nums[i]);
|
|
if (index !== undefined) {
|
|
return [index, i];
|
|
} else {
|
|
m.set(target - nums[i], i);
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
return [];
|
|
};
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
```c title="leetcode_two_sum.c"
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="leetcode_two_sum.cs"
|
|
class SolutionHashMap
|
|
{
|
|
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target)
|
|
{
|
|
int size = nums.Length;
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
Dictionary<int, int> dic = new();
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
|
|
{
|
|
if (dic.ContainsKey(target - nums[i]))
|
|
{
|
|
return new int[] { dic[target - nums[i]], i };
|
|
}
|
|
dic.Add(nums[i], i);
|
|
}
|
|
return new int[0];
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
```swift title="leetcode_two_sum.swift"
|
|
func twoSumHashTable(nums: [Int], target: Int) -> [Int] {
|
|
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
var dic: [Int: Int] = [:]
|
|
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
|
|
for i in nums.indices {
|
|
if let j = dic[target - nums[i]] {
|
|
return [j, i]
|
|
}
|
|
dic[nums[i]] = i
|
|
}
|
|
return [0]
|
|
}
|
|
```
|